Kinetics of Ignition of n—Pentane in a Shock—Tube

ＫｉｎｅｔｉｃｓｏｆＩｇｎｉｔｉｏｎｏｆｎ－ＰｅｎｔａｎｅｉｎａＳｈｏｃｋ－Ｔｕｂｅ￥ＭｉｃｈａｅｌＤｖｉｎｙａｎｉｎｏｖ；ＡｌｅｘａｎｄｅｒＢｕｒｃａｔ（ＦａｃｕｌｔｙｏｆＡｅｒｏｓｐａｃｅＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，Ｔｅｃｈｎｉｏｎ－ＩｓｒａｅｌＩｎ...     

A High—Resolution Hybrid Scheme for solving Three Dimensional Euler Equations of High Speed Inlet Flows

ＡＨｉｇｈ－ＲｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎＨｙｂｒｉｄＳｃｈｅｍｅｆｏｒＳｏｌｖｉｎｇＴｈｒｅｅＤｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌＥｕｌｅｒＥｑｕａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＨｉｇｈＳｐｅｅｄＩｎｌｅｔＦｌｏｗｓＷａｎｇＢａｃ－Ｇｕｏ；ＬｉｕＱｉｕ－Ｓｈｅｎｇ（ＣＦＤＢｒａｎｃｈ，Ｄ...     

Study on Friction Factor of Developing and Developed Laminnr Flow in Annular－Sector Ducts

ＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＦｒｉｃｔｉｏｎＦａｃｔｏｒｏｆＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇａｎｄＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄＬａｍｉｎｎｒＦｌｏｗｉｎＡｎｎｕｌａｒ－ＳｅｃｔｏｒＤｕｃｔｓＭ．Ｊ．Ｌｉｎ；Ｗ．Ｑ．Ｔａｏ（ＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＥｎｅｒｇｙａｎｄＰｏｗｅｒＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎ...     

Research and Development on PFBC—CC in China and Jiawnag Pilot plant Project

ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｎｄＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｎＰＦＢＣ－ＣＣｉｎＣｈｉｎａａｎｄＪｉａｗａｎｇＰｉｌｏｔＰｌａｎｔＰｒｏｊｅｃｔＮｉｎｇｓｈｅｎｇＣａｉ；ＭｉｎｇｙａｏＺｈａｎｇ；ＤａｎＬｉ；ＷｅｎｔｉｎｇＦｕ（ＴｈｅｒｍａｌＥｎｅｒｇｙＥｎｇｉｎ...     

Numerical Simulation of 3—D Turbulent Gas—Particle FLows In a Nonslagging Cyclone COmbustor

ＮｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌＳｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆ３－ＤＴｕｒｂｕｌｅｎｔＧａｓ－ＰａｒｔｉｃｌｅＦｌｏｗｓＩｎａＮｏｎｓｌａｇｇｉｎｇＣｙｃｌｏｎｅＣｏｍｂｕｓｔｏｒ￥ＢｉａｏＺｈｏｕ，ＷｅｎｙｉＬｉｎ，ＬｉｘｉｎｇＺｈｏｕ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥｎｇ...     

Local Heat and Mass Transfer for Gas—Solid Two Phase Flow in CFB

ＬｏｃａｌＨｅａｔａｎｄＭａｓｓＴｒａｎｓｆｅｒｆｏｒＧａｓ－ＳｏｌｉｄＴｗｏＰｈａｓｅＦｌｏｗｉｎＣＦＢＦｅｎｇＬｕ；Ｍｉｎｇ－ＨｅｎｇＳｈｉ（Ｄｅｐｔ．ｏｆＰｏｗｅｒＥｎｇ．，ＳｏｕｔｈｅａｓｔＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｎａｎｊｉｎｇ，２１００１８，...     

Heat and Mass Transfer Enforcement of Vibrating Fluidized Bed

ＨｅａｔａｎｄＭａｓｓＴｒａｎｓｆｅｒＥｎｆｏｒｃｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＶｉｂｒａｔｉｎｇＦｌｕｉｄｉｚｅｄＢｅｄ￥ＣｈｕＺｈｉｄｅ；ＹａｎｇＪｕｎｈｏｎｇ；ＬｉＸｕｈｕｉ；ＳｏｎｇＹａｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＴｈｅｒｍａｌＥｎｅｒｇｙＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒ...     

An Experimental Study on the Motion of Droplets in Flue Gas Humidification Activator with Pulse Laser Sheet Photography

ＡｎＥｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌＳｔｕｄｙｏｎｔｈｅＭｏｔｉｏｎｏｆＤｒｏｐｌｅｔｓｉｎＦｌｕｅＧａｓＨｕｍｉｄｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎＡｃｔｉｖａｔｏｒｗｉｔｈＰｕｌｓｅＬａｓｅｒＳｈｅｅｔＰｈｏｔｏｇｒａｐｈｙ￥ＫｅＪｉａｎｇ；ＸｕｃｈａｎｇＸｕ；Ｘｕｅｇ...     

Analysis of a Coal Fired Combined Cycle with Carried—Heat Gasification

ＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆａＣｏａｌＦｉｒｅｄＣｏｍｂｉｎｅｄＣｙｃｌｅｗｉｔｈＣａｒｒｉｅｄ－ＨｅａｔＧａｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ￥ＸｕＸｉａｎｇｄｏｎｇ；ＺｈｕＷｅｉｍｉｎＺｈａｏＬｉ（ＤｅｐｅｄｍｅｎｔｏｆＴｈｅｒｍａｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，Ｔｓｉｎｇ...     

Boundary Layer Ignition of Hydrogen-Air Mixtures in Supersonic Flows

ＢｏｕｎｄａｒｙＬａｙｅｒＩｇｎｉｔｉｏｎｏｆＨｙｄｒｏｇｅｎ－ＡｉｒＭｉｘｔｕｒｅｓｉｎＳｕｐｅｒｓｏｎｉｃＦｌｏｗｓ￥Ｌ．Ｆ．Ｆｉｇｕｅｉｒａ；ｄａＳｉｌｖａ；Ｂ．Ｄｅｓｈａｉｅｓ；Ｍ．Ｃｈａｍｐｉｏｎ（Ｌａｂｏｒａｔｏｉｒｅｄ＇Ｅｎｅｒｇｅｔｉ...     

A new thermoeconomic methodology for energy systems

Thermoeconomics, or exergoeconomics, can be classified into the three fields: cost allocation, cost optimization, and cost analysis. In this study, a new thermoeconomic methodology for energy systems is proposed in the three fields. The proposed methodology is very simple and clear. That is, the number of the proposed equation is only one in each field, and it is developed with a wonergy newly introduced in this paper. The wonergy is defined as an energy that can equally evaluate the worth of each product. Any energy, including enthalpy or exergy, can be applied to the wonergy and be evaluated by this equation. In order to confirm its validity, the CGAM problem and various cogenerations were analyzed. Seven sorts of energy, including enthalpy and exergy, were applied for cost allocation. Enthalpy, exergy, and profit were applied for cost optimization. Enthalpy and exergy were applied for cost analysis. Exergy is generally recognized as the most reasonable criterion in exergoeconomics. By the proposed methodology, however, exergy is the most reasonable in cost allocation and cost analysis, and all of exergy, enthalpy, and profit are reasonable in cost optimization. Therefore, we conclude that various forms of wonergy should be applied to the analysis of thermoeconomics.     

A comparison of conversion efficiencies of various sugars as reducing agents for the photosensitizer eosin in the photogalvanic cell

The efforts have been made to convert solar energy into electrical energy by eosin as photosensitizer with different sugars fructose, arabinose, D‐xylose, and mannose systems in photogalvanic cell along with providing them commercial viability using lower concentrations of the solutions. The generated photopotential and photocurrent are 848.0, 679.0, 825.0, and 758.0 mV and 240.0, 240.0, 250.0, and 170.0 μA, respectively. The maximum powers are 203.52, 162.96, 206.25, and 128.86 μW, respectively. The observed conversion efficiency is 0.8415, 0.6461 0.7026, and 0.6812% and the determined fill factors are 0.34, 0.37, 0.28, and 0.27 against the absolute value 1. The developed photogalvanic cell can work for 55.0, 75.0, 85.0, and 90.0 minutes in the dark. The photogeneration electricity is proved by a proposed mechanism. Conclusively, the photogalvanic cell so developed has shown appreciable conversion and storage of solar energy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A review on alloyed quantum dots and their applications as photocatalysts

Semiconductor driven artificial photocatalysis is the most sustainable technology towards addressing the growing energy and environmental pollution issues. In this context, alloyed quantum dots (QDs) are an emerging class of promising nanomaterials gathering tremendous attention in this area due to several beneficial features. Compared to other bulk semiconductors, alloyed QDs are cost-effective, stable, less-toxic with superior optoelectronic features, which significantly enhances their solar energy conversion efficiency. Herein, the present review summarizes the fundamentals of alloyed QDs, various synthesis techniques, and discusses optical as well as structural properties from data interpretation point of view taking suitably reported literature. Moreover, we have provided a comprehensive summary of recent state of art metal chalcogenides based alloyed QD systems towards H₂ evolution, CO₂ reduction, and pollutant degradation. Finally, the review discusses the associated challenges and future prospects of alloyed QDs with a special focus on preparation, property engineering, theoretical aspect, stability and other field application. Additionally, the overarching aim is to provide researchers an in-depth understanding in the field of alloyed QDs relating to synthesis, characterisation, and promotes their photocatalytic applications, and can foster as a manual to future researchers.     

Investigation of a new integrated system for multiple outputs with hydrogen and methanol

In this study, an integrated multigeneration system that can produce hydrogen, electricity, heat, and methanol simultaneously is thermodynamically investigated. This integrated multigeneration system consists of three subsystems, namely: (i) electrolyzer, (ii) thermal power plant; and (iii) methanol production reactor. Energy and exergy analyses of all system components, as well as the sustainability analysis of the whole system, is performed thoroughly. The integrated system's thermodynamic performance is thoroughly investigated by changing some critical operational and environmental parameters in parametric studies. Based on the results of this study, recommendations for better energetic, exergetic, and environmental performance are presented for better sustainability. The results of this study show that the integrated multigeneration system is capable of producing hydrogen, heat, electricity, and methanol with overall energetic and exergetic efficiencies about 68% and 47%, respectively.     

A chemical mechanism for low to high temperature oxidation of n-dodecane as a component of transportation fuel surrogates

Using surrogate fuels in lieu of real fuels is an appealing concept for combustion studies. A major limitation however, is the capability to design compact and reliable kinetic models that capture all the specificities of the simpler, but still multi-component surrogates. This task is further complicated by the fairly large nature of the hydrocarbons commonly considered as potential surrogate components, since they typically result in large detailed reaction schemes. Towards addressing this challenge, the present work proposes a single, compact, and reliable chemical mechanism, that can accurately describe the oxidation of a wide range of fuels, which are important components of surrogate fuels. A well-characterized mechanism appropriate for the oxidation of smaller hydrocarbon species [G. Blanquart, P. Pepiot-Desjardins, H. Pitsch, Chemical mechanism for high temperature combustion of engine relevant fuels with emphasis on soot precursors, Combust. Flame 156 (2009) 588–607], and several substituted aromatic species [K. Narayanaswamy, G. Blanquart, H. Pitsch, A consistent chemical mechanism for the oxidation of substituted aromatic species, Combust. Flame 157 (10) (2010) 1879–1898], ideally suited as a base to model surrogates, has now been extended to describe the oxidation of n-dodecane, a representative of the paraffin class, which is often used in diesel and jet fuel surrogates. To ensure compactness of the kinetic scheme, a short mechanism for the low to high temperature oxidation of n-dodecane is extracted from the detailed scheme of Sarathy et al. [S. M. Sarathy, C. K.Westbrook, M. Mehl, W. J. Pitz, C. Togbe, P. Dagaut, H. Wang, M. A. Oehlschlaeger, U. Niemann, K. Seshadri, Comprehensive chemical kinetic modeling of the oxidation of 2-methylalkanes from C₇ to C₂₀, Combust. Flame 158 (12) (2011) 2338–2357] and integrated in a systematic way into the base model. Rate changes based on recent rate recommendations from literature are introduced to the resulting chemical mechanism in a consistent manner, which improve the model predictions. Extensive validation of the revised kinetic model is performed using a wide range of experimental conditions and data sets.     

Analysis of air conditioning system impact on a fuel cell vehicle performance based on a realistic model under actual urban conditions

In this study, a practical fuel cell vehicle considering the Heating, Ventilation, and Air conditioning system is considered to analyze hydrogen consumption under different working conditions. As a prevalent hydrogen-fueled vehicle, Toyota Mirai has been meticulously modeled in Simecenter Amesim software. The simulated model covers all of the vehicle's components with a concentration on Heating, Ventilation, and Air conditioning system. Since the air temperature and ‘weather conditions can significantly impact the vehicle's overall performance, various environmental conditions, including temperature variations, humidity, and varied solar fluxes, are taken into account. Furthermore, New York City is chosen as a densely populated megacity to simulate the dynamic behavior of the fuel cell vehicle under actual driving circumstances. The results illustrate that the Heating, Ventilation, and Air conditioning system can notably alter hydrogen consumption under real driving conditions. In this regard, turning on the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning system results in a 19% increase in fuel consumption. Moreover, the degradation phenomenon, which is a typical result of using fuel cell vehicles under urban driving conditions, impacts the vehicle's mileage and hydrogen consumption. The simulation results indicate that a fresh fuel cell stack consumes 80 g of hydrogen, while for 2500 and 5500 working hours fuel cells, the stack consumes 89.6 and 107 g of hydrogen, respectively. Based on the obtained results, a 33.75% increase in fuel consumption occurs by implementing a degraded fuel cell stack under real driving conditions.     

A comprehensive evaluation of energy storage options for better sustainability

Due to ever increasing global energy demand and the limited nature of fossil fuel reserves, there has been tremendous research and development studies in the literature, focusing on alternative and clean energy resources and systems. Renewables are the promising choice when it comes to addressing some critical energy issues such as climate change and energy security. However, renewables have intermittent and discontinuous supplies; hence, they need to be stored in ways that are affordable, reliable, flexible, clean, safe, and efficient. As a result, energy storage is becoming a crucial step to build innovative energy systems for a sustainable future. Energy can be stored in many forms, from electrical to chemical (eg, hydrogen), or electrochemical, thermal, electromagnetic, etc. Each form consists of different technologies, some of which are already commercially mature while others are at early research and development stages. Each of these options can be tailored to meet different end users' needs at different scales. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a comprehensive review on the most recent status of energy storage options, along with the requirements of various end users, and characteristics of smart energy storage systems. The main objective is to summarize the performance evaluation statuses of mechanical, electrochemical, chemical, thermal, and electromagnetic energy storage technologies. The selected performance measures are capacity flexibility, energy arbitrage, system balancing, congestion management, environmental impact, and power quality. In the end, some key recommendations and future directions for energy storage systems are provided.     

Combustion characteristics and flame stability of linear esters of palmitic acid based on OH-PLIF technology

Experimental study on combustion characteristics and method for evaluating flame stability was carried out. Methyl palmitate, ethyl palmitate, propyl palmitate, butyl palmitate, and amyl palmitate were prepared using pyridine n-butyl bisulfate ionic liquid as catalyst in a self-designed reactor to catalyze esterification reaction of palmitic acid with methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and pentanol, respectively. Combustion characteristics including the flame height, flame front area, and flame speed were analyzed; and OH-PLIF time-average total signal strength by the OH-PLIF technique and cold flow properties of linear-chain alkyl esters of palmitic acid were also studied. Image diagnosis was applied to the study of flame stability, and an image segmentation method using three color feature matrices of flame corresponding to the red, green, and blue components was proposed. A color was selected as the evaluation color and the iterative method was used to obtain the optimal threshold for the area where the flame was located. Each pixel in the matrix was compared with an optimal threshold, and the flame stability was evaluated by calculating the ratio variance under continuous conditions. The method is simple in operation, accurate in repeatability, less interfered, and provides some guidance for analysis and optimization of biodiesel combustion process.     

Exergy of Oat Straw

The exergy values of three oat straws were investigated. The effects of moisture content, ash content, S content, correlation factor (C, O, H, and N), and lower heating value (LHV) were also studied. The results showed that the moisture-related exergy, ash-related exergy, and S-related exergy varied in the ranges of 283.630–337.502, 28.474–111.054, and 4.357–13.944 kJ/kg, respectively. They accounted for 1.346–1.661%, 0.164–0.538%, and 0.021–0.068% of the exergy of oat straw, respectively. The O/C, H/C, and N/C atomic ratios varied in the ranges of 0.7042–0.7780 (10.480%), 1.4713–1.6000 (8.747%), and 0.0024–0.0254 (958.333%), respectively, whereas the correlation factors varied between 1.131 and 1.142 (0.973%). The exergy values of the three oat straws were between 20.325 and 21.065 MJ/kg. They were mainly determined by the correlation factors and the LHVs. A positive linear relationship between the exergy and LHV was observed.     

Atlas of geothermal resources in Europe

The geothermal resources of most European countries have been estimated and compiled in the recently published Atlas of Geothermal Resources in Europe, a companion volume to the Atlas of Geothermal Resources in the European Community, Austria and Switzerland. Publication of this Atlas comes at a time when the promotion of a sustainable and non-polluting energy is high on the agenda of local energy suppliers, municipal administrations and all European governments. The participating countries are: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and the UK. A volumetric heat content model for porous reservoirs was the basis for calculating the resources, assuming that exploitation of the geothermal resources would take place in a doublet well system. The geothermal reservoirs are defined in a set of 4 maps, by depth, thickness, temperature and resources. The assessment methodology is simple and is based on a small number of parameters so that regions with very limited data coverage can also be evaluated. An example is given in this paper of the eastern North German Basin. The maps presented in the Atlas permit a first order evaluation of the geothermal potential in terms of technical and economic viability. This uniform procedure applied to all countries and regions allows comparisons and serves as a guide for setting priorities and planning geothermal development. This Atlas also helps in the search for appropriate partners for international cooperation in geothermal exploration in Europe.