(Z)-2-(5-氨基-1,2,4-噻二唑-3-基)-2-乙氧基亚胺基乙酸合成工艺改进

以氰基乙酰胺为原料,经过肟化、乙基化、氨解、溴代、环合、碱性水解六步反应制得(Z)-2-(5-氨基-1,2,4-噻二唑-3-基)-2-乙氧基亚胺基乙酸(ATDE),总收率37.8%。通过MS和~1H NMR对目标产物及各步反应中间体的结构进行了表征。改进了2-氰基-2-乙氧亚胺基乙酰胺的合成工艺,确定了最优工艺条件:n(氰基乙酰胺)∶n(亚硝酸钠)∶n(酸)∶n(硫酸二乙酯)=1∶1.5∶2∶1.2,采用盐酸,反应温度48℃,反应时间3 h,收率提高至89.1%。对于水解过程,最优工艺条件为:采用氢氧化钾,反应温度55℃,反应时间7 h。     

2,6-二甲基吡喃酮的合成

以乙酰丙酮和乙酸甲酯为原料,四氢呋喃为溶剂,乙醇钠为催化剂,进行克莱森缩合反应合成2,6-二甲基吡喃酮。通过单因素实验考察了影响2,6-二甲基吡喃酮合成的各项因素。结果表明,当n(乙酰丙酮)∶n(乙酸甲酯)∶n(乙醇钠)=1.0∶2.5∶2.0、反应温度为85℃、反应时间为6 h时,以乙酰丙酮计的2,6-二甲基吡喃酮收率可达13.32%,经HPLC测定其色谱纯度为95.37%。     

(Z)-2-(5-氨基-1,2,4-噻二唑-3-基)-2-乙氧基亚胺基乙酸合成工艺改进

以氰基乙酰胺为原料,经过肟化、乙基化、氨解、溴代、环合、碱性水解六步反应制得(Z)-2-(5-氨基-1,2,4-噻二唑-3-基)-2-乙氧基亚胺基乙酸(ATDE),总收率37.8%。通过MS和¹H NMR对目标产物及各步反应中间体的结构进行了表征。改进了2-氰基-2-乙氧亚胺基乙酰胺的合成工艺,确定了最优工艺条件:n(氰基乙酰胺)∶n(亚硝酸钠)∶n(酸)∶n(硫酸二乙酯)=1∶1.5∶2∶1.2,采用盐酸,反应温度48℃,反应时间3 h,收率提高至89.1%。对于水解过程,最优工艺条件为:采用氢氧化钾,反应温度55℃,反应时间7 h。     

固体光气法合成5-叔丁基-1,3,4-(口恶)二唑-2(3H)-酮

研究了以特戊酸甲酯为原料,用固体光气代替光气两步合成标题化合物,为该中间体的合成提供了一条环境友好的新途径.考察了反应温度、物料配比及反应时间对第一步产物2,2-二甲基丙酸肼合成收率的影响,确定最佳工艺条件为:反应温度为90℃,n(水合肼)∶n(特戊酸甲酯)=1.5∶1,反应时间28 h;采用正交法考察了反应温度、物料配比、缚酸剂用量对标题化合物合成收率的影响,结果表明,最佳反应条件:以甲苯作溶剂,碳酸氢钠作缚酸剂,反应温度为80℃,n(2,2-二甲基丙酸肼)∶n(固体光气)∶n(碳酸氢钠)=1∶1.5∶0.35,在此最佳工艺条件下,收率可达94.88％.目标化合物经质谱、核磁氢谱验证.     

2-苯基-1,3-二氧杂环-4-戊烯-乙酸甲酯的合成

以苯甲酸、3-溴丙烯和乙酸为原料,三氟化硼乙醚为催化剂合成2-苯基-1,3-二氧杂环-4-戊烯-乙酸甲酯,包括烯丙基苯甲酸酯的制备和烯丙基苯甲酸酯的环化。考察了烯丙基苯甲酸酯与乙酸的摩尔比、反应时间、温度、催化剂用量对反应的影响。结果表明,较佳的反应条件为:取0.05 mol烯丙基苯甲酸酯,n(烯丙基苯甲酸酯)∶n(乙酸)=1.0∶1.2(摩尔比),催化剂用量为5.0%,在室温(25℃)下反应10 h,所得产品的产率在87%以上。     

β-紫罗兰酮的合成工艺研究

从山苍子油出发 ,经缩合、环化两步反应 ,直接合成 β 紫罗兰酮。研究了催化剂、溶剂的种类和用量、反应物配比、反应温度等因素对体系的影响。最佳合成工艺条件为 :缩合反应 :C -1作助催化剂 ,n(丙酮 )∶n(柠檬醛 ) =9∶1,n(主催化剂 )∶n(柠檬醛 ) =0 5 0∶1 0 0 ,主催化剂(NaOH水溶液 )质量分数 5 % ,反应温度 35℃ ,缩合转化率可达 98 4 % ;环化反应 :以氯仿作溶剂 ,H - 1作催化剂 ,m(催化剂 )∶m(假性紫罗兰酮 ) =2 0∶1 0 ,m(氯仿 )∶m(假性紫罗兰酮 ) =2 0∶1 0 ,反应温度 - 10℃ ,环化转化率可达 99 7%。产品总收率达 4 7 5 % ,w(β 紫罗兰酮 )≥92 %。     

2,2,4-三氯-4-氰基丁酸甲酯环化合成2,3,5,6-四氯吡啶的研究

以三氯乙酸甲酯与丙烯腈加成反应合成的2,2,4-三氯-4-氰基丁酸甲酯为原料,与三氯氧磷进行环化反应制备2,3,5,6-四氯吡啶(简称四氯吡啶)。当三氯氧磷与2,2,4-三氯-4-氰基丁酸甲酯的摩尔比为2∶1,反应温度为140℃,反应时间为4 h,四氯吡啶的收率最高,可达93%。用气相色谱/质谱联用仪、红外光谱仪、核磁共振波谱仪等对反应产物进行了分析表征。同时探讨了2,2,4-三氯-4-氰基丁酸甲酯环化反应合成2,3,5,6-四氯吡啶的机理。     

4-(2-乙氧基-2-氧-乙氧基)-3-硝基苯甲酸甲酯的合成研究

以4-羟基-3-硝基苯甲酸甲酯(1)和2-溴乙酸乙酯(2)为原料,合成了未见文献报道的4-(2-乙氧基-2-氧-乙氧基)-3-硝基苯甲酸甲酯(3),考察了反应条件对收率的影响,确定了优惠合成工艺条件:反应温度50℃,反应时间4h,物料比n(1)∶n(2)∶n(K2CO3)=1∶1.2∶1.5,相对于原料1,溶剂二甲基甲酰胺用量为1000mL/mol。产品的收率96.9%,含量98.9%,产品结构经元素分析、红外光谱、核磁共振确证。     

2′,6′-二甲基苯氧基乙酸合成工艺研究

以2,6-二甲基苯酚、氯乙酸为原料,无水乙醇为溶剂,在碘化钾催化下,经Williamson成醚反应合成了2′,6′-二甲基苯氧基乙酸。考察了原料摩尔比、氢氧化钠用量、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度对收率影响。结果表明:n(2,6-二甲基苯酚)∶n(氯乙酸)∶(氢氧化钠)=1∶1.5∶2.86;n(碘化钾)∶n(2,6-二甲基苯酚)=0.1;反应温度70℃;反应时间4 h条件下产率达54.7%。     

固体光气法合成5-叔丁基-1,3,4-噁二唑-2(3H)-酮

研究了以特戊酸甲酯为原料,用固体光气代替光气两步合成标题化合物,为该中间体的合成提供了一条环境友好的新途径。考察了反应温度、物料配比及反应时间对第一步产物2,2-二甲基丙酸肼合成收率的影响,确定最佳工艺条件为:反应温度为90℃,n(水合肼)∶n(特戊酸甲酯)=1.5∶1,反应时间28 h;采用正交法考察了反应温度、物料配比、缚酸剂用量对标题化合物合成收率的影响,结果表明,最佳反应条件:以甲苯作溶剂,碳酸氢钠作缚酸剂,反应温度为80℃,n(2,2-二甲基丙酸肼)∶n(固体光气)∶n(碳酸氢钠)=1∶1.5∶0.35,在此最佳工艺条件下,收率可达94.88%。目标化合物经质谱、核磁氢谱验证。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。