山豆根黄酮的提取及抗氧化抑菌活性

采用单因素和正交实验并结合遗传算法,优选山豆根黄酮的超声-微波协同提取工艺条件,并考察了其抗氧化活性和抑菌活性。得到的最佳提取工艺条件为:超声波功率50 W,液料比(即每克原料所用溶剂的量,m L/g)25∶1,乙醇体积分数87%、微波功率699 W,提取时间3 min,在该工艺条件下山豆根黄酮得率达10.38mg/g,与模型预测值相符;山豆根黄酮对1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基自由基(·DPPH)、超氧阴离子自由基(·O_2~-)和羟基自由基(·OH)具有良好的清除作用,半数抑制浓度(IC_(50))分别为9.52、17.21和14.44 mg/L;山豆根黄酮可明显减缓猪油、花生油和玉米油的氧化速度,与相同质量分数的二丁基羟基甲苯相当;山豆根黄酮对常见菌的抑制作用大小为金黄色葡萄球菌沙门氏菌志贺氏菌枯草芽孢杆菌大肠杆菌酵母,对黑曲霉无明显抑制作用。     

瑶药紫九牛总生物碱的提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

目的：通过单因素试验和正交试验对微波法提取紫九牛总生物碱的工艺进行优化,并探究其抗氧化活性。结果：总生物碱最佳提取工艺条件为：料液比1∶10、提取温度80℃、提取功率500 W、提取时间为12 s、乙醇体积分数60%。其影响因素由大到小顺序为：料液比>提取功率>提取温度>提取时间。最佳提取工艺条件下测得的生物碱总提取率实测平均值为0.282‰,均高于正交试验的提取率。通过测定紫九牛总生物碱对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazylradical2,2-Diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl,DPPH·)自由基、羟自由基(·OH)清除能力来评价紫九牛总生物碱的抗氧化活性。结论：老班瑶药紫九牛中总生物碱具有一定的清除DPPH自由基、羟自由基的能力,且与其浓度具有量效关系。     

响应面法优化秦艽多酚提取工艺及体外抗氧化活性研究

以乙醇体积分数、超声时间、料液比及超声功率为考察因素,以秦艽多酚得率为考察指标,进行单因素实验,在此基础上采用响应面法优化秦艽多酚提取工艺。选取维生素C(VC)作为阳性对照,考察秦艽多酚对DPPH自由基及ABTS自由基的清除能力,评价其体外抗氧化活性。确定秦艽多酚的最佳提取工艺为:料液比1∶21(g∶mL)、乙醇体积分数40%、超声时间50min、超声功率140W,在此条件下,秦艽多酚得率为1.012%。秦艽多酚具有一定的体外抗氧化活性,秦艽多酚和VC抑制DPPH自由基的IC50分别为13.590μg·mL~(-1)和5.757μg·mL~(-1);秦艽多酚和VC抑制ABTS自由基的IC50分别为3.275μg·mL~(-1)和3.419μg·mL~(-1)。该提取工艺稳定、可行。     

山豆根多糖的微波预处理-热水浸提工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

采用微波预处理-热水浸提山豆根多糖,考察微波功率、解析剂比、微波时间、液料比、提取温度、提取时间对多糖得率的影响,山豆根多糖纯化后,以超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~-·)和羟基自由基(·OH)清除能力评价其体外抗氧化活性。最佳工艺条件为:微波功率640 W,解析剂比6∶1 m L/g,微波时间100 s,提取温度80℃,液料比30∶1 m L/g,提取时间40 min,该工艺条件下,多糖得率达6.37%。多糖浓度为0.5 mg/m L时,多糖对O_2~-·和·OH的清除率分别为85.03%和97.41%。微波预处理-热水浸提技术具有省时高效的特点,特别适用于多糖类物质的提取。     

山楂核总黄酮的超声提取及抗氧化活性

采用超声辅助乙醇提取山楂核总黄酮,通过单因素实验方法和正交实验方法确定了总黄酮的最优提取工艺条件;与抗坏血酸、芦丁对比,利用羟基自由基(·OH)、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)、Fe3+法测定山楂核总黄酮的抗氧化活性。结果表明,山楂核总黄酮超声辅助提取的最佳提取工艺为:按料液比为1∶25(每克山楂核加入25 m L提取剂,下同),加入体积分数50%的乙醇,在60℃下用250 W超声辅助提取40 min,山楂核中总黄酮的提取率可达到7.89%。经过纯化的山楂核总黄酮提取物对·OH和DPPH·具有明显的清除力且对Fe3+有较强的还原能力;黄酮纯化物的抗氧化作用随质量浓度增大而增强,其抗氧化能力强于芦丁而弱于抗坏血酸。     

山豆根多糖的微波预处理-热水浸提工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

采用微波预处理-热水浸提山豆根多糖,考察微波功率、解析剂比、微波时间、液料比、提取温度、提取时间对多糖得率的影响,山豆根多糖纯化后,以超氧阴离子自由基(O_2^-·)和羟基自由基(·OH)清除能力评价其体外抗氧化活性。最佳工艺条件为:微波功率640 W,解析剂比6∶1 m L/g,微波时间100 s,提取温度80℃,液料比30∶1 m L/g,提取时间40 min,该工艺条件下,多糖得率达6.37%。多糖浓度为0.5 mg/m L时,多糖对O_2-·)和羟基自由基(·OH)清除能力评价其体外抗氧化活性。最佳工艺条件为:微波功率640 W,解析剂比6∶1 m L/g,微波时间100 s,提取温度80℃,液料比30∶1 m L/g,提取时间40 min,该工艺条件下,多糖得率达6.37%。多糖浓度为0.5 mg/m L时,多糖对O_2^-·和·OH的清除率分别为85.03%和97.41%。微波预处理-热水浸提技术具有省时高效的特点,特别适用于多糖类物质的提取。     

遗传算法优选山豆根黄酮的超声-微波协同提取工艺及其抗氧化抑菌活性研究

目的 采用遗传算法优选山豆根黄酮的超声-微波协同提取工艺,并研究其抗氧化抑菌活性。方法 以黄酮得率为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验设计对料液比、乙醇体积分数、微波功率和提取时间4个影响因素进行考察,并采用遗传算法对工艺条件进行优化。以山豆根黄酮对1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基自由基（?DPPH）、超氧阴离子自由基（?O2-）和羟基自由基（?OH）的清除能力评价其体外抗氧化活性,以过氧化值（POV值）评定山豆根黄酮对猪油、花生油和玉米油的抗油脂活性,采用滤纸片扩散法研究黄酮对7种常见菌的抑菌活性。结果 最优提取工艺条件为：液料比24.9:1(mL/g)、乙醇体积分数为87%、微波功率699 W,提取时间3 min,该工艺条件下黄酮得率达10.38mg/g,是模型预测值的99.69%;山豆根黄酮对DPPH?、O2-?和?OH有良好的清除作用,当黄酮浓度为30 礸/mL时,山豆根黄酮对?DPPH、?O2-和?OH的清除率分别为96.38%、91.35%和82.23%;抗油脂试验表明山豆根黄酮在试验时间范围内可明显减缓猪油、花生油和玉米油的氧化速度,抗油脂氧化作用与同质量分数BHT相当;抑菌试验表明山豆根黄酮对7种常见菌的抑制作用大小依次为金黄色葡萄球菌＞沙门氏菌＞志贺氏菌＞枯草芽孢杆菌＞大肠杆菌＞酵母,在试验范围内对黑曲霉无明显抑制作用。结论 采用遗传算法优选提取工艺条件可靠,更符合生产实际,山豆根黄酮具有良好的抗氧化和抑菌活性,可作为食品的天然抗氧化剂和防腐剂。     

响应面优化微波辅助提取花椒叶山椒素及其生物活性研究

以花椒叶为原料,乙醇作为溶媒,研究花椒叶山椒素微波辅助提取工艺条件,采用响应面法对工艺进行优化。以清除铁还原力、羟基自由基(·OH)能力及2,2′-联氨-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二胺盐(ABTS)能力来评价体外抗氧化能力和α-淀粉酶活性抑制率来评价其降血糖能力。结果表明,花椒叶山椒素最佳提取工艺条件为微波温度25℃、微波时间10 min、微波功率400 W、料液比1∶20(g/mL)、乙醇浓度58%、在此条件下花椒叶山椒素最高提取率为5.98 mg/g。花椒叶山椒素具有较强的抗氧化活性和降血糖能力,铁还原力、清除·OH自由基能力、清除ABTS自由基能力和α-淀粉酶抑制率均表现出一定的质量浓度依赖性;花椒叶山椒素铁还原力、清除·OH、清除ABTS自由基能力和α-淀粉酶抑制率半数有效质量浓度(IC_(50))分别为56.09、37.67、34.49和7.93μg/mL。花椒叶山椒素可以作为一种天然食源性抗氧化和降血糖剂。     

微波提取红芪总多糖工艺及其抗氧化活性的研究

用微波提取红芪总多糖,采用DPPH、O_2^-·和ABTS三种自由基测定抗氧化活性,考察微波提取时间、微波功率、料液比对红芪总多糖得率及其抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,红芪总多糖微波提取的最佳工艺为:以蒸馏水为提取溶剂,料液比1∶15 g/mL,微波功率231 W,提取15 min。此工艺条件下,多糖的得率为3.52%,DPPH清除率为81.4%。总多糖提取物具有较好体外抗氧化活性,高浓度的多糖抗氧化活性相当于0.5 mg/mL VC,总多糖对DPPH、O_2-·和ABTS三种自由基测定抗氧化活性,考察微波提取时间、微波功率、料液比对红芪总多糖得率及其抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,红芪总多糖微波提取的最佳工艺为:以蒸馏水为提取溶剂,料液比1∶15 g/mL,微波功率231 W,提取15 min。此工艺条件下,多糖的得率为3.52%,DPPH清除率为81.4%。总多糖提取物具有较好体外抗氧化活性,高浓度的多糖抗氧化活性相当于0.5 mg/mL VC,总多糖对DPPH、O_2^-·和ABTS的IC50分别为3.777,3.727,4.423 mg/mL,且呈一定的量效关系。     

超声辅助酶法提取滇刺枣多酚工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究

目的 优化滇刺枣多酚(Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. polyphenols, ZMP)超声辅助酶法提取工艺条件并测定ZMP抗氧化性。方法 以液料比、乙醇体积分数、超声温度、超声时间、超声功率、酶用量作为考察因素,在单因素实验考察基础上设计响应面法实验优化ZMP提取条件,并对ZMP清除DPPH自由基(DPPH·)、羟基自由基(·OH)的能力进行研究。结果 ZMP超声辅助酶法提取最佳工艺条件为：液料比为40∶1(m L∶g)、超声温度为41℃、超声功率为304W、酶用量为4.1%(m/m)、乙醇体积分数为60%、超声时间为50min,此时,ZMP提取量平均值为(18.41±0.16)mg·g^-1,接近预测值(18.33mg·g^-1)。抗氧化性测定结果显示,当ZMP质量浓度为3.0μg·m L^-1时,对DPPH·、·OH的清除率分别为75%、72%,二者清除率均大于对照药品维生素C。结论 响应面法实验优化的ZMP超声辅助酶法提取工艺稳定、可行,具有较强的抗氧化性,ZMP可作为一种抗氧化剂开发利用。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。