基于鉴别性低秩表示及字典学习的鲁棒人脸识别算法

针对人脸识别中的图像存在噪声等情况,提出基于鉴别性低秩表示及字典学习的算法。使用鉴别性低秩子空间恢复算法(discriminative low-rank representation, DLRR)获得类别间尽可能独立且干净的训练样本,然后通过引入基于Fisher准则的字典学习(Fisher Discrimination Dictionary Learning, FDDL)方法得到结构化字典,其子字典对对应的类有较好的表示能力,约束编码系数具有较小类内散列度和较大类间散列度。最后对测试样本稀疏线性表示时正确类别的样本贡献更大。在标准人脸数据库上的实验结果表明该算法有较好性能。     

核邻域保持判别嵌入在人脸识别中的应用

为更有效地进行数据降维,将核映射思想引入到邻域保持判别嵌入中,提出一种核邻域保持判别嵌入的流形学习算法。以类内相似度矩阵与类间散度矩阵之差作为鉴别准则,使类间散度矩阵不受满秩的约束,从而解决人脸数据的非线性和小样本问题。在ORL和Yale人脸库上的实验结果表明,该算法具有较好的人脸识别性能。     

一种改进的基于Fisher准则的线性特征提取方法

针对现有的基于Fisher准则的线性特征提取方法存在的不足,提出了一种新的改进的Fisher特征提取方法.通过重新定义类内散度矩阵与类间散度矩阵,削弱了边缘样本与边缘类别的影响,提高了准则模型的准确性,进而提高了判别矢量的特征提取能力.同时,也给出了一种实用的求解具有统计不相关的最优判别矢量集的方法,实验结果表明,算法得到的最优判别矢量具有更好的特征提取能力.     

基于原子Fisher判别准则约束字典学习算法

为了提高字典的判别性能,提出基于原子Fisher判别准则约束的字典学习算法AFDDL。首先,利用特定类字典学习算法为每个原子分配一个类标,计算同类原子和不同类原子间的散度矩阵。然后,利用类内散度矩阵和类间散度矩阵的迹的差作为判别式约束项,促使不同类原子间的差异最大化,并在最小化同类原子间差异的同时减少原子间的自相关性,使得同类原子尽可能地重构某一类样本,提高字典的判别性能。在AR、FERET和LFW三个人脸数据库和USPS手写字体数据库中进行实验,实验结果表明,在四个图像数据库中,所提算法在识别率和训练时间方面均优于类标一致的K奇异值分解（LC-KSVD）算法、局部特征和类标嵌入约束的字典学习（LCLE-DL）算法、支持矢量指导的字典学习（SVGDL）算法和Fisher判别字典学习算法;且在四个数据库中,该算法也比稀疏表示分类（SRC）和协同表示分类（CRC）取得更高的识别率。     

基于Profiles的Fisher判别约束字典学习算法

为了增强编码系数的判别性能,提出编码系数矩阵行向量（Profiles）的Fisher判别字典（Profiles of fisher discriminative dictionary learning,PFDDL）学习算法。首先,根据Profiles能反映原子在字典学习中的使用情况,提出一种自适应的原子类标构造方法。然后,利用Profiles与原子间的一一对应关系,设计Profiles的Fisher判别准则作为判别式项,使得同类原子对应Profiles的类内散度尽可能小,不同类原子对应Profiles的类间散度尽可能大,促使字典中的同类原子尽量表示同类训练样本,提高编码系数的判别性能。在3个人脸和1个手写字体数据库上的实验结果表明,提出的算法比其他稀疏编码和字典学习算法能取得更高的分类性能。     

Fisher极小准则不相关空间算法及其在人脸识别中的应用

不相关空间算法是一种基于广义Fisher准则求解不相关鉴别矢量集的快速算法,但该算法要求总体散度矩阵可逆。针对高维小样本的情况,文中提出求解不相关鉴别矢量集的改进方法。该方法的基本思路是在类间散度矩阵的值空间中运用广义Fisher极小准则求解鉴别矢量集,并讨论在该子空间中进行求解的合理性。针对高维情况下类间散度矩阵值空间的计算效率问题,提出首先利用PCA算法将数据降维,然后在低维空间中求解值空间的策略并讨论其合理性。在ORL人脸数据库上的实验验证该方法的有效性,其识别率高于传统的Fisher脸方法和不相关空间算法。     

基于Fisher判别分析的增量式非负矩阵分解算法

增量式非负矩阵分解算法是基于子空间降维技术的无监督增量学习方法.文中将Fisher判别分析思想引入增量式非负矩阵分解中,提出基于Fisher判别分析的增量式非负矩阵分解算法.首先,利用初始样本训练的先验信息,通过索引矩阵对新增系数矩阵进行初始化赋值.然后,将增量式非负矩阵分解算法的目标函数改进为批量式的增量学习算法,在此基础上施加类间散度最大和类内散度最小的约束.最后,采用乘性迭代的方法计算分解后的因子矩阵.在ORL、Yale B和PIE等3个不同规模人脸数据库上的实验验证文中算法的有效性.     

基于模糊核Fisher判别的说话人识别

在深入研究核Fisher判别方法的基础上,提出一种新的模糊核Fisher判别算法应用于说话人识别。采用模糊C均值聚类方法选择样本数据的同时,得到样本的模糊隶属度矩阵和聚类中心向量,进而对核Fisher判别算法中的类间离散度矩阵和类内离散度矩阵进行改进,生成模糊核Fisher判别算法,将其应用于说话人语音识别。     

基于局部Fisher准则判别投影的人脸识别算法

为了提取更真实的样本局部分布结构以及合理利用样本标签信息,提出局部Fisher准则判别投影的人脸识别算法。通过求解样本在总体下稀疏表示来自适应选择样本的近邻参数,以使样本间分布关系尽可能符合真实情况;在获取稀疏近邻结构的基础上,利用样本标签信息设计自定义的类内局部散度矩阵和类间局部散度矩阵,以使得在保留样本间近邻关系的同时提高样本标签信息带来的判别能力。该算法可以有效保持同类样本间的稀疏近邻关系,并且破坏非同类样本间的稀疏近邻结构。在Yale库、AR库以及Yale B库上的实验结果表明:与相关的人脸识别算法相比,该算法具有更高的人脸识别率,可以有效提升人脸识别算法的识别率。     

非负局部约束低秩子空间聚类算法

在低秩表示算法的基础上,提出了一个新模型。新模型构建了揭示数据内在特征联系的亲和度图以实现聚类任务。首先,根据矩阵分解原理对原始数据重新生成数据字典,在算法初始输入时筛除部分噪声。其次,利用数据间的稀疏性加强局部约束,为给定的数据向量构建非负低秩亲和度图。亲和度图中边的权重由非负低秩稀疏系数矩阵获得,系数矩阵通过每个数据样本作为其他数据样本的线性组合完成构建,如此获得的亲和度图显示了数据的子空间结构,同时表现局部线性结构。与现存的子空间算法相比,非负局部约束低秩子空间算法在聚类效果上有明显的提升。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.