气相色谱-质谱法测定茶叶中4种有机氯农药

The determination method of 4 organochlorine pesticides in tea by GC/MS was established. The extraction effectiveness of analytes with different extraction methods(shaking extraction and ultrasonic extraction) and different shaking time(40, 60 and 80 min) was compared. The results showed that shaking extraction 40 min was superior to other shaking time and ultrasonic extraction. This method is suitable to determine pyrethroid pesticides in tea.     

Operating Limits for Acoustic Measurement of Rolling Bearing Oil Film Thickness

An ultrasonic pulse striking a thin layer of liquid trapped between solid bodies will be partially reflected. The proportion reflected is a function of the layer stiffness, which in turn depends on the film thickness and its bulk modulus. In this work, measurements of reflection have been used to determine the thickness of oil films in elastohydrodynamic lubricated (EHL) contacts. A very thin liquid layer behaves like a spring when struck by an ultrasonic pulse. A simple quasi-static spring model can be used to determine the proportion of the ultrasonic waves reflected.

Experiments have been performed on a model EHL contact between a ball and a flat surface. A transducer is mounted above the contact such that the ultrasonic wave is focused onto the oil film. The reflected signals are captured and passed to a PC for processing. Fourier analysis gives the reflection spectrum that is then used to determine the stiffness of the liquid layer and hence its thickness. In further testing, an ultrasonic transducer has been mounted in the housing of a deep-groove ball bearing to measure the film generated at the outer raceway as each ball passes. Results from both the ball-flat and ball bearing measurements agree well with steady-state theoretical EHL predictions. The limits of the measuring technique, in terms of the measurable rolling bearing size and operating parameters, have been investigated.     

基于EBSD技术构建弹性各向异性粗晶材料超声仿真模型的研究

针对弹性各向异性粗晶材料晶粒结构和取向定量描述困难,导致超声检测仿真结果与试验符合程度较差的问题,提出基于电子背散射衍射(Electron back-scatter diffraction,EBSD)技术确定晶粒形态及晶体取向的建模思路。利用EBSD技术实测得到了尺寸为96 mm×12 mm的离心铸造奥氏体不锈钢(Centrifugally cast austenitic stainless steel,CCASS)轴-径向截面的晶体取向图谱,选择15°取向相(差)角定义EBSD图谱的晶粒结构,并对晶体取向进行归一化处理。在此基础上借助Bond变换法赋以晶粒在对应晶体取向下的刚度矩阵,对模型中晶粒的弹性特征进行量化表征,建立CCASS超声检测模型。采用时域有限差分法进行数值计算,结果表明:利用该方法能够较好地重现CCASS超声检测特有的结构噪声和主频降低等现象,为揭示超声波在弹性各向异性粗晶结构中的散射机理提供了解决思路。     

超声辅助磁力研磨实验研究

设计了超声磁力研磨加工的实验装置,对磨料粒度、超声频率等参数对超声磁力研磨加工效果的影响进行分析,通过对实验数据的对比分析确定了最优参数。     

基于滑动矩形窗的锚固螺杆超声波信号回波搜索算法

提出一种简单的回波搜索法——滑动矩形窗回波搜索算法,该法可以排除因数据偶然突变而引起的搜索错误,通过对现场采集的1万多条数据处理分析,能取得很好的效果。     

Investigation on the effects of ultrasonic vibration on material removal rate and surface roughness in wire electrical discharge turning

An investigation has been made to combine ultrasonic vibration and wire electrical discharge turning. Design of a submerged, precise, flexible, and corrosion-resistant rotary spindle is introduced. The spindle was mounted on a five-axis wire electrical discharge machine to rotate the workpiece in order to generate free-form cylindrical geometries. An auxiliary device that produces ultrasonic vibration was installed between the two wire guides. The ultrasonic system consists of an ultrasonic generator, a transducer, and a wire holder. When the wire is being driven, the transducer together with the wire holder vibrates under the resonance condition. Material removal rate (MRR) indicates efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the process. Experimental results show that wire vibration induced by ultrasonic action has a significant effect on material removal rate. This study has been conducted to evaluate the influence of four design factors: power, pulse off time, spindle rotational speed, and ultrasonic vibration over material removal rate. This has been done by means of design of experiments technique. Analysis of variance was used to determine significant effective factors and also to obtain an equation based on data regression. Experimental results indicate that ultrasonic vibration and power are the most significant influencing parameters on MRR. Rotational speed and pulse off time are the next in ranking. In order to study surface roughness, R _a is measured in different machining parameters.     

超声波测距系统中的小波去噪方法研究

针对远距离超声波测距系统中回波信号信噪比低的问题,采用小波变换对超声波的回波信号进行去噪处理.为取得较好的去噪效果,对小波变换的参数选取进行了研究.根据小波基的特性,通过能量与能量熵选取最优小波基;基于回波信号噪声的白噪声特征,采用白噪声检验自适应确定分解层数;引入参考噪声信号,确定小波系数处理阈值,并选用一种结合软、...     

面向移动机器人自定位的无线网络构造算法及实现

针对移动机器人的自定位问题,研制一种无线定位网络结点,该结点由超声模块和无线射频模块组成,根据超声与无线射频信号的到达时间差计算机器人与网络结点的相对位置关系,借助扩展的卡尔曼滤波器实现机器人的自定位和对网络结点的同步定位.然后,提出一种无线定位网络的自主构建算法,通过机器人动态分配网络结点,实现对环境的完备最小覆盖.仿真与实验表明该网络构造算法及定位技术能够满足较大规模环境下移动机器人的自定位要求.     

基于超声波的插入式钢水温度测量装置设计

根据超声波在棒状固体介质中的传播速度与该介质温度的关系,设计了一种基于超声波的插入式钢水温度测量装置,该装置能够实现对钢水温度的实时连续测量。感温导杆设计成棒状结构,不仅方便插入钢水测量其温度,而且简化了温度测量原理。采用高速高分辨率硬件电路和软件细分插补算法,可以精确确定超声波回波传播的终点时刻,得到精确的超声波传播时间并计算出对应的温度值。该温度测量装置可以灵活地应用于各种高温环境的温度测量和涉温控制领域。     

Applying the Algorithm of Calculation in the Frequency Domain to Ultrasonic Tomography

Applying ultrasonic-tomography systems makes it possible to precisely determine the shape and dimensions of flaws with the aim of establishing the degree to which the flaws influence safe operation of tested objects. This problem is solved by using special algorithms that make use of echo-signals recorded by an ultrasonic transducer to generate synthesized images of flaws in the sample. The use of phased arrays in ultrasonic tomography is explained by their ability to provide exhaustive data about the internal structure of a test object, thus allowing formation of the high-quality synthesized images of flaws in the object. Increasing the speed of ultrasonic tomography by using phased arrays necessitates the development and implementation of fast data-processing algorithms. In this connection, of interest are calculation algorithms in the frequency domain, which ensure the high speed of producing synthesized images. An ultrasonic-tomography algorithm is proposed that is based on calculations in the frequency domain. The algorithm takes the complex nature of the propagation of ultrasonic waves into account and is connected with the presence of media with different acoustic properties (e.g., in the case of immersion tests). Possibilities offered by the algorithm are investigated by computer simulations using the licensed CIVA 2016 software package and experimentally.     

Two approaches to the solution of problems of ultrasonic flaw metering: Analysis of a high-quality image of reflectors and correlation analysis of measured echo signals

The problem of ultrasonic flaw metering consists in the obtainment of information on the reflector type, its dimensions, and the coordinates of its location. As the accuracy of determining the parameters of a discontinuity increases, the results of ultrasonic testing become more reliable. A highquality image of reflectors, which is reconstructed using the C-SAFT method with consideration for multiple reflections of pulses from the boundaries of a test object that makes it possible to determine the types and dimensions of reflectors, can be considered as one of the tools of flaw metering. However, the C-SAFT method disregards the features of reflections from discontinuities with nonuniform scattering indicatrices. As a development of flaw-metering methods, it is proposed to determine the parameters of a discontinuity from the results of comparison of the measured echo signals and estimated echo signals, which are calculated as functions of the discontinuity parameters. The results of using the proposed methods of ultrasonic flaw metering in numerical and model experiments, which demonstrate the working capacity of the proposed approach, are presented.     

反复印压作用下光学玻璃的微裂纹交互作用研究

对超声振动辅助磨削加工中BK7光学玻璃材料表面及亚表面的微裂纹扩展过程中的交互作用进行研究,使用维氏金刚石压头进行了BK7光学玻璃二次印压实验来模拟超声振动作用影响下单颗磨粒对光学玻璃的反复印压作用,同时采用界面粘结法获得了不同印压载荷及印压距离下产生的压痕及微裂纹形态特征及分布情况。实验结果表明：在相同载荷加载情况下,第二次印压产生的亚表面中位裂纹扩展最大深度受到侧向裂纹影响减小了30μm,同时侧向裂纹闭合后在光学玻璃材料表面及内部产生破碎。基于压痕断裂力学理论,分析了准静态载荷作用下光学玻璃内部应力场的分布及应力场驱动下微裂纹的扩展机制,对超声振动效应影响下微裂纹扩展的交互作用进行研究。结果表明：磨削过程中使用轴向超声振动辅助,能够有效地降低光学玻璃材料亚表面裂纹的深度,改善亚表面及表面加工质量,同时促进了工件材料的去除。     

超声振动车削的有限元仿真及参数优化

基于超声振动切削中的关键参数振幅、振动频率和切削速度,针对如何确定其最优值的问题,以典型的难加工材料不锈钢作为研究对象,利用ABAQUS建立有限元模型,通过数学模型和试验数据验证有限元模型的准确性,并结合优化软件ISIGHT进行联合优化,采用全局优化中的Evol进化优化算法得到超声加工中的最优刀具参数和最优切削参数。     

21NiCrMo5H齿轮钢超声磨削力建模研究

磨削力的建模研究是认识超声磨削机理的重要基础。在超声磨削单颗磨粒运动特性分析基础上,基于工件上被切削掉的磨屑体积应等于砂轮磨削去除的体积的原则,推导出超声磨削平均未变形磨屑厚度公式,得到切屑变形力模型;考虑超声振动对摩擦因数的影响,建立磨粒与工件摩擦力模型。综合切屑变形力模型、摩擦力模型,推导出超声辅助磨削下的磨削力模型,进行21NiCrMo5H齿轮钢材料渗碳淬火后超声磨削试验研究,确定磨削力模型中相关材料系数,得到超声磨削力模型。与现有文献的计算模型相比较,给出的超声磨削力模型与磨削试验测量结果具有更好的一致性,并对超声磨削机理提出了新的认识,为后续研究提供更多的参考与基础。     

超声点聚焦探头在球体中的声束发散与聚焦

探究了点聚焦探头焦点相对于球体在不同位置时的声束传播路径,讨论了进入工件内部的超声波束的聚焦与发散情况;分析计算出点聚焦探头在球体内实际焦距的表达公式,得到实际焦距与水层厚度等参数之间的关系;利用有限元分析软件建立点聚焦探头在球体内焦距变化的瞬态仿真模型,仿真结果与理论公式计算得到的结果基本一致;最后,通过实际焦距表达式确定了检测不同半径钢球的点聚焦探头的选型和水层厚度,实验现象验证了结果的可靠性。     

超声辅助切割橡胶试验研究

针对超声切割橡胶过程中切割表面质量的影响因素进行了试验研究,研究结果表明,进给速度和裁刀的几何角度是影响橡胶切割表面质量的主要因素,最佳进给速度是14.5mm/s;切割温度决定了切割质量,最佳切割温度为60℃-65℃;优化切割参数可以改善表面质量,总结了超声辅助切割橡胶的基本规律,研究结论对轮胎制造工艺的割胶操作工艺具...     

Application of the double-scanning method in ultrasonic nondestructive testing of metals for reconstruction of model defect images

The results of application of the double-scanning method for obtaining images of model defects during ultrasonic flaw detection in metals are presented. It has been shown in model experiments that, during reconstruction of flaw images, the amplitudes of parasitic reflections formed by echo signals, which were transformed and repeatedly scattered by inhomogeneities, decrease considerably. These properties of the double-scanning method may be useful in the practice of ultrasonic inspection of heavily loaded objects, especially in the case of the pressing problem of classifying the detected flaws. To identify the type of defects and determine their number accurately, it is desirable to use images obtained in both the double-scanning and transceiver modes. The images obtained during operation of a transducer in these two modes are compared.     

Autonomous mobile robot navigation system designed in dynamic environment based on transferable belief model

This paper investigates the possibility of using transferable belief model (TBM) as a promising alternative for the problem of path planning of nonholonomic mobile robot equipped with ultrasonic sensors in an unknown dynamic environment, where the workspace is cluttered with static obstacles and moving obstacles. The concept of the transferable belief model is introduced and used to design a fusion of ultrasonic sensor data. A new strategy for path planning of mobile robot is proposed based on transferable belief model. The robot’s path is controlled using proposed navigation strategy that depends on navigation parameters which is modified by TBM pignistic belief value. These parameters are tuned in real time to adjust the path of the robot. A major advantage of the proposed method is that, with detection of the robot’s trapped state by ultrasonic sensor, the navigation law can determine which obstacle is dynamic or static without any previous knowledge, and then select the relevant obstacles for corresponding robot avoidance motion. Simulation is used to illustrate collision detection and path planning.     

厚截面碳纤维复合材料远表面微缺陷超声检测

为了识别厚截面碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)远表面的微缺陷,使用递归分析方法对超声检测信号进行分析。首先在厚截面CFRP材料上打孔以模拟微缺陷,采用水浸超声脉冲反射法对不同大小的模拟缺陷进行检测。然后选取缺陷位置附近信号段,确定嵌入维数m、延迟时间τ、阈值ε等参数,对各信号段进行递归分析,得到递归图及递归定量分析结果。比较无缺陷信号和有缺陷信号的递归图,从宏观上定性确定微缺陷对超声信号的影响;比较无缺陷信号和有缺陷信号的递归定量分析结果,根据每个递归定量参数的物理意义,对缺陷产生的影响作出合理的解释。最后,使用不同中心频率探头进行实验,确定合适的探头参数。分析结果表明,使用7.5MHz高分辨率超声探头时检测效果最好;当嵌入维数为7、延迟时间为2、阈值为2时,递归图中出现异常白色区域、递归点增多且对角线结构变长,同时所选取的递归定量参数随缺陷增大而上升,表明厚截面CFRP远表面超声信号可能存在混沌结构,而微缺陷的存在会改变原有信号结构。所研究内容为实际微缺陷的定量识别及分类打下基础。     

The electro-mechanical transfer function of an ultrasonic wheel system

This paper deals with the electro-mechanical transfer functions of an ultrasonic wheel system. The objective is to initiate a mode that can produce certain relative dynamic responses in the proposed ultrasonic wheel system. The performance will be parameterized by system inputs in an attempt to obtain an optimal operational configuration. The electro-mechanical transfer function model of the piezoelectric ultrasonic wheel based on the lateral elliptical motion is derived for the control application and certification of its load-characteristic parameters and also predicts the wheel system performance. On this basis, we can determine whether the output of the wheel system will be stable. The contact-dynamics behaviors of the stator are also studied. These derived formulations in this paper are based on the general concept of the constitutive laws governing piezoelectric materials which permit the introduction of kinetic energy, electrical energy, and geometric constraints relating to the deformation variables.