通过与热塑性树脂共热处理来改造性炭的孔结构研究

三种具有不同比表面积的活性炭-椰壳基AC-C、粒状AC-P和竹基AC-B分别与四种热塑性前驱体(改性剂)-聚乙烯醇(PVA),羟基丙基纤维素(HPC),柠檬酸(CiA),含氟聚酰亚氨(FPI)混合后,在900℃热处理1h.通过氮气吸附法和扫描电镜对改性后活性炭的孔结构进行了表征.实验发现,热塑性树脂对活性炭AC-B的孔结构改性最显著;而另外三种改性剂PVA,HPC和CiA的改性结果使得AC-B的表面积降低,这是由于对其微孔结构改性效果不同所引起的:PVA可消除所有微孔,HPC可以有效消除极微孔,而CiA仅减少极微孔体积,但增加了超微孔体积.一方面,30%CiA的添加量,导致AC-B的外表面积增加了170%;另一方面,改性剂FPI通过增加极微孔,使其表面积增加达2倍之多.通过选择改性剂,能够改变活性炭基体中的微孔孔径分布,实际上是通过增加或减少其中的极微孔来实现.     

通过再活化浸渍金属盐的活性炭来发展中孔结构

研究了在椰子壳活性炭上浸渍金属盐（硝酸铁和硫酸铁）后，在二氧化碳气氛中催化活化对中孔结构的影响。发现硝酸铁对活性炭比表面积（-1930m^2／g）的增加和中孔结构（-10nm）的发展更有效。改性活性炭具有发达的中孔结构，显示了更大的维生素B12吸附容量（是改性前的5倍～8倍）和更快的吸附速度。中孔结构的发展基于三个方面的原因：（1）在活化过程中，浸渍在活性炭微孔内的金属盐分解所释放的氧化性气体与微孔碳壁反应，扩大了孔径；（2）在高温下，来自于金属盐的金属氧化物被碳还原，扩大了孔径；（3）在金属铁存在下，碳壁被催化活化，大大提高了活性炭的中孔率。由此提供了一种廉价的从商业活性炭制备中孔活性炭的有效途径。     

低温吸附泵用椰壳活性炭材料的结构测试分析

活性炭的结构参数影响低温吸附泵的吸附抽气性能。为了优选适用于NBI装置低温吸附泵的吸附剂,研究分析了六种椰壳活性炭(AC1、AC2、AC3、AC4、AC5、AC6)的结构特征,经实验测试,得到低温吸附等温线。应用BET理论、t图法、DFT法对孔结构进行了分析研究,获得了各活性炭样品的比表面积、微孔比表面积份额、比孔容积、以及孔径分布等结构测试数据。结果表明,六种活性炭中,AC1和AC2结构参数性能更适合NBI装置低温吸附泵的吸附抽气性能需求。     

表面改性对活性炭孔结构及热电转换性能的影响

为探究表面改性对活性炭孔结构及热电转换性能的影响,使用HNO_3和KOH在不同条件下对活性炭进行表面改性,用N2吸附法和XRD图谱表征活性炭改性前后孔结构和石墨化程度的变化。结果表明,改性后活性炭的比表面积和孔容提高,平均孔径减小,并存在石墨晶体结构。干法改性活性炭的比表面积和总孔容由1 077.880m~2/g和0.763cm~3/g分别增加到1 635.268m~2/g和1.128cm~3/g,并且微孔的孔容增加。改性处理可以去除活性炭中的杂质。分别以改性前后活性炭为材料制备固体电极,KCl为电解液,测试活性炭电极的热电转换性能,发现改性后活性炭具有更高的热电转换性能。     

高温热处理对活性炭纤维微孔及表面性能的影响

研究了1173K高温改性处理对沥青基活性炭纤维吸附性能、孔径分布、微孔结构和表面化学的影响。低温(77K)N2吸附结果表明热处理后活性炭纤维比表面积略有下降，通过密度函数理论解析活性炭纤维全孔范围的孔分布得出活性炭纤维表面孔径大于1．0nm的微孔明显减少，微孔孔径更加集中于0．5nm～1．0nm，从而提高了活性炭纤维的碘吸附值。X射线衍射分析表明活性炭纤维是乱层石墨结构，热处理使活性炭纤维类石墨微晶碳层面的层间距下降，X光电子能谱分析表明热处理后活性炭纤维表面的含氧官能团C=O和COOH的含量变化不大，而呈碱性酚羟基C—OH含量的明显下降使活性炭纤维表面碱性降低。     

氢氧化钾／石油焦质量配比对活性炭性能的影响

本文以石油焦为原料，采用氢氧化钾化学活化法系统考察了氢氧化钾／焦炭的质量配比（碱／炭，Ｗｂ／Ｗｃ）对活性炭吸附性能和孔隙性能的影响。结果表明，随着碱／炭比的增加，吸附性能显著提高；比表面积，总孔容积，微孔容积和非微孔容积都增加；孔径分布变窄，平均孔径减少。碱／炭比大于等于３∶１时，所得活性炭试样的比表面积大于３０００ｍ２／ｇ。     

氨水改性活性炭纤维吸附苯乙烯的性能

主要研究采用氨水对活性炭纤维ACF表面进行改性,制备了3种不同的改性ACF,测定ACF孔结构和表面酸碱基团,并测定了苯乙烯在改性ACF床层的吸附透过曲线,讨论了改性ACF的孔结构和表面酸碱基团对其吸附性能的影响.结果表明,与原始ACF相比,经氨水改性后的活性炭纤维ACF其表面碱性基团含量、孔容及其比表面积增加,从而明显提高了对苯乙烯的吸附容量;用浓度为6mol/L的氨水改性的ACF2其微孔孔容及其比表面积最大,其对苯乙烯的吸附容量也最大.     

石油焦基活性炭电极电容特性研究

用石油焦作原料,KOH为活化剂,在不同活化条件下制备系列不同比表面积的活性炭。用直流恒流循环实验考察活性炭电极的电化学性能。实验发现,石油焦基活性炭随着活性炭比表面积的增加,活性炭比电容逐渐增大;活性炭孔结构分布相同,随比表面积的增加,比电容线性增加,比表面积利用率降低。活性炭孔结构对比电容有较大的影响,30％KOH电解液可以进入活性炭中大于0.6nm的微孔,孔径越大,其比表面积利用率越高。     

KOH活化法制备汉麻秆活性炭及其微孔结构的研究

采用生物质材料制备比表面积大、微孔结构发达的活性炭,对于缓解资源紧缺、拓展活性炭在气相吸附和双电层电容器等方面的应用具有重大意义。以汉麻秆为原料、KOH为活化剂制备活性炭,通过正交试验探讨碱炭比、活化温度、活化时间对活性炭得率和碘吸附值的影响;采用场电镜、孔径分析仪对样品的微孔结构进行分析。结果表明,影响活性炭得率和碘吸附值的最显著因素分别为碱炭比和活化温度,在碱炭比4∶1、活化温度900℃、活化时间为0.5h的条件下,活性炭得率为72%、碘吸附值为2 047mg/g,比表面积为1 924.08m2/g,总孔容为1.01cm3/g,平均孔径为2.1nm;该活性炭的微孔结构发达(微孔率为81.19%),孔径分布较窄,同时存在超微孔和极微孔,且极微孔含量很高。     

活性炭的双氧水表面改性及其吸附二氧化硫性能研究

目的 制备武器装备贮存微环境用单组分的二氧化硫吸附材料。方法 采用双氧水对椰壳活性炭进行表面改性,研究改性活性炭孔隙结构、表面化学性质的变化及其对二氧化硫吸附性能的影响。结果 活性炭存在微孔和中孔,改性后活性炭比表面积略有增加,平均孔径减小。双氧水与活性炭反应起到刻蚀作用,在活性炭表面产生了纳米尺度的网孔结构,降低了活性炭表面碳微晶有序程度,同时双氧水与活性炭反应时起到了氧化作用,提升了活性炭表面氧元素和含氧官能团含量。体积分数为20%的双氧水改性活性炭的吸附容量最高,达到154.15 mg/g,约为改性前的5倍。结论 双氧水对活性炭经表面改性后,产生了纳米尺度的孔隙,并提升了活性炭表面含氧官能团,在两者协同作用下显著提升活性炭对SO₂吸附性能,具有良好的装备应用前景。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to