合金元素和工艺参数对热轧TRIP钢动态相变的影响

利用Gleeble热模拟试验机进行单轴压缩试验,研究了C-Mn-Si TRIP钢和C-Mn-Al-Si TRIP钢过冷奥氏体形变过程的组织演变,分析了合金元素和工艺参数对过冷奥氏体动态相变的影响.与等温相变相比,C-Mn-Si钢和C-MnAl-Si钢动态相变动力学明显加快.与C-Mn-Si钢相比,用质量分数约1%的Al替代Si后,C-Mn-Al-Si钢的A₃温度明显提高,在相同变形工艺条件下C-Mn-Al-Si钢过冷奥氏体动态相变较易发生,而C-Mn-Si钢动态相变得到的铁素体晶粒比较细小.减小动态相变前奥氏体晶粒尺寸,有利于过冷奥氏体动态相变的进行.提高过冷奥氏体形变时的变形温度或应变速率均对动态相变产生一定的阻碍作用,但影响不显著.      

Forming Limit Curve (FLC) and Fracture Mechanism of Newly Developed Low‐Carbon Low‐Silicon TRIP Steel

The Forming‐Limited Diagram (FLD) of intercritically annealed 0.11C‐1.65Mn‐0.62Si TRIP‐assisted steel was investigated. The high FLD₀ value of this new low carbon TRIP steel was indicative of a superior formability. The micro‐structural changes during deformation and fracture were studied in detail. The polygonal ferrite phase was found to plastically deform first and deformed most at larger strains. Fracture was initiated by micro‐voids nucleated at ferrite grain boundaries, within ferrite grains or at the interface between ferrite and the harder phases. Cracks were formed after micro‐voids grew, coalesced, and expanded in one direction. When crack tips reached the bainite phase or the martensite/austenite constituent, the cracks propagated along the boundary of these phases. Cracks reaching retained austenite islands caused stress‐induced martensite transformation at the crack tip. The direction of motion of the cracks also changed in this case.     

高强TRIP钢的动态力学性能

将Si-Mn系双相钢（DP钢）作为对比钢种,分析研究了高应变速率下600 MPa级Si-Mn系TRIP钢及含Al、Ni的1000 MPa级TRIP钢的显微组织及其动态力学性能.对DP钢而言,其抗拉强度随着应变速率的增大而升高,断裂延伸率则由于绝热温升的作用也呈上升趋势;对TRIP钢而言,随着应变速率的增大,其抗拉强度不断增大,断裂延伸率先减小后增大,但无法达到其静态拉伸时的塑性水平,这是由于在动态拉伸条件下奥氏体向马氏体的渐进式转变被抑制造成的.此外,在相同应变速率下测得的TRIP钢的绝热温升始终比DP钢高,而这部分高出的热量应当来自于在动态变形条件下TRIP钢中发生TRIP效应后释放的相变潜热.      

Effects of Cold Rolling Reduction on Retained Austenite Fraction and Mechanical Properties of High-Si TRIP Steel

 Transformation-induced plasticity-aided steel ［TRIP steel (0. 4C-1. 5Si-1. 5Mn)］ was rolled at room temperature to different thickness reductions (0, 4%, 10%, 20%, 40%, and 60%). The mechanical properties, microstructure and austenite fractions of the rolled samples were measured by tensile test, electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for each rolling. The deformation behavior was studied based on the analysis of the mechanical properties and microstructure of steel after tensile deformation, aiming at understanding the effects of cold rolling reduction on the decay behavior of the austenite and the change of mechanical properties of the TRIP steels. It was found that increasing rolling reduction increases the yield stress gradually but decreases the total elongation significantly. It is very interesting that after 10% rolling reduction the yield stress is about 1000 MPa but still with 20% total elongation, which gives an excellent combination of yield strength and ductility. Based on the XRD results, it was revealed that in both rolling and tension the austenite volume fraction monotonically decayed with the increase of rolling strain, but the decaying rate is faster in tension than in rolling, which may be ascribed to the higher temperature in rolled specimens than in the tensioned ones during deformation. Experimental results and theoretical reasoning indicate that the decreasing trend of austenite volume fraction with strain can be formulated by a unique equation.     

Forming response of retained austenite in a C‐Si‐Mn high strength TRIP sheet steel

TRIP sheet steels typically consist of ferrite, bainite, retained austenite, and martensite. The retained austenite is of particular importance because its deformation‐induced transformation to martensite contributes to excellent combinations of strength and ductility. While information is available regarding austenite response in uniaxial tension, less information is available for TRIP steels with respect to the forming response of retained austenite in complex strain states. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to study the austenite transformation behaviour in different strain paths by determining the amount of retained austenite before and after forming. Forming experiments were performed on a high strength 0.19C‐1.63Si‐1.59Mn TRIP sheet steel 1.2 mm in thickness in two different strain conditions, uniaxial tension (ε₁ = ‐2ε₂) and balanced biaxial stretching (ε₁ = ε₂). Specimens were formed to strains ranging from zero to approximately 0.2 effective (von Mises) strain. Specimens were tested both longitudinally and transverse to the rolling direction in uniaxial tension, and subtle mechanical property differences were found. The volume fraction of austenite, determined with X‐ray diffraction subsequent to forming, was found to decrease with increasing strain for both forming modes. Some modification in the crystallographic texture of the ferrite was observed with increasing strain, in specimens tested in the balanced biaxial stretch condition. This trend was not evident in the uniaxial tensile test results. Slight differences were found in the transformation behaviour of the austenite when formed in different strain conditions. More austenite transformed in specimens tested parallel to the rolling direction than transverse to the rolling direction in uniaxial tension. The amount of austenite transformed during biaxial stretching was determined to be greater than the amount transformed in uniaxial tension for specimens tested transverse to the rolling direction at an equivalent von Mises strain. The amount of austenite that transformed in biaxial tension, however, was comparable to the amount of austenite that transformed in specimens tested longitudinal to the rolling direction in uniaxial tension.     

Study on dynamic recrystallization behavior of hot rolled TRIP steel produced by CSP process

The dynamic recrystallization behavior of hot rolled TRIP steel produced by CSP process was studied by means of Gleeble-3500 thermal simulation testing machine in the temperature range of 950-1150℃ with the strain rate of 0.1-10s-1 and the strain of 65%. And the effect of initial austenite grain size on the dynamic recrystallization behavior of TRIP steel was explored. The results show that the finer initial austenite grain size, the higher deformation temperature and the lower strain rate, the more positive austenite dynamic recrystallization of TRIP steel. Moreover, it is found that when the coarse grained samples (initial austenite grain size is 767.54μm) deform in the range of 1050℃ to 1150℃, the austenite dynamic recrystallization will take place, and the dynamic recrystallization activation energy of TRIP steel is deduced as 361539.17J/mol. The Zener-Hollomon parameter equation as a function of strain rate and temperature is determined. And the model of critical strain for dynamic recrystallization, the flow stress model of austenite at high temperature and the grain size model for dynamic recrystallization are also established. The calculation results are coincided well with the experimental results.     

CSP热轧TRIP钢动态再结晶行为研究

摘要：采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机,在温度为950~1150℃、应变速率为0.1~10s-1和变形量为65%的条件下研究了CSP热轧TRIP钢的动态再结晶行为,探讨了初始奥氏体晶粒尺寸对TRIP钢动态再结晶行为的影响。研究结果表明,初始奥氏体晶粒尺寸越小,变形温度越高,应变速率越慢时,TRIP钢中奥氏体越易发生动态再结晶。其中,粗晶试样（初始奥氏体晶粒尺寸为767.54μm）在1050~1150℃内变形时,将发生动态再结晶。其热变形激活能为361539.17J/mol,确定了Zener-Holloman参数与应变速率和温度的关系式,建立了动态再结晶临界应变模型、高温奥氏体流动应力模型和动态再结晶晶粒尺寸模型,理论模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

Strain Rate Dependent Flow Stress and Energy Absorption Behaviour of Cast CrMnNi TRIP/TWIP Steels

Modern steel developments often use additional deformation mechanisms like the deformation induced martensitic transformation (TRIP‐effect) and mechanical twinning (TWIP‐effect) to enhance elongation and strength. Three high‐alloyed cast CrMnNi‐steels with different austenite stabilities were examined. Dependent on the austenite stability, TRIP‐effect and TWIP‐effect were found. A low austenite stability causes a distinctive formation of deformation induced α'‐martensite and therefore a strong strain hardening. The increase of strain rate leads to an increase in yield strength and flow stress, but also to a counteractive adiabatic heating of the specimen. Dependent on the degree of deformation, low austenite stabilities and high strain rates lead to excellent values in specific energy absorption.     

Analysis of lattice parameter changes following deformation of a 0.19C-1.63Si-1.59Mn transformation-induced plasticity sheet steel

Austenite and ferrite lattice parameters were monitored using X-ray diffraction subsequent to deformation in uniaxial and biaxial tension and plane straining of a 0.19C-1.63Si-1.59Mn transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) sheet steel. Details from peak position results suggest the presence of stacking faults in the austenite phase, especially after deformation in uniaxial tension. The results also indicate residual stress or composition effects (through changes in the average carbon concentration due to selective transformation of lower carbon regions of austenite). Compressive residual stresses in the ferrite matrix were measured, and found to increase with increasing effective strain in specimens tested in biaxial tension and plane strain. Strain partitioning between softer ferrite and harder austenite (and possibly bainite or martensite) may be responsible for these residual compressive stresses in the ferrite, although volume expansion from the γ → α′ transformation and texture gradients through the sheet thickness are also possible contributors.     

拉伸应变下中碳贝氏体钢中残留奥氏体转变及其稳定性

摘要：采用分阶段拉伸应变试验,研究中碳贝氏体钢在拉伸过程中TRIP效应的影响,探究残留奥氏体转变量与应变量之间的关系。试验结果表明,拉伸变形初期残留奥氏体转变较快（0%到3.0%应变量(体积分数)对应残留奥氏体转变量为13.72%）,主要为分布在贝氏体束与束之间的块状残留奥氏体（尺寸为微米级）发生相变;拉伸变形后期残留奥氏体转变较慢（10.0%到18.5%应变量对应残留奥氏体转变量为7.78%）,主要为分布在贝氏体铁素体板条与板条之间的薄膜状残留奥氏体（尺寸为纳米级或者亚微米级）发生相变。归因为块状残留奥氏体稳定性低,在外部应力作用下容易转变为硬而脆的马氏体组织,而薄膜状/条状残留奥氏体稳定性高,在外部应力的作用下不易发生相变,TRIP效应的发生使得钢种强度和塑性同时得到提高。通过3种模型（Hollomon模型,C-J模型,修正C-J模型）描述试验钢的加工硬化行为,将整个拉伸过程可分为3个阶段,并结合微观组织变化,详细解析了每个阶段所对应的主要加工硬化机制。