过渡循环对风力机疲劳评估的影响及修正

随着风力机的装机容量和尺寸的不断增大,其运行环境更为复杂,疲劳问题突出,需要准确预测风力机结构遭受的实际疲劳损伤。通过对1.5 MW风力机的塔底应变进行长期监测,研究了不同方法在处理雨流计数后残余数据点问题上的准确性。首先,通过采用不同的计算时窗,分析过渡循环对疲劳损伤的影响,选择的计算时窗越短,得到的疲劳损伤误差越大,当计算时窗为10 min时,误差达到了20.7%。然后,使用残波串联法处理残余数据点,此时选择不同的计算时窗得到的损伤值均与将监测时段内所有数据作为连续序列得到的结果相同,证明了该方法在处理雨流残余数据时的准确性。该成果为风力机结构疲劳损伤在线预测提供了解决方法,可以更加准确的得到构件的实时损伤。     

随机载荷作用下疲劳寿命分布预测模型

为了研究构件在随机载荷下的疲劳寿命分布,建立疲劳寿命分布预测模型.应用雨流计数法,将随机载荷-时间历程处理成以载荷幅值和均值为随机变量的二维联合概率密度函数,得到构件的二维疲劳载荷谱.从Miner累积损伤的定义出发,分析了累积损伤分散性的来源.以此为基础,通过建立等幅疲劳中值Sa-Sm-N曲面,提出了基于二维载荷谱的疲劳寿命分布预测模型,当累积损伤的概率分布已知时,可以估算出构件的疲劳寿命分布,进而得到零件在任一时刻的可靠度.最后,给出了一个具体应用实例.结果表明所提出的疲劳寿命分布预测方法具有较好的工程实用价值.     

斜拉桥拉索雨风振机理探讨

斜拉桥拉索在雨和风联合作用的特定条件下,会产生大幅强烈的振动。其振动机理引起了人们极大关注。将风场中带水线的拉索简化为二维含水线影响的拉索绕流问题进行了流场分析。通过计算得到了拉索的气动载荷,根据这些气动载荷,采用水线相对拉索运动和不运动的两种简化模型进行了拉索的振动分析,结果表明雨风振是涡振和驰振耦合作用的结果。     

小波在应变测试中的应用

由于诸多因素的影响应变信号常常会含有高频干扰，这使得雨流法对结构进行疲劳统计的结果同实际情况有很大的偏差。本分析了小波滤波降噪的原理，并使用二进小波的方法成功地剔除了叠加在总长约8个小时的某应变信号中的高频成分，从而使得雨流法疲劳统计的结果同实际相符。本的分析结果表明小波能够用于振动信号的滤波降噪特别是对于应变信号中的高频干扰剔除，这对工程中的滤波降噪和疲劳统计有一定的参考价值。     

基于振动时域信号并行雨流处理的振动疲劳寿命预估

对振动时域信号进行雨流计数处理构建疲劳载荷谱是进行时域振动疲劳研究的关键.工程实际中的振动信号载荷历程普遍较长,时域样本规模较大,对此类时域信号进行传统雨流计数处理精度差、计算时间长,因此在传统雨流计数的基础上引入了并行雨流计数处理,适用于处理长时间历程的振动信号,特别是含低频信号的振动信号.构建信号的疲劳谱后再结合S-N曲线和损伤累积理论实现了时域振动疲劳寿命的计算.初始程序在Matlab平台上完成,通过执行文件转成Labview程序并编制操作页面,简化操作,实现结果可视化.以航空典型结构加筋板为例,对比疲劳试验结果,验证了所编程序计算的精确性.     

风力机叶片的非定常气动特性计算方法的改进

该文从日常的风力机气动设计和研究出发,在考虑非定常条件下翼型绕流物理特性的基础上改进动态失速的半经验模型,先得到二维时的计算结果(即不考虑旋转影响的计算结果),再在考虑紊流的情况下分析离心力和哥氏力对附面层分离的影响来计算风力机叶片的非定常气动特性,得到三维时的计算结果(即考虑旋转影响的计算结果)。分析比较二维和三维时的计算结果,可知采用考虑旋转影响的计算方法改善了原来二维时的计算方法,所得结果与实验值吻合得较好。     

热声载荷下薄壁结构非线性振动响应分析及疲劳寿命预测

基于时域分析法研究了金属薄壁结构在热声载荷下的非线性振动响应特性,并采用四种应力寿命模型预测了薄板梁的热声疲劳寿命。以典型薄板梁为研究模型,首先研究了单一噪声激励下薄板梁的时域响应特性及热载荷对其响应特性的影响机理,并仿真分析了薄板梁在热声激励下的非线性响应特性。在此基础上,运用雨流法统计了薄板梁根部的应力响应,并基于Miner线性累积损伤理论采用Goodman、Morrow、Walker和修正Walker应力寿命模型预测了薄板梁在不同工况下的热声疲劳寿命。研究结果表明：薄板梁的热模态基频在其热声疲劳问题中起主导作用;薄板梁热屈曲后的非线性跳变响应将增大应力幅值,从而严重削弱结构的预期寿命;噪声载荷是影响屈曲前薄板梁热声疲劳寿命的主要因素,而热载荷是影响屈曲后热声疲劳寿命的主要因素。因此在薄壁结构抗热声疲劳设计中必须重点考虑热声载荷联合作用的影响。     

一种用于场地-建筑群体系地震响应分析的二维耦合法

该文章发展了一种用于计算场地-建筑群体系地震响应的二维耦合法，其中采用间接边界元法模拟远场土体，采用有限元法模拟近场土体，用解析算法的刚性基础-等效均质块体模型模拟建筑群。该耦合法的优势是建筑群无需离散单元，计算量小，结构参数简单直观，且无需人工边界即可满足场地无穷远处辐射条件。通过与已有文献结果对比，验证了该文章耦合法计算准确，精度较高。通过数值计算分析了场地-建筑群效应对结构动力响应的影响，研究表明：场地-建筑群效应可能明显放大结构地震响应幅值，这与整个场地-建筑群的特性及地震波特性有关；当建筑群中结构参数相同且结构刚度较大时，场地-建筑群效应可能对结构地震响应幅值的影响较大，尤其是处于建筑群中心位置的结构，该文章算例中放大率达36.17%;当建筑群将相同参数结构分区布置(如多层区、高层区)时，场地-建筑群效应可能对各区中心位置结构的地震响应幅值的影响较大。     

拉-压及拉-扭载荷下6063合金的疲劳行为

对6063锻造铝合金进行了不同应力幅值下拉-压及拉-扭复合疲劳试验,并用透射电子显微镜观察了疲劳失效试样的位错结构。结果表明:在循环加载过程中,循环硬化占据主要地位,循环硬化的速率和程度对应力幅值和加载路径有依赖性;相同应力幅值下,试样在拉-扭复合加载下失效比拉-压失效形成更为复杂的位错结构,且位错密度更高;位错之间及位错与析出相的交互作用是材料发生循环硬化的主要原因,循环硬化程度越高,疲劳寿命越短。     

风力机钢塔筒结构风致疲劳分析方法研究

高耸、轻柔的风力机钢塔筒结构在风荷载作用下的抗疲劳设计是一项重要且难度较大的工作,该文主要探讨其风致疲劳的分析理论与方法,并在某典型风力机结构中加以应用。建立了包含“叶片-机舱-塔筒-基础”的风力机结构整体有限元模型;基于气象站的气象资料推导得到了风力机位置处的风速风向联合分布函数;对风力机钢塔筒结构进行了风振响应时域分析,系统地建立了风力机钢塔筒结构合理考虑叶片旋转效应、风向及低应力幅循环对疲劳损伤有折减影响的风致疲劳寿命时域和时-频域分析方法。研究表明：叶片旋转效应对钢塔筒响应的均方根值影响较为显著,风力机钢塔筒结构风致疲劳寿命分析需考虑叶片的旋转效应。风向对钢塔筒结构的风致疲劳累积损伤影响较大,在风向出现概率较大的区间产生的风致疲劳累积损伤较大。相对于时域分析方法,时-频域分析方法计算得到的钢塔筒结构疲劳寿命均偏低,且计算较简便。建议采用雨流修正后的等效应力法、TB-2和Dirlik公式来进行风力机钢塔筒结构的风致疲劳寿命预测分析。针对实际设计需求,兼顾安全性和经济性,建议采用不同的风致疲劳分析方法。     

The influence of mean stress and amplitude distribution on random load fatigue crack growth

Random load fatigue crack growth tests have been conducted on a low alloy steel, Q1N, under varying conditions of mean stress and probability density function (pdf). The results show that Q1N is insensitive to the pdf, but that a mean stress effect is measurable. This mean stress dependence is not found in constant amplitude tests on the same material.A modified form of the Fonnan equation was found to fit the data adequately.     

基于遗传算法和有限混合分布的应力谱多模态建模

该文提出了一种基于遗传算法(genetic algorithm, GA)的有限混合分布参数估计方法, 应用该方法对青马大桥典型焊接节点的应力谱进行多模态建模。首先, 采用小波变换消除原始应变监测数据中的温度影响, 利用雨流计数法将应变时程曲线转化为日应力谱, 考虑到交通荷载(包括汽车荷载和火车荷载)和台风的影响, 建立标准日应力谱。然后, 采用三种不同的有限混合分布函数(有限混合正态分布函数、有限混合对数正态分布函数和有限混合威布尔分布函数)以及基于遗传算法的混合参数估计方法对应力幅进行多模态建模, 根据赤池信息准则(Akaike’s information criterion, AIC)确定最佳的有限混合模型。最后, 采用双变量有限混合分布和基于遗传算法的混合参数估计方法建立了应力幅和平均应力二维随机变量联合概率密度函数。结果表明, 该文提出的基于遗传算法的有限混合分布参数估计方法可以有效应用于二维随机变量的概率建模。     

Improved modelling of the loading spectra using a mixture model approach

In order to perform a fatigue-life analysis of structures the parameters of the structure loading spectra must be assessed. If the load time series are counted using a two-parametric rainflow counting method, the structure loading spectrum provides a probability for the occurrence of a load-cycle with certain amplitude and mean values. It is beneficial for the prediction of the fatigue life to describe the loading spectrum by a continuous function. We have previously discovered that mixtures of Gaussian probability density functions can be used to model the loading spectra. The main problems of this approach that have not been satisfactorily resolved before are related to the estimation of the number of components in the applied mixture models, and to the modelling of the load-cycle distributions with relatively fat tails. In this article, we describe a method for estimating the parameters of mixture models, which allows automatic determination of the number of components in a mixture model. The presented method is applied for modelling simulated and measured loading spectra using mixtures of the multivariate Gaussian or t probability density functions. In the article we also show that the mixture of t probability density functions sometimes better describes the loading spectra than the mixture of Gaussian probability density functions.     

On fatigue cycle distribution in non-stationary switching loadings with Markov chain structure

The non-stationary loadings experienced by structural members can be often modelled as a sequence of stationary load states, with different mean and variance levels, where load switches are controlled by an underlying random process (regime process). The structural integrity of structures and mechanical components under such complex loadings requires the assessment of the statistical distribution of rainflow cycles counted within single load states, as well as of transition cycles caused by load state switches. Under the assumption of a constant mean for the switching loading, the authors showed in a previous paper that a linear combination of single loading spectra would provide a fairly good estimation of the overall loading spectrum of the switching loading. However, when mean value differences among load states are large, additional fatigue cycles caused by load state transitions would be present, besides cycles counted within load states. This work presents a comprehensive approach to assess the overall loading spectrum in switching loadings with variable mean value, when modelling the underlying regime process as a stationary Markov chain. For large relative mean value differences compared to load state variances, transition cycles are found by rainflow counting the regime process. The rainflow matrix for transition cycles is then estimated from the transition probability matrix of regime process by a method available in the literature. The distribution of the ranges of transition cycles is finally estimated from the statistical distribution of the largest peak and the lowest valley within load states. An illustrative example is finally discussed to show the accuracy of the proposed method.     

An improved multiaxial rainflow algorithm for non-proportional stress or strain histories – Part I: Enclosing surface methods

The objective of this work is to develop a simple multiaxial version of a rainflow algorithm that allows the proper calculation of multiaxial fatigue damage induced by non-proportional load histories. One of the issues in such algorithm involves a complementary problem, how to properly quantify equivalent stress or strain ranges and mean components associated with each rainflow-counted cycle. A traditional way to estimate such ranges is to use enclosing surface methods, which search for convex enclosures like balls or prisms, of the entire history path in stress or strain diagrams. To treat these two intrinsically related problems, this work is divided into two parts. Part I deals with how to compute equivalent stress or strain ranges in multiaxial NP histories using enclosing surface methods. The available methods are first reviewed, and new enclosing surface models are proposed, based on Deperrois’ idea of longest chords. Then, these methods are compared using results from more than 3 × 10⁶ Monte Carlo simulations of random and especially chosen path topologies in two to five-dimensional stress or strain diagrams. Moreover, a new simpler but powerful approach to evaluate equivalent stress and strain ranges in NP histories is presented, called the Moment Of Inertia (MOI) method. The MOI method is not based on enclosing surfaces, it assumes instead that the path contour in the stress or strain diagram is analogous to a homogeneous wire with a unit mass. The center of mass of such wire gives then the mean component of the path, while the moments of inertia of the wire can be used to obtain the equivalent stress or strain ranges. Experimental results for 15 different multiaxial histories prove the effectiveness of the MOI method to predict the associated fatigue lives, when compared to the existing enclosing surface methods. Part II of this paper presents a multiaxial rainflow counting algorithm that allows the MOI and enclosing surface methods to be generalized to non-periodic NP histories and to periodic NP histories formed by complex blocks with multiple cycles each.     

A THEORETICAL SOLUTION FOR THE ESTIMATION OF "RAINFLOW" RANGES FROM POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY DATA

Abstract— This report outlines a theoretical solution for the estimation of rainflow range density functions using statistics computed directly from power spectral density data. The rainflow range mechanism is broken down into a set of events which can be analyzed using Markov process theory. The dependence between extremes in this instance is modelled using an approximation of the joint distribution of peaks and troughs first proposed by Kowalewski.     

Fatigue life estimation under random loading using the energy criterion

A procedure for estimating the useful life of a component for a given (admissable) probability of fatigue fracture origination under random loading is presented. The method uses material constants obtained from the S/N and cyclic stress/strain curves, standard deviation and probability density distribution of the loading process and a macroblock of harmonic cycles obtained by applying the rainflow cycle counting method to the random loading process. Theoretical and experimental lives are found to exhibit good agreement.     

An improved multiaxial rainflow algorithm for non-proportional stress or strain histories – Part II: The Modified Wang–Brown method

The objective of this work is to develop a simple multiaxial rainflow algorithm that allows the proper calculation of multiaxial damage in NP histories. Enclosing surface methods are usually employed to obtain the equivalent ranges necessary for damage calculation, as discussed in Part I of this 2-part paper. Part I also presented a new approach to evaluate equivalent ranges in NP histories, called the Moment Of Inertia (MOI) method. This second and last part presents a multiaxial rainflow counting algorithm that allows the MOI and enclosing surface methods to be generalized to non-periodic NP histories and to periodic NP histories formed by complex blocks with multiple cycles each. It is shown that Wang–Brown’s (WB) multiaxial rainflow algorithm has a few idiosyncrasies that can lead to non-conservative predictions, incorrectly filtering out significant events within a multiaxial loading cycle. An improved multiaxial rainflow algorithm is proposed, called Modified Wang–Brown (MWB). It has two main improvements over the WB algorithm. First, the criterion to choose the point where the count is started is modified. Examples are shown to prove that the original criterion can overlook the most damaging event from the history, as opposed to the modified version. And second, the algorithm implementation is significantly simplified when formulated in a reduced five-dimensional Euclidean space. Under plane stress conditions, the algorithm is further simplified using a three-dimensional Euclidean space based on the deviatoric stresses or strains. A simple pseudo-code is presented in a flowchart to efficiently implement the multiaxial count, allowing a fast and efficient calculation of fatigue damage even for very long non-periodic NP histories.