等离子弧熔覆镍基耐磨涂层的组织与硬度

利用等离子熔覆技术在Q460低合金高强钢基体上熔覆制备了Ni基耐磨涂层。采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和显微硬度计对等离子熔覆层的微观组织和显微硬度进行了分析。结果表明,熔覆层成型良好,与基体呈冶金结合,无裂纹、气孔等缺陷。熔覆层同基体结合部分为平面晶形态,熔覆层中部和上部主要为树枝晶。同基体相比,硬质相的形成以及固溶强化效应使得熔覆层的硬度提高。     

45钢表面真空炉中和高频感应熔覆Ni-Cr合金的研究

通过真空炉熔覆和高频感应加热在45钢表面熔覆Ni-Cr合金,利用扫描电镜和能谱仪研究了熔覆层与基体的界面结构、基体组织,并讨论了这两种工艺的特点和机理。结果表明,在感应熔化条件下,熔覆层和基体界面上的涡流突变使得熔覆材料层和基体形成牢固的冶金结合,熔覆层内能够形成有耐磨骨架作用的树枝状晶;同真空熔覆相比,高频感应熔覆具有快捷、基体为正火组织的优势。     

55Mn钢表面激光熔覆原位析出颗粒增强Ni基复合涂层的组织与性能

在楔横轧模具钢55Mn表面采用同轴送粉CO2激光熔覆WE—TiCp／镍基合金复合粉末,在增碳、锆条件下可获得成形好、无裂纹、与基体冶金结合的熔覆层。熔覆层微观组织特征为γ-（Fe,Ni）基体上均匀分布的大量从液态析出的富含Ti、W、Zr的复合碳化物颗粒相。熔覆层表层颗粒尺寸约为7～8μm,颗粒数量约为3500个／mm^2;熔覆层中部析出颗粒数目约为42100个／mm^2,尺寸约为1～3μm;熔覆层底部析出颗粒尺寸约为1～2μm,颗粒数量约为16800个／mm^2。中部区域个别析出颗粒相中间出现黑色圆点状组织。激光熔覆后模具钢表面形成3个不同的硬度分布区域,激光熔覆层硬度为427HV0．2,深度1020μm;热影响区硬度为740HV0．2,深度780μm;基体的硬度为250HV0．2。激光熔覆后的硬度分布兼顾了模具使用要求和后续加工。无润滑的环块磨损试验发现：激光熔覆处理后的试样摩擦系数降低30％,耐磨性提高一倍。     

超细WC-10%Co复合粉体的激光熔覆工艺特性

为了研究化学镀法制备的WC-10%Co复合粉体的激光熔覆工艺特性,用体视显微镜和扫描电镜对采用不同激光熔覆工艺参数熔覆复合粉体制备的涂层表面形貌进行观察,探讨了激光熔覆工艺参数对熔覆层与基体结合状况的影响,分析了采用优化工艺制备的复合熔覆层的耐磨性能及其截面组织形貌.研究发现,当激光功率为2.0～2.4 kW、扫描速率为4.1 m/min、光斑直径为3 mm时,制备的WC-10%Co熔覆层与基体形成冶金结合,基体耐磨性能大大改善.     

比粉与比能对激光熔覆NiWC25特性的影响

目的探究激光熔覆过程中比粉和比能对合金粉末与基体的结合特性、熔覆层宏观形貌和微观结构、熔覆层最大宽度和结合宽度比值的影响规律,找出熔覆层既无柱节结构又具有良好冶金结合的比粉和比能的可选范围。方法采用正交实验和单一控制变量相结合,制备出一组单道熔覆层,分析该熔覆层比粉和比能对柱节结构、临界结合结构、均匀圆柱结构的影响特性。结果当激光熔覆的比粉大于7vs/mm、比能大于200ws/mm时,熔覆层最大宽度与熔覆层结合宽度的比值大于1.41,熔覆层和基体之间出现间隙,使熔融合金粉末在熔覆过程中沿着垂直于基体方向塌陷,形成了明显柱节结构的熔覆层;当比能为200 ws/mm、比粉小于5vs/mm时,熔覆层的宏观形貌为均匀圆柱形结构,且熔覆层最大宽度与基体和NiWC25的结合宽度比值为1;当比粉大于7 vs/mm、比能小于100 ws/mm时,NiWC25和基体出现临界熔覆层,甚至出现基体和熔融Ni WC25合金粉末脱离现象。结论只要激光熔覆的比粉在3～5 vs/mm、比能在100～200 ws/mm范围内变动时,不仅能保证熔覆层无任何柱节结构,且基体和NiWC25结合宽度与熔覆层最大宽度比值恒等于1,从而使基体与NiWC25合金具有良好的冶金结合性能。     

激光感应复合熔覆的界面形态及其作用

采取送粉激光感应复合熔覆方法,对激光和感应两种能量不同配比的不同工艺进行实验,研究了不同工艺制备的Ni基熔覆层与钢基体结合界面的组织形貌、复合熔覆层横切面上化学成分及显微硬度的变化,探讨了其界面特征及影响因素。研究结果表明:复合熔覆交界面处白亮层的形成与熔覆能量直接相关,当复合熔覆能量较高时,在界面处形成Fe-Ni-Cr单相固溶体组织,熔覆层显微硬度下降;当复合熔覆能量较低时,在白亮层两侧形成不同的固溶体组织,熔覆层显微硬度较高。激光感应复合熔覆中,Ni基熔覆层与钢基体形成了基于化学成分扩散和材料互混的冶金结合,基材中的Fe元素向熔覆层的迁移量较大。     

熔剂对高频熔覆耐磨覆层工艺性能的影响

采用高频感应加热可以在低碳钢表面熔覆一层耐磨材料，熔剂对覆层与基体的结合、覆层表面成形、脱渣性等工艺性能起着决定性的作用。本文探讨了熔剂对高频熔覆工艺性能的影响。在Fe基Cr13Ni2B合金粉末中加入适量的焊剂431、硼酐及氟化物，可以有效地去除粉料表面的氧化物，降低其熔点，促进粉料与基体的结合．形成一层脱渣容易、表面成形美观且与基体形成牢固冶金结合的耐磨覆层，覆层厚度可以达到2．5mm。     

镍铝青铜表面激光熔覆Ni60A合金的耐蚀性能

研究镍铝青铜(NAB)表面激光熔覆Ni60A合金层的耐腐蚀及抗空蚀性。采用扫描电子显微镜、电化学工作站和超声振动空蚀机等研究和分析显微组织和形貌、腐蚀性能及空蚀性能。结果表明:激光熔覆试样截面由熔覆区、热影响区和基体构成,熔覆层组织表现出定向凝固晶体生长特征,熔覆层顶部组织呈网状细枝晶结构,熔覆层中部组织呈胞状枝晶分布,熔覆层底部组织垂直于结合界面呈树枝晶状分布,结合处为冶金结合的白亮带。经3.5%NaCl溶液介质中电化学腐蚀测试,熔覆层的自腐蚀电流密度低于基体,自腐蚀电位高于基体。在蒸馏水和3.5%NaCl溶液介质中,空蚀破坏先发生在α与κ相界处,基体和熔覆层在两种介质中空蚀5 h后,表面均发生加工硬化,基体失重分别约为激光熔覆试样失重的1.45倍和1.27倍。     

718H模具钢等离子熔覆涂层的组织和性能研究

采用等离子熔覆技术在718H模具钢表面熔覆铁基合金粉末,借助光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、能谱仪、显微硬度计和材料表面性能综合测试仪对熔覆层的显微组织、化学成分、物相组成、显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能进行了分析。结果表明:等离子熔覆铁基合金粉末的熔覆层的组织近表面为细晶区,中间为柱状晶,熔覆层与热影响区的交界处有一条平面晶组织,熔覆层与基体形成了冶金结合,热影响区组织为板条状马氏体;从基体到表面硬度大致呈梯度分布,熔覆层的硬度达到800 HV,大于基体材料的硬度;熔覆层中有较多M7C3碳化物和γ-(Cr-Ni-Fe-C)合金固溶体相,磨损量小于基体材料的,熔覆层的耐磨性明显好于基体材料。     

激光熔覆成形Ni基合金层的研究

采用同轴送粉式激光熔覆工艺对Ni基合金粉末进行单道单层、单道多层及多道多层熔覆成形实验.结果表明:所形成的熔覆层与基体为冶金结合;内部组织由大量的枝晶和等轴晶构成且组织均匀、致密;熔覆层硬度最高达771HV0.2,为基体材料硬度的3～4倍.耐磨性显著提高;熔覆层内部无气孔出现,局部存在少量微观裂纹.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.