糖苷基季铵盐表面活性剂的合成及表面性能研究

以葡萄糖和3-氯-1,2-丙二醇为原料合成中间体3-氯-2-羟丙基糖苷,在Na OH碱性条件下与十二/十四烷基二甲基叔胺反应合成糖苷基季铵盐,通过单因素试验确定了最佳工艺。对于糖苷化反应∶n(葡萄糖)∶n(3-氯-1,2-丙二醇)=1∶4,反应时间5 h,反应温度95℃;对于季铵化工艺:n(3-氯-2-羟丙基糖苷)∶n(十二/十四烷基二甲基叔胺)=1.3∶1,反应温度90℃,反应时间4 h。通过傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱表征产物结构,测定最终产物的表面性能,能得到活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)为1.68×10-3mol/L,最低表面张力(γCMC)为27.6 m N/m。     

含酯基不对称双季铵盐表面活性剂的合成

以长链烷基叔胺、盐酸、环氧氯丙烷为原料,合成了N (3 氯 2 羟丙基) N,N 二甲基长链烷基氯化铵,研究了其合成工艺,优化反应条件为:n(长链烷基叔胺)∶n(盐酸)∶n(环氧氯丙烷)=1∶1∶1 1,反应温度为40℃,体系pH=6～7。以月桂酸及2 二甲氨基乙醇为原料,酯化得到二甲基月桂酸乙基叔胺(Ⅲ),利用其与N (3 氯 2 羟丙基) N,N 二甲基长链烷基氯化铵季铵化得到含酯基不对称双季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂〔长链烷基分别为(Ⅰ)C12H25和(Ⅱ)C14H29〕。经测定,产物的临界胶束浓度CMC分别为6 61×10-3、8 31×10-3mol·L-1,γCMC分别为37 6、39 2mN·m-1,证明所合成的含酯基不对称双季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂具有较高的表面活性。     

菊粉季铵盐的合成及性能

该文用菊粉、环氧氯丙烷和十二烷基二甲基叔胺为原料合成了一种菊粉季铵盐表面活性剂。考察了原料摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对菊粉季铵盐取代度的影响。最佳反应条件为:n(菊粉)∶n(环氧氯丙烷)∶n(十二烷基二甲基叔胺)=1∶3∶3,催化剂硫酸0.6mL(质量分数26%),70℃反应7h,取代度最高达到1.33。该菊粉季铵盐的CMC=2.78×10-4mol/L,γCMC=29.27mN/m,临界溶解温度Krafft点<0℃,质量浓度3g/L时乳化时间为30min,浓度0.01mol/L时的增溶能力为680mL/mol。与其他生物质资源的阳离子衍生物相比,该菊粉季铵盐具有更强的降低表面张力的能力。     

新型阳离子表面活性剂γ-双季铵盐的合成(Ⅱ)

本文以不同碳链的脂肪伯胺、丙烯腈和氯甲烷为原料合成新型阳离子表面活性剂——γ-双季铵盐系列产品,该双季铵盐广泛应用于沥青乳化、矿石浮选、织物整理等领域.     

新型阳离子表面活性剂γ—双季铵盐的合成（II）

本文以不同碳链的脂肪伯胺、丙烯腈和氯甲烷为原料合成新型阳离子表面活性剂－γ－双季铵盐系列产品，该以季铵盐广泛应用于沥青乳化、矿石浮选、织物整理等领域。     

含咪唑啉环不对称双季铵盐的合成及其缓蚀性能

以长链烷基叔胺、长链烷基叔胺盐酸盐、环氧氯丙烷为原料合成了N-(3-氯-2-羟丙基)-N,N-二甲基长链烷基季铵盐,利用其与长链烷基咪唑啉季铵化合成了含咪唑啉环的不对称双季铵盐。通过FTIR,1HNMR验证了中间体和目标产物结构,考察了其合成工艺。合成含咪唑啉环不对称双季铵盐的最佳反应条件为:n[N-(3-氯-2-羟丙基)-N,N-二甲基长链烷基季铵盐]∶n(长链烷基咪唑啉)=1∶1.1,反应溶剂采用异丙醇,反应温度80℃。用失重法测定了25℃时含咪唑啉环不对称双季铵盐在1.0mol/L盐酸溶液中的缓蚀性能,结果表明,仅添加50mg/L,对Q235钢缓蚀率达98.89%。     

马铃薯淀粉基烷基糖苷的合成

以马铃薯淀粉、乙二醇、十二醇为原料,对甲苯磺酸和助剂P为复合催化剂,采用转糖苷化反应合成烷基糖苷表面活性剂,探讨了各主要影响因素对合成反应过程及结果的影响。通过正交实验法优选出最佳工艺条件：糖苷化温度115℃;n(经折合的淀粉中葡萄糖单元): n(乙二醇): n(十二醇) : n(催化剂)=1∶5∶3∶0.01。在此条件下总糖苷收率为122.53%。     

糖基季铵盐表面活性剂的合成与表征

用葡萄糖、乳糖与十二胺的反应及随后的烷基化反应,合成了两种含季铵阳离子基团的糖基表面活性剂,通过电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)对所得产品及关键中间体进行了结构表征。糖胺化反应的最佳溶剂为甲醇、乙醇(对葡萄糖)和水-异丙醇(对乳糖),反应温度不高于55℃,n(糖)∶n(胺)=1∶(1.2~1.6)。葡萄糖的胺化和烷基化反应提纯后的收率分别为79.1%和63.7%。乳糖的胺化和烷基化反应提纯后的收率分别为83.2%和60.1%。两种季铵盐表面活性剂的CMC分别为10.0 mmol/L和5.9 mmol/L,γCMC分别为33.2 mN/m和29.8mN/m。两种季铵盐质量浓度为5 g/L水溶液的初始起泡高度分别为8.5 cm和9.5 cm,30 min后为3.9 cm和4.4 cm。10 g/L的乳糖季铵盐水溶液的帆布沉降时间为1.2 s。两种季铵盐用于涤纶织物的抗静电整理,葡糖季铵盐在质量浓度为10 g/L、乳糖季铵盐在质量浓度为5 g/L时,就可以使摩擦静电压的半衰期下降到4 s。     

聚环氧氯丙烷季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂在酸洗液中对碳钢缓蚀作用的研究

以环氧氯丙烷为原料合成了聚环氧氯丙烷,并优化出最佳工艺条件,进一步季铵化得到聚环氧氯丙烷季铵盐。利用静态失重法对聚环氧氯丙烷季铵盐在硫酸酸洗液中对A3钢的缓蚀性能进行了研究。探讨了缓蚀剂浓度、酸洗温度等因素对缓蚀率的影响,聚环氧氯丙烷季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂在碳钢表面的吸附规律,发现该阳离子表面活性剂在碳钢表面的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式。结果表明,聚环氧氯丙烷季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂具有缓蚀效率高、用量少、酸洗耗酸量低等优点,说明聚环氧氯丙烷季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂可做为一种多功能的酸洗缓蚀剂,在酸洗工业中具有广阔的应用前景。     

烷基糖苷季铵盐的合成与表征

以十二烷基二甲基叔胺盐酸盐和环氧氯丙烷为原料,合成中间体N-(3-氯-2-羟丙基)-N,N-二甲基-N-十二烷基氯化铵(CHPDDAC);对非离子烷基糖苷(APG)进行季铵化改性生成烷基糖苷季铵盐(APGQAS);通过正交实验确定了最佳合成工艺为:以异丙醇为溶剂,n(APG)∶n(CHPDDAC)=1.1∶1,反应温度为80℃,反应时间为7 h.通过红外光谱、元素分析及核磁共振波谱确定其化学结构,测定产物的临界胶束浓度CMC为3.16×10-4mol/L,γCMC为21.51 mN/m,Krafft点为-3.57℃.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。