煤的成灰磨耗特性对循环流化床内物料平衡的影响

循环流化床燃烧条件下煤的成灰磨耗特性是影响床内的流化特性和锅炉整体性能的重要因素之一 .利用静态燃烧然后冷态流化实验方法 ,可以得到给煤的成灰及磨耗参数并提出煤种的本征成灰概念 .在此基础上建立稳态的 CFBC冷态灰平衡模型来研究流化床内物料的粒径分布规律 .分析了流化风速、分离器效率和煤灰的磨耗系数对飞灰、排渣和床料的粒径分布的影响 .     

循环硫化床粉煤灰超细化研究

采用蒸汽喷射磨在蒸汽温度>260℃、压力0.5～0.8 MPa的条件下对循环硫化床锅炉(CFB)粉煤灰进行超细化研究.通过对样品粒径、组分、烧失量等指标以及XRD和电镜谱图的分析,考察了对CFB灰超细化的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件.研究表明,超细化可以大幅减少包覆的CaO颗粒,明显降低CFB灰中CaO的含量,为提高CFB灰在建材中的直接应用提供了可行方案.     

燃煤循环流化床锅炉燃烧控制及传热分析

讨论了循环流化床(CFB)锅炉的传热机理、燃烧控制以及实现灰、热平衡的方法。系统分析了灰、热平衡和燃烧控制对锅炉负荷及效率的影响。提出了CFB锅炉的优化操作、长周期经济运行应采取的措施和方法。在传热分析中,着重分析了传热机理,灰、热平衡及灰浓度对传热的影响。在燃烧控制中,介绍了床温、床压、风量及一二次风配比、返料温度、返料量、料层压差、炉堂压差的控制与调整。     

循环流化床锅炉床温及床压的控制

0　前　言循环流化床锅炉 (后称 CFB锅炉 )与常规煤粉炉相比 ,汽水一侧的控制基本相同 ,但床温及床压的控制不同。CFB锅炉的炉膛类似于一个低温的化学反应器 ,一般将密相区物料温度控制在 850～ 90 0℃ ,这是最佳脱硫、脱硝温度 ,床温过低使锅炉燃烧效率下降 ,床温过高则会造成 NOx 及 SOx 排放增多 ,污染环境 ,甚至造成床料结焦 ,影响设备安全运行。1　床温影响因素1 .1　设计因素炉膛传热计算方法不准确 ,没有考虑宽筛分床料的特性 ,导致计算偏差大 ,炉内受热面配置不合理。1 .2　运行因素锅炉的实际运行条件往往同设计不一致 ,尤其是…     

循环流化床锅炉固硫灰与煤粉锅炉粉煤灰的比较研究

采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射等方法对循环流化床锅炉固硫灰（CFB灰）和煤粉锅炉粉煤灰（PC灰）的物理性能、化学成分、矿物组成、活性和水化膨胀性能等方面进行比较研究。结果表明固硫灰的颗粒表面比粉煤灰疏松,需水量约为粉煤灰的2倍;相比PC灰,CFB灰有较高的CaO和SO3含量,且不含莫来石。CFB灰的火山灰活性明显高于PC灰,且具有自硬性,产生的膨胀也高于粉煤灰。     

燃煤循环流化床锅炉N_2O排放影响因素分析

阐述了CFB锅炉燃烧过程中N_2O的产生、消解机理,分析了燃料特性、床温、过量空气系数和煤中的矿物质成分等诸多因素对CFB锅炉N_2O排放的影响。分析了生物质与煤混合燃烧,炉膛后再燃,在CFB锅炉中添加催化剂以及反向分级燃烧等新型低N_2O燃烧技术,为CFB锅炉低N_2O排放技术指明了研究方向。     

提高CFB锅炉炉内脱硫效率的试验研究

为了提高CFB锅炉脱硫效率,以宁夏国华宁东发电有限公司330MW CFB锅炉炉内脱硫系统为试验对象进行了研究。发现影响脱硫效率的主要因素有CFB锅炉运行床温、上下二次风配比、床压、石灰石粒度、石灰石品质等。通过优化调整,在降低20%～40%石灰石耗量的基础上,脱硫效率可达96%,SO2排放质量浓度可控制在100 mg/m3以内。试验研究表明,CFB锅炉采用炉内脱硫,SO2排放浓度满足最新环保标准要求。     

连续进出料鼓泡流化床颗粒停留时间分布

针对双流化床气化或双床热解气化工艺中鼓泡床反应器的设计,采用脉冲法研究了Geldart B类固体颗粒在连续颗粒进料和出料的矩形流化床内的停留时间分布(RTD),考察了气速、床料高度、粒径、物料流率等操作参数对RTD的影响. 结果表明,物料流率、床料高度、粒径是影响颗粒RTD的主要因素,而气速则是次要因素. 随物料流率和粒径增加,鼓泡床内颗粒流动向平推流靠近;随床料高度增加,物料在床内的混合更加充分,颗粒流动向全混流靠近. 根据实验结果,推荐采用比理想平推流时间低9%~18%计算平均颗粒停留时间.     

降低循环流化床锅炉飞灰可燃物的探讨与实践

针对2台燃用福建无烟煤的DG75/3.82-11型CFB锅炉所存在的飞灰可燃物含量较高的问题,通过分析福建无烟煤特有煤质特性、燃料颗粒特性、锅炉总体设计和运行调整工况是影响福建无烟煤在CFB锅炉中燃尽的主要因素。针对性采取优化筛分破碎系统、增强二次风的扰动穿透能力、提高旋风分离器的分离效率、改造回料风系统以减少返料偏流等措施;同时不断摸索CFB锅炉运行规律,完善和优化运行方式,应用锅炉燃烧优化控制系统实现CFB锅炉的自动优化控制运行。2台锅炉平均飞灰可燃物含量从2003年的22.17%降低到2009年第1季度的15.03%。     

提高CFB锅炉热效率的探讨

从影响CFB锅炉效率的燃煤粒度,床温和料层厚度,过剩空气系数几方面进行分析,并采取优化运行措施,提高了锅炉运行热效率。     

1D modeling on the material balance in CFB boiler

An 1D model of the circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler is developed specifically to predict the material balance in CFB boiler. This model emphasizes on the important factors that influence the ash balance in CFB boilers, such as ash formation, attrition and size reduction, residence time and segregation in dense bed. The corresponding sub-models are discussed in detail. In the simulation of a 135MWe CFB boiler in Zibo power plant, China, the parameters in mass balance model under full load operation, such as segregation parameters and axial decay constant, are optimized. The model can predict the mass balances at different operating loads in the same boiler.     

Fluidized bed combustion of high ash anthracite: Analysis of combustion efficiency and particle size distribution

Fluidized bed combustion of high ash anthracite (HAA) was experimentally studied. The combustor consists of 0.25 m ID bed, and auxiliary equipments for coal feeding, ash removal, lemperature control, etc. Experimental results elucidate main cause of fuel loss to be elutriation of fines (i.e., flyash) containing unburned carbon. However, detailed balances of particle size distribution show majority of carbon in flyash comes from fines contained in the feed instead of attrition of coarse particles. The latter is the main source of flyash for conventional coal. The difference is due to much smaller attrition rate of HAA; feed HAA particles do not shrink much in size by combustion and attrition.     

Experimental study on the attrition and size distribution of bed material in a recirculating fluidized bed

An experimental study was performed on the attrition of the bed materials in a recirculating fluidized bed (RCFB) using Indian standard (IS) grade I sand (size between 2.0 and 1.0?mm) at ambient conditions. Experiments were performed with superficial air velocity ranging from 7.13 to 9.16?m/s, bed inventory of 7–10?kg, and a spacing of 0.085?m between the jet top and draft tube bottom. The main objective of the study was to investigate the effects of operation time on the attrition and size distribution of sand particles in a RCFB. It was noticed that the prime mode of attrition of bed materials was abrasion, not fragmentation. Reduction in the downcomer bed height was observed with increasing operation time. It indicates that attrition was significant and fines were elutriated out with the fluidizing air. Furthermore, variations in the shape, size, and harmonic diameter of particles were studied with increasing operation time. It has been observed that the coefficient of uniformity and coefficient of curvature showed increasing patterns. It specifies that particles of different size ranges and fines were formed due to attrition of particles. At the end of the operation, it was found that a significant amount of fines was elutriated with fluidizing air from the reactor.     

煤中矿物组分在流化床燃烧过程中的转化

循环流化床锅炉炉内的燃烧及传热与炉内床料的状态密切相关,而炉内床料主要是由燃煤含有的矿物组分经过燃烧、爆裂和磨耗过程形成的．分析和总结了在循环流化床锅炉中温燃烧条件下,煤中矿物组分化学反应的一般情况,总结了循环流化床锅炉灰渣的化学组分与组分的存在形态有利于煤粉锅炉灰渣的特点．     

Attrition of char agglomerates

A 15.2 cm diameter fluidized bed system with single- and multiple-jet distributors was designed and constructed to study the attrition behavior and mechanism of Kentucky No. 9 char from IGT's U-GAS fluidized bed gasifier. The effects of the jet and auxiliary gas velocities, the number of jets, the bed height, and the roughness of the fluidized bed wall on the attrition of char particles were studied. Particle shape variation during attrition was calculated by comparing our experimental data on pressure drop for a packed bed with the Ergun equation prediction. A mathematical procedure was developed to translate the size distribution variation of particles in the fluidized bed to the attrition rate expression.     

循环流化床锅炉煤灰成分对其磨耗特性的影响

采用静态燃烧加冷态振筛磨耗方法对4种煤灰的磨耗速率常数进行了测量,发现同类煤灰的磨耗速率常数随其粒径的增加呈指数衰减的规律, 而相同粒径的不同煤灰的磨耗速率常数不同。通过分析煤灰组分,认为煤灰成分差异是造成这一现象的主要原因。基于煤灰成分主要由偏高岭土、石英、氧化铁和氧化钙组成的假设,采用灰色关联和神经网络分析了煤灰主要成分对磨耗速率常数的影响以及趋势,认为氧化钙、氧化铁以及偏高岭土含量的增加能够增大煤灰的磨耗速率常数,而煤灰的磨耗速率常数随氧化硅含量的增加而降低。     

Effect of attrition on particle size distribution and SO2 capture in fluidized bed combustion under high CO2 partial pressure conditions

In both pressurized and oxygen-enriched fluidized bed combustion the partial pressure of CO₂ in the reactor becomes high, which affects SO₂ capture by limestone. Both of these technologies are also applicable to decreasing greenhouse gas emissions; the first one by increasing the efficiency of electric energy production and the latter by enabling capture of carbon dioxide for storage.Attrition increases the reaction rate by removing the sulphated layer on the particle, thus reducing the diffusion resistance. In the well-known solution for the shrinking core model the reaction time can be presented as the sum of the contributions of the kinetics and diffusion. It is shown that the effect of attrition can be expressed as an auxiliary term in this expression. A method to extract the diffusivity of the product layer from the SO₂ response in a bench-scale fluidized bed test using a limestone sample with a wide particle size distribution is presented. Based on a population balance model, a method to estimate the particle-size-dependent attrition rate from measured particle size distributions of the feed and bed material is illustrated for a 71-MW_e pressurized power plant. In addition attrition and its effect on the optimization of the limestone particle size for sulphur capture in oxygen-enriched combustion are discussed.     

高温环境下催化裂化催化剂磨损状况的研究

为研究流化催化裂化(FCC)催化剂在高温环境下的磨损行为,在一套固定流化床装置中考察了FCC平衡剂CGP-I在500℃和600℃高温环境下磨损率的时变关系和过孔气速对磨损率的影响,分别从颗粒形貌、磨损动力学等方面对催化剂的磨损机制进行了研究。结果表明:随着磨损时间的延长,磨损速率逐渐下降;随着磨损温度和孔气速的增加,磨损率增大。通过分析结果并与Gwyn磨损动力学方程比较建立了宏观磨损平衡方程,整个磨损过程可近似看作一级不可逆过程,该催化剂磨损率随磨损时间和孔气速的升高呈指数关系增加,高温环境下催化剂的磨损行为主要受表层磨损机制支配。