一种低凝固点起泡剂的制备与性能评价

水基泡沫在石油钻井、驱油及矿物浮选等方面应用广泛,但泡沫本质上是热力学不稳定体系,良好的稳定性是其应用的前提。基于不同表面活性剂的协同作用,利用罗氏-迈尔斯法评价复配体系的起泡能力,由此筛选出一种高起泡性的起泡剂,用该起泡剂复配降低凝固点的辅剂和稳泡剂之后利用Waring Blender法评价最终复配体系的起泡及稳泡能力,由此筛选出一种低凝固点、闪点高、发泡能力强的起泡剂ZX-28,评价其表面张力和油水界面张力。实验结果表明,起泡剂ZX-28的组成为:28.2%LAES+1.4%CAB+5.6%HABS-2024+0.2%HPAM-1600+30%1,2-丙二醇(重量百分数),凝固点为-16℃,在104℃开始沸腾没有闪点,在20℃下,3 g/L起泡剂ZX-28的表面张力为28.5 m N/m,和原油的界面张力为2.5 m N/m,加入稳泡剂之后100 m L基液的发泡量为788 m L,气泡呈球形,属于典型的细小泡沫,半衰期长达3 720 min,稳定性高。该起泡剂成本低,同时也是一种环保型油气田工作液。     

一种低凝固点起泡剂的制备与性能评价

水基泡沫在石油钻井、驱油及矿物浮选等方面应用广泛,但泡沫本质上是热力学不稳定体系,良好的稳定性是其应用的前提。基于不同表面活性剂的协同作用,利用罗氏-迈尔斯法评价复配体系的起泡能力,由此筛选出一种高起泡性的起泡剂,用该起泡剂复配降低凝固点的辅剂和稳泡剂之后利用Waring Blender法评价最终复配体系的起泡及稳泡能力,由此筛选出一种低凝固点、闪点高、发泡能力强的起泡剂ZX-28,评价其表面张力和油水界面张力。实验结果表明,起泡剂ZX-28的组成为:28.2%LAES+1.4%CAB+5.6%HABS-2024+0.2%HPAM-1600+30%1,2-丙二醇(重量百分数),凝固点为-16℃,在104℃开始沸腾没有闪点,在20℃下,3 g/L起泡剂ZX-28的表面张力为28.5 m N/m,和原油的界面张力为2.5 m N/m,加入稳泡剂之后100 m L基液的发泡量为788 m L,气泡呈球形,属于典型的细小泡沫,半衰期长达3 720 min,稳定性高。该起泡剂成本低,同时也是一种环保型油气田工作液。     

微泡钻井液技术研究

本文针对低压易漏地层,通过考察起泡剂和稳泡剂的起泡效果,优选出了微泡钻井液配方。该体系使用起泡剂CT 5-2和稳泡剂GHPG,它们的发泡能力强,泡沫细小,分布均匀,稳定性好。体系抗盐抗钙耐高温,具有良好的流变性、滤失性及抗污染能力,抗盐大于6000m g/L,抗钙大于3000m g/L,抗温大于100℃,抗煤油污染30%以上,对于低压易漏地层具有特殊的优势,并能提高钻井速度。     

稳泡剂对泡沫性能影响室内实验研究

由于泡沫的稳定性随温度的升高而下降,使泡沫性能变差,不能满足现场上的需要,为了提高泡沫的稳定性,本文选择了羧甲基纤维素纳和胍胶两种稳泡剂,研究了温度对两种稳泡剂性能的影响,实验结果表明,羧甲基纤维索纳抗高温能力较强,在经过150℃高温加热后,其粘度保留值仍然很高。胍胶虽然在45℃时粘度值很高,但经过100℃高温加热后,溶液变成棕色液体,粘度下降很大,耐温效果很差。因此本文选择羧甲基纤维素纳作为稳泡剂,阴离子表活剂HY-3作为发泡剂,烟道气为发泡气体,在实验温度为70℃时,采用气流法研究了不同气液比条件下羧甲基纤维素纳的加入对泡沫综合指数的影响,结果表明,加入稳泡剂后,泡沫的发泡高度略有降低,但是半衰期明显增加,因此泡沫综合指数增加．     

干热岩钻探高温可循环泡沫钻井液技术研究

针对高温可循环泡沫存在的主要技术难点,优选了抗高温发泡剂GFJ,增黏剂GDRP,稳泡剂WPJ等关键处理剂,构建了高温可循环泡沫钻井液配方。结果表明,应用3%～4%钠膨润土、2%～3%SEP(海泡石绒)、0.5%～1.0%GDRP(增黏剂)、0.3%～0.5%WPJ(稳泡剂)、0.4%～0.8%GFJ(发泡剂)和水配成了钻井液体系。该体系在240℃下密度在0.6～0.9 g/cm³范围可调,半衰期>48 h,流变性好,具有较好的悬浮携带能力,可满足深部地热钻探施工需求。     

ZS-30泡沫复合驱配方的研究

使用Waring Blender法评价泡沫的发泡能力、析液半衰期及泡沫半衰期.结果表明,在温度25～90℃条件下,表现最为优异的是配方ZS-31,80℃时发泡体积达到800 mL,析液半衰期达到2h,发泡能力与稳定性均较好.     

SiO2-AES泡沫套铣液体系配制及性能评价

伴随油气田的逐步开采，地层能量逐渐衰竭，针对井下套铣作业过程中出现的储层伤害、流体渗漏等现象，通过改进的stober法将硅烷季铵盐接枝于SiO₂颗粒表面，合成了一种新型十二烷基改性纳米SiO₂颗粒，作为固体稳泡剂与阴离子起泡剂、液体稳泡剂、降滤失剂、膨润土、增黏剂进行复配，得到具有高稳定性、抗污染性及优异堵漏能力的套铣液泡沫体系。结果表明，0.5%十二烷基改性纳米SiO₂颗粒+1.5%膨润土浆+0.6%降滤失剂SL-2+0.3%增黏剂CMC+0.1%阴离子发泡剂AES+0.2%两性离子稳泡剂CAB-35复配后性能最佳，抗污染性能优秀，可耐9%的矿化度为15g·L-1的地层流体模拟液及20%煤油伤害，对高渗透层具有良好的封堵性能。     

泡沫除尘剂配方研究

通过进行发泡剂发泡能力单体实验、发泡剂单体正交实验、润湿剂的优选实验、润湿剂与发泡剂的配比实验、稳泡剂的优选实验、缓蚀剂的优选实验,研究分析了除尘泡沫的发泡效率和最佳配比,确定泡沫除尘剂的最佳配方。0.3%的十二烷基二甲基氧化胺、0.3%的椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱、0.9%的十二烷基硫酸钠、0.3%的月桂酰胺甜菜碱按等体积比例进行复配,复配发泡剂与0.8%的十二烷基苯磺酸钠按4∶1的比例进行复配;0.6%的聚丙烯酰胺加入复配试剂中起到稳泡作用;加入硼酸钠防止泡沫除尘剂对金属设备的腐蚀。     

高温高盐油藏泡沫配方体系研究进展

论述了温度和矿化度对泡沫驱技术中泡沫性能的影响；综述了高温高盐油藏常用泡沫配方体系的研究进展及应用现状；指出主要研究方向为引入特定官能团增强表面活性剂发泡性能、探究起泡剂间复配协同增效原理、研制低成本稳泡效果显著的纳米颗粒稳泡剂；展望了高温高盐油藏泡沫配方体系研究发展趋势。     

泡沫排水剂配方的优选

泡沫排水剂是一种具有良好起泡、稳泡性能的表面活性剂,其组成包括发泡剂、稳泡剂。通过以三种发泡剂LAB-35,LAO-30,AES与俩种稳泡剂OP-10,十二醇分别进行组合并通过测定发泡体积,半衰期,发泡高度对泡沫排水剂进行优选从中选出最优配方。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.