Eliciting cryptomnesia: Unconscious plagiarism in a puzzle task.

Investigated cryptomnesia (unconscious plagiarism) and source memory using a word-search puzzle task in 3 experiments. Ss first alternated with a "computer partner" in locating words from 4 puzzles. They then attempted to recall their previously generated items as well as to locate additional new words. Substantially more plagiarism was committed in these tasks than was observed in a study by A. S. Brown and D. R. Murphy (1989), in which Ss generated category exemplars. Manipulations of retention interval (Exp 1) and degree of encoding (Exps 2a and 2b) reliably influenced plagiarism rates. Source confusions from a modified recognition memory task (Exp 3) were used as the basis for a unitary relative strength model to explain both source and occurrence (item) forgetting. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Contributions of inadequate source monitoring to unconscious plagiarism during idea generation.

Participants engaged in a creative idea-generation task that required them to monitor source to devise ideas not offered previously by others. In Experiment 1, inadvertent plagiarism (cryptomnesia) occurred more often when participants were generating ideas than when they were taking a recognition test. In Experiment 2, focusing participants on the origin of their ideas during generation resembled the focusing that occurs in recognition performance and reduced plagiarism. In Experiment 3, a speeded-response condition increased inadvertent plagiarism by mimicking conditions in which people cannot or do not adequately monitor source. In Experiment 4, plagiarism was reduced both when participants offered their new ideas in a one-on-one context as compared with a more anonymous group setting and when participants were specifically instructed to avoid plagiarism. The results are discussed in terms of source-monitoring decision criteria and the conscious and unconscious processes that support that monitoring. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The role of unconscious pathogenic beliefs in agoraphobia.

Agoraphobia can severely constrict the life of those who suffer from it. Control-mastery theory is a cognitive psychoanalytic theory that posits that symptoms are caused and maintained by unconscious pathogenic beliefs. Two cases are discussed in detail to support the hypothesis that agoraphobic patients suffer from 2 pathogenic beliefs: The world is a dangerous place that punishes assertiveness and they don't deserve to have a better life. The role of unconscious pathogenic beliefs may serve as a bridge in explaining both the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy as well as the usefulness of longer term psychodynamic treatment in resolving the often significant residual symptoms of these patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The ethnic unconscious and its role in transference, resistance, and countertransference: An introduction.

Introduces the Special Section "Ethnicity and psychoanalysis." The authors address how psychoanalytic formulations focus in the main on the study of the individual's internal structure, the study of the mind as a theater of conflict without much concern with the possible influence of ethnic components in psychic structure. Their interest is to extend the study of the mind as a theater of conflict to include the issue of ethnicity and ethnic tension. The authors further discuss providing a psychoanalytic perspective on ethnic tension, the ethnic unconscious, cultural background factors, and the psychological mechanism of ethnic tension in relation to the articles of the special section. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Source credibility and idea improvement have independent effects on unconscious plagiarism errors in recall and generate-new tasks.

Unconscious plagiarism occurs when people try to generate new ideas or when they try to recall their own ideas from among a set generated by a group. In this study, the factors that independently influence these two forms of plagiarism error were examined. Participants initially generated solutions to real-world problems in 2 domains of knowledge in collaboration with a confederate presented as an expert in 1 domain. Subsequently, the participant generated improvements to half of the ideas from each person. Participants returned 1 day later to recall either their own ideas or their partner's ideas and to complete a generate-new task. A double dissociation was observed. Generate-new plagiarism was driven by partner expertise but not by idea improvement, whereas recall plagiarism was driven by improvement but not expertise. This improvement effect on recall plagiarism was seen for the recall-own but not the recall-partner task, suggesting that the increase in recall-own plagiarism is due to mistaken idea ownership, not source confusion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cryptomnesia: Delineating inadvertent plagiarism.

Cryptomnesia, or inadvertent plagiarism, was experimentally examined in three investigations. Subjects were required to generate category exemplars, alternating with 3 other subjects in Experiments 1 and 2 or with a standardized, written list in Experiment 3. After this generation stage, subjects attempted to recall those items which they had just generated and an equal number of completely new items from each category. Plagiarism of others' generated responses occurred in all three tasks (generation, recall own, and recall new) in each experiment, despite instructions to avoid such intrusions. The amount of plagiarism was greater under more complex generation sequences and for items produced from orthorgraphic relative to semantic categories. The most likely source of plagiarized responses was the person who had responded just before the subject in the generation sequence. Directions for future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Biodata determinants of vocational typology: An integration of two paradigms.

Integrated 2 paradigms of research—J. L. Holland's (1976) model of vocational typology and W. A. Owen's (see record 1969-06090-001) use of biodata for the assessment and classification of individuals—by investigating the nature of the relationship between life history and vocational preferences. Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory and Owen's Biographical Questionnaire were administered to 816 undergraduates. Multiple discriminant analysis, regression analysis, and ANOVA were used to determine the relationship between past life experiences and vocational preferences. Results indicate that significantly different personal history experiences differentiated the lives of members of the various vocational types. (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Item content versus item wording: Disentangling role conflict and role ambiguity.

The Role Ambiguity Scale and Role Conflict Scales (J. R. Rizzo et al [1970]) assess ambiguity with 6 negatively worded items and conflict with 8 positively worded items, respectively. This methodological confound between item wording and content precludes unambiguous interpretation. In the present study, confirmatory factor analysis of these 2 scales and the Role Overload Scale (T. A. Beehr et al; see record 1976-11156-001) which has positively and negatively worded items was used to disentangle this confound. Across 2 independent samples (N?=?767 and N?=?363), a 3-factor model consistent with conceptual definitions of role ambiguity, conflict, and overload fit the data better than models with (a) one general role-stress factor, (b) a general role-stress and a method (item wording) factor, or (c) two method (positive and negative wording) factors. These results support the construct validity of Rizzo's scales; the consistency of the results across 2 independent samples suggests their generalizability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mother-child emotional availability in ecological perspective: Three countries, two regions, two genders.

This study used a cross-national framework to examine country, region, and gender differences in emotional availability (EA), a prominent index of mutual socioemotional adaptation in the parent-child dyad. Altogether 220 Argentine, Italian, and U.S. mothers and their daughters and sons from both rural and metropolitan areas took part in home observations when the children were 20 months old. In terms of country, Italian mothers were more sensitive and optimally structuring, and Italian children were more responsive and involving, than Argentine and U.S. dyads. In terms of region, rural mothers were more intrusive than metropolitan mothers, and boys from metropolitan areas were more responsive than boys from rural areas. In terms of gender, mothers of girls were more sensitive and optimally structuring than mothers of boys, and daughters were more responsive and involving than sons. Understanding how country, region, and gender influence EA exposes forces that shape child development, parent-infant interaction, and family systems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Phosphorus studies in pigs. 2. Assessing phosphorus availability for pigs and rats

Two experiments were conducted (1) to determine the effects of phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) on the digestibility and availability of P in soya-bean meal for growing pigs and (2) to compare growth v. digestibility variables for assessing the availability of P. In the first experiment the effect of phytase on P availability was assessed in a growth assay using a slope-ratio design of treatments. Two different levels of either monosodium phosphate (MSP) or soya-bean meal were added to a basal sugar-soya-bean-meal diet (2.5 g P/kg) to give two levels of P (g/kg): 3.25 and 4.0 for each source. An additional five diets were supplemented with phytase. The ten diets were offered ad lib. for 35 d to female pigs initially weighing 20 kg live weight. In addition, the relative effectiveness of different variables for assessing P availability were compared: bone bending moment, ash in various bones, and ash and P in the empty body. The addition of phytase increased growth rate (g/d) (741 v. 835; P < 0.05), lowered the food conversion ratio (2.37 v. 2.16; P < 0.01), and increased protein deposition (g/d) (108 v. 123; P < 0.05), protein retention (kg/kg) (0.33 v. 0.36; P < 0.05), energy retention (MJ gross energy/MJ digestible energy) (0.36 v. 0.38; P < 0.05) and the availability of P in soya-bean meal from 0.11 to 0.69 when bone bending moment was the criterion of availability. All other criteria for assessing availability were unsuitable. In the second experiment the availability of (P) in soya-bean meal was assessed in a digestibility experiment with grower pigs using diets 1-5 as for Expt 1 arranged in a slope-ratio design of treatments. In addition, the effects of phytase supplementation on the apparent digestibility of P, dry matter, crude protein (N x 6.25) and energy were determined. The diets were offered at three times maintenance energy requirements to male pigs initially weighing approximately 30 kg live weight and total collection of faeces was conducted over a 10 d period. The availability of P in the soya-bean meal was 0.66 using digestible P intake as the criterion of response. The apparent digestibility of P in soya-bean meal was 0.42. Phytase supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of soya-bean meal P to 0.69 (P < 0.01) but had no effect on the faecal digestibility of dry matter or crude protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Psychopathology in epilepsy: The role of psychology in altering paradigms of research, treatment, and prevention.

Offers a brief review of the literature examining epilepsy and abnormal behavior. The generally accepted concept of epilepsy as a high psychiatric risk disorder is reexamined in light of research that has investigated the influence of selection bias. A conceptual model that organizes the known or postulated risk variables (neurological, psychosocial, and medication) is presented, with emphasis on psychology's potential contribution. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effects of experimental socialization paradigms upon two moral responses to transgression.

In an initial experiment on the antecedents of self-criticism and reparation, 57 5th-grade girls were equally assigned to 2 treatments: High Cognitive Structure High Control and Low Cognitive Structure-Low Control. Each S was repeatedly punished for an aggressive act on 10 training trials. On the test trial, a more destructive act was contrived to elicit internalized moral responses. In a 2nd experiment, using the same techniques but designed to distinguish independent antecedents, 68 5th-grade boys were equally assigned to each of 4 treatments: High Cognitive Structure-High Control, High Cognitive Structure-Low Control, Low Cognitive Structure-High Control, and Low Cognitive Structure-Low Control. Induction of self-criticism was significantly related to E's cognitive structuring during training. Reparative responses were a function of whether S or E controlled punishment. The 2 moral responses were concluded to be the consequences of distinct patterns of social reinforcement and not attributable to a unitary entity such as "conscience" or "superego." (33 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Zeddies's relational unconscious: Some further reflections.

T. J. Zeddies's (2000) excellent article highlights the contributions relational psychoanalysis has made to rethinking psychoanalytic notions of the unconscious. His views are largely consistent with those developed from the study of intersubjective systems, in which experiential worlds are seen as variably organized according to emotional inferences (organizing principles) operating automatically and often outside awareness. One dimension of this emotional organization is consciousness and unconsciousness, understood as horizonal properties of experiential worlds within their intersubjective contexts. The concept of consciousness cannot be reduced to linguistic expression of what is inside. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The eureka error: Inadvertent plagiarism by misattributions of effort.

The authors found that the feeling of authorship for mental actions such as solving problems is enhanced by effort cues experienced during mental activity; misattribution of effort cues resulted in inadvertent plagiarism. Pairs of participants took turns solving anagrams as they exerted effort on an unrelated task. People inadvertently plagiarized their partners' answers more often when they experienced high incidental effort while working on the problem and reduced effort as the solution appeared. This result was found for efforts produced when participants squeezed a handgrip during the task (Experiment 1) or when the anagram was displayed in a font that was difficult to read (Experiments 2, 3a, and 3b). Plagiarism declined, however, when participants attended to the source of the effort cues (Experiments 3a and 3b). These results suggest that effort misattribution can influence authorship processing for mental activities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Application of two neural network paradigms to the study of voluntary employee turnover.

Two neural network paradigms—multilayer perceptron and learning vector quantization—were used to study voluntary employee turnover with a sample of 577 hospital employees. The objectives of the study were twofold. The 1st was to assess whether neural computing techniques offered greater predictive accuracy than did conventional turnover methodologies. The 2nd was to explore whether computer models of turnover based on neural network technologies offered new insights into turnover processes. When compared with logistic regression analysis, both neural network paradigms provided considerably more accurate predictions of turnover behavior, particularly with respect to the correct classification of leavers. In addition, these neural network paradigms captured nonlinear relationships that are relevant for theory development. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stages of change in methadone maintenance: Assessing the convergent validity of two measures.

This study compared 2 alternate measures of stage of change as conceived by J. O. Prochaska and C. C. DiClemente (see record 1983-26480-001). A sample of 276 methadone maintenance patients completed both categorical and dimensional measures of stage of change regarding quitting illicit drug use. The categorical measure places participants into 1 of 5 stages based on their stated intentions regarding future illicit drug use. The University of Rhode Island Change Assessment scale (URICA) provides continuous scores on 4 stage-of-change scales. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the URICA's factor structure. The relationship between URICA scores and self-reported drug use was also assessed. Comparison of the URICA and the categorical measure using discriminant function analysis indicated limited convergence between the 2 measures and suggests that they may assess different aspects of readiness to change. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

One role or two?: The function of psychological separation in role conflict.

Student athletes vary in how much they view their academic and athletic role identities as separate from and interfering with each other. The authors investigated the relation of these perceptions to psychological well-being in 200 intercollegiate athletes. Measures included role separation, interference, identity, and well-being. Correlations indicated that interference related negatively to well-being, whereas viewing the roles as distinct related positively to well-being. Regression analyses of demographic and role identity variables also showed a positive association between role separation and well-being, and a significant Separation×Interference interaction. Specifically, role interference was negatively related to well-being for those who viewed the two roles as distinct but unrelated for those who did not. The buffering effects of role separation are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Meehl revisited: A look at paradigms in psychology.

Comments on Meehl's (see record 1979-25042-001) article on the nature of psychological debates. The author is in agreement with Meehl that there is a need to reconsider how research is designed and carried out within psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)