涂覆热分解与电化学聚合法制备聚苯胺/RuO2复合电极材料

通过涂覆热分解法并结合电化学聚合法制备得到聚苯胺(PANI)/RuO₂电极材料。使用涂覆热分解法于260℃热处理3 h制备RuO₂薄膜, 通过电化学聚合法将PANI粒子沉积在RuO₂薄膜上, 并在80℃加热12 h。采用XRD分析PANI/RuO₂复合物晶相, 采用SEM观察PANI/RuO₂复合电极材料的形貌变化。利用循环伏安及恒流充放电测试了该复合电极的电化学性能。结果表明, PANI沉积时间为25 min, 该PANI/RuO₂复合电极的最大电容量为9.72 F, 比电容为452 F·g^-1, 充放电曲线体现了较低的电压降、等效串联电阻及良好的充放电性能。经1000次循环伏安后, 其比电容损失约为11%。     

MEMS超级电容器用聚吡咯/炭材料复合膜电极的制备及其性能

采用电化学沉积工艺,在MEMS超级电容器的三维结构集流体上制备出聚吡咯(PPy)、聚吡咯/碳纳米管(PPy/CNT)、聚吡咯/石墨烯(PPy/GR)三种类型的膜电极。采用SEM对三种膜电极进行形貌观察,采用循环伏安、交流阻抗、恒电流充放电和循环充放电研究三种膜电极的电化学电容性能。结果表明,复合电极的微观结构稳定,复合薄膜和集流体之间的结合力大;基于三种膜电极的MEMS超级电容器电容量依次增大,阻抗依次减小,放电电流为1 mA时,比电容分别达到7.0、8.0、8.3 mF/cm2,经过5 000次恒流充放电循环后,电容器的比电容分别保持了原来的72.9%、85.0%和89.2%。在PPy电极中引入CNT或GR后,MEMS超级电容器的电化学和膜电极结构稳定性可得到明显改善。     

超级电容器用（RuO2/Co3O4）·nH2O复合薄膜电极的制备及其性能

配制RuCl3.3H2O和Co(CH3COO)2的异丙醇混合溶液,采用原位热分解法制备了超级电容器用(RuO2/Co3O4).nH2O复合薄膜电极.借助扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、红外光谱仪、电化学分析仪等表征薄膜的微观形貌、物相转变以及电化学性能.结果表明,当涂覆液中n(Ru3+):n(Co2+)=1:3时,复合薄膜经260℃热处理3h达到最佳的综合性能,比电容为569F/g,附着力为22.4MPa,内阻仅为0.42Ω,1000次充放电循环后比电容保持在初始电容量的97.6%.     

超级电容器高比容(RuO_2/SnO_2)·nH_2O复合薄膜电极的研究

采用电沉积工艺制备超级电容器用钽基(RuO2/SnO2)·nH2O复合薄膜,研究了初始沉积液中Sn2+与Ru3+浓度比以及热处理对制备(RuO2/SnO2)·nH2O复合薄膜性能的影响.借助扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、红外光谱对薄膜的形貌和物相进行分析,用循环伏安法(CV)对该复合薄膜电容特性进行了测量.结果表明,以沉积液中Sn2+与Ru3+浓度比为2:1时电沉积出的样品,在温度为300℃、热处理2.5h后所制备出的复合电极薄膜材料的比电容达到385F/g.     

超级电容器高比容（RuO_2/SnO_2）·nH_2O复合薄膜电极的研究

采用电沉积工艺制备超级电容器用钽基（RuO2/SnO2）.nH2O复合薄膜,研究了初始沉积液中Sn2＋与Ru3＋浓度比以及热处理对制备（RuO2/SnO2）.nH2O复合薄膜性能的影响。借助扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、红外光谱对薄膜的形貌和物相进行分析,用循环伏安法（CV）对该复合薄膜电容特性进行了测量。结果表明,以沉积液中Sn2＋与Ru3＋浓度比为2∶1时电沉积出的样品,在温度为300℃、热处理2.5h后所制备出的复合电极薄膜材料的比电容达到385F/g。     

聚吡咯/纳米二氧化钛的制备及电化学性能

采用化学原位聚合的方法制备了聚吡咯/二氧化钛(PPy/TiO_2)复合物,其中聚吡咯和二氧化钛的质量比分别为1∶1、2∶1、3∶1、4∶1,将其作为电化学超级电容器的电极材料,采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪研究了PPy/TiO_2的形貌和相组成,通过电化学测试研究了PPy/TiO_2的电化学性能.结果表明:TiO_2均匀地包覆在PPy基体中,PPy/TiO_2的电化学性能明显优于纯PPy;当PPy与TiO_2的质量比为3∶1时复合材料的电化学性能最佳,即在2 A/g充放电电流密度下,其比电容达到了255.68 F/g,比纯PPy提高了2倍左右;在1 A/g充放电电流密度下,循环充放电1 000圈之后PPy/TiO_2的比电容保持率为87.2%,纯PPy的比电容保持率仅为46.9%.     

聚苯胺/聚吡咯复合薄膜电极的制备及其超电容和耐腐蚀性

在聚苯胺(PANI)和聚吡咯(PPy)的相应单体溶液中,采用循环伏安法(CV)在不锈钢基体(SS)上分层聚合制备了具有聚苯胺/聚吡咯复合薄膜(PANI/PPy/SS)的电极材料。用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)对其结构进行了表征。在0.5mol/L H2SO4中,对PANI/PPy/SS电极材料进行了循环伏安法、恒流充放电、交流阻抗谱(EIS)等电化学性能测试,并用塔菲尔曲线(Tafel)研究了其耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,当电流密度为5mA/cm2时,PANI/PPy/SS电极材料比电容达747.5F/g,且复合膜的腐蚀电位相对于单纯的PANI、PPy薄膜分别正移了0.064V、0.117V,表现出较好的耐腐蚀性,是一种应用前景很好的超级电容器材料。     

旋转涂覆法制备氧化钌电极材料及其性能研究

采用旋转涂覆工艺制备了RuO2薄膜电极,SEM揭示了RuO2薄膜的厚度为7.7-8.0/μm,拉伸实验测试得该薄膜附着力的平均值为18.00MPa;XRD结构分析表明该薄膜的最理想烧结温度为270℃.此外,进一步的电化学性能测试表明RuO2薄膜的循环伏安、充放电及阻抗性能优良,该薄膜电极的比电容Cp、能量密度W、功率密...     

胶体法制备60%RuO2-AC复合电极材料及其性能

通过改进后的胶体法制备了60%(质量分数)RuO2-活性碳(AC)复合电极材料,然后在不同的温度下烧结6 h。采用电化学工作站对该复合电极进行了循环伏安、恒流充放电及交流阻抗测试,用SEM、EDS及XRD对不同温度烧结后复合材料的形貌结构进行表征。结果表明:240℃烧结后复合电极的比电容最大,其值为445 F/g,且充放电性能良好;复合电极的阻抗值在240℃以下时随烧结温度的升高呈递减趋势,高于此温度后略有增大;复合电极材料在240℃烧结后呈细小均匀的水合RuO2粒子,分布在碳基体上;复合电极材料中的RuO2保持非晶结构,高于270℃后有较多的晶体相生成;改进后的胶体法制备的复合电极在240℃烧结后电化学性能较优良。     

聚吡咯/壳聚糖复合导电材料制备及其性能研究

电极材料是电容法去离子(CDI)技术的核心。为了提高聚吡咯(PPy)的吸附容量、电化学稳定性及其使用寿命,将壳聚糖(CS)和PPy复合制得PPy/CS复合导电材料。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和循环伏安法(CV)对PPy/CS复合导电材料进行表征。重点考察了氧化剂、CS、PPy及掺杂剂的用量对复合材料性能的影响规律。结果表明:PPy与CS结合形成了性能优良的导电聚合物复合材料;以三氯化铁(FeCl3)为氧化剂制得的PPy/CS复合导电材料性能更优,比电容达到0.46F/cm2;PPy/CS复合导电材料最佳制备参数为:CS用量1.5g、PPy用量70μL、FeCl3用量25mL、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)用量50mL。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...