铸铁三点弯曲切口梁的抗断裂性能

铸铁类材料裂纹端部的断裂损伤过程区能简化为具有黏聚力的裂纹。为探寻带切口铸铁试件的最大承载力计算方法,用实验机对8种不同切口尺寸的铸铁三点弯曲梁进行加载实验,得到载荷随加载点位移变化曲线;计算各个试件断裂过程消耗功以及相应单位断裂面消耗比能。分别通过实验测得载荷和预制裂纹尺寸及等效裂纹长度,计算应力强度因子和能量释放率。根据黏聚裂纹应力强度因子计算式与双K断裂准则,得到该类材料结构承载力的理论计算数值;并与实验结果进行对比,两者符合良好。     

幂硬化对准静载弹塑性弯曲裂纹张开位移的影响

研究准静载荷作用下的硬化材料弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端的张开位移问题。综合考虑了准静作用应力,塑性区域边界上正应力与剪应力,利用二阶摄动方法与卡氏定理计算了硬化材料弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端的张开位移。作图分析了弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端张开位移尺寸与材料硬化指数之间的变化关系。在幂硬化材料中,弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端张开位移随着材料硬化指数n的增大而减少,当n等速均匀增加时,弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端张开位移加速减少,减少的幅度越来越大。当材料的硬化指数相同时,弯曲裂纹尖端张开位移随外载荷的不断减小而逐渐减小。开拓了一个计算硬化材料弹塑性弯曲裂纹张开位移的理论模型的崭新领域。     

电子散斑干涉法研究铸铁的断裂特性

为研究铸铁材料的断裂过程和破坏机理,对带预制裂纹铸铁梁进行了三点弯曲加载试验,同时采用电子散斑干涉法并引入相移技术对裂纹前端的面内位移场进行了测定。通过实验得到了梁裂纹尖端附近区域的电子散斑干涉条纹图,通过图像处理得到裂纹端部变形、裂纹张开位移和中性层位置随载荷的变化曲线,并对其进行了分析。     

紧凑拉伸试验CTOD双引伸计测试方法研究

以船用A36钢板为试验材料,开展紧凑拉伸试验裂纹尖端张开位移δ(crack tip opening displacement,CTOD)的双引伸计测试方法研究。结果显示,采用双引伸计方法可直接测定旋转因子r及δ,计算得到名义应力σ与裂纹尖端张开位移塑性分量δp(plastic component of CTOD)的相关性曲线。与国标GB/T 21143—2007测试方法相比,双引伸计法对δp的测试精度更高;与EPRI(Electronic Power Research Institute)计算方法相比,双引伸计法对σ—δp关系曲线的确定更为直接可靠。     

三维准静载弹塑性弯曲裂纹张开位移

主要研究准静载荷作用下的三维弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端的张开位移问题。综合考虑了准静作用应力,三维塑性区域边界上正应力与剪应力,利用二阶摄动方法计算了三维弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端的张开位移。用数值解法计算出三维弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端张开位移,作图分析了三维弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端张开位移与三维裂纹体几何尺寸之间的变化关系。三维弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端张开位移随着三维裂纹体厚度的增大而减小,随着三维裂纹体厚度的均匀增大,三维弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端张开位移尺寸不断减小,减小的幅度越来越小,最终趋于平面应变状态下的弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端张开位移尺寸。当三维裂纹体几何尺寸相同时,三维弯曲裂纹尖端张开位移尺寸随外载荷的不断增大而逐渐增大。建立了一个计算三维弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端张开位移尺寸的崭新理论模型。     

单边裂纹弯曲试样的转动修正方法研究

由SEB( single edged bending)试样变形几何关系,提出断裂韧度测试中用于SEB试样J积分塑性功计算的裂纹嘴张开位移V0与加载点在加载线位移VLL的弹塑性转换公式.对SEB试样进行弹塑性有限元分析表明:试样转动中心位置受材料本构关系的影响微小,仅与裂纹长度α与试样宽度W之比有关,进而提出SEB试样转动半径R(裂纹嘴初始位置到转动中心的距离)的表达式,并对公式的有效性进行验证;应用线弹性柔度公式预测裂纹长度,可以忽略试样转动效应的影响,而刚性转动对SEB试样的J积分计算有一定影响,需采用考虑转动效应的载荷与加载线位移关系曲线来获得真实的J-△α阻力曲线.     

V形切口尖端裂纹起裂方向的主应力判别准则及其验证

围绕V形切口尖端裂纹起裂方向,分析了V形切口尖端裂纹应力场、位移场、应力强度因子,提出了裂纹起裂方向的主应力判别准则。首先,详细给出了V形切口尖端应力应变场的求解方法,通过裂纹尖端场本征值的三次线性拟合及误差分析,确定了V形切口尖端裂纹位移场;然后,建立了V形切口尖端的数值分析模型,运用数值计算方法确定了应力强度因子和切口强度因子,提出了V形切口尖端裂纹起裂方向的主应力判断准则,给出了外推法求解分析过程;最后,以LY8为试验材料,在张角2β＝60°的V形切口情况下,对提出的V形切口尖端裂纹起裂方向计算方法与判别准则进行了试验验证。     

基于ANSYS的功能梯度材料静态断裂力学分析

构建了功能梯度材料和基体均匀材料的应力—应变关系的弹性本构模型,利用Plane183单元模拟裂纹尖端的奇异性,利用高阶接触单元Conta173和目标单元Targe169组成接触对,对功能梯度材料进行了静态断裂力学分析和应力强度因子求解,找出了裂纹应力和位移最大处,所得到的结果为功能梯度材料的动态力学分析提供了理论依据。     

带环向切口金属杆的扭转剪切断裂

扭转圆杆的环向切口根部存在高度集中的剪切应力,Ⅲ型应力强度因子是裂纹端部应力场奇异性的度量.为探求带环向切口的受扭金属圆杆最大承载力的计算方法,通过对不同切口尺寸杆件的扭转剪切断裂实验,由各试件的预制切口尺寸和实验中测到的最大转矩分别计算相应的应力强度因子;利用非线性断裂理论推导出计算带环向切口裂纹扭转杆承载转矩的计算公式,将理论计算数值与实验结果进行比较,表明铸铁比碳钢试验结果更接近理论计算值.     

基C形试样炉管高温断裂韧度试验及应用研究

为说明C形试样试验值最能反映炉管的高温断裂韧度,分析服役炉管的合成应力及取样方法.讨论应用带陶瓷标杆的高温引伸计测量裂纹张开位移遇到的困难及存在的测量误差,设计带特定槽口的C形试样,并推导柔度法修正系数M.在实例试验中,根据试样槽口的几何参数和修正系数计算式,编写程序并计算,得到裂纹张开位移与修正系数关系曲线(V-M)...     

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢的高温疲劳裂纹扩展规律

研究奥氏体不锈钢0Cr18Ni9在高温(550℃)下的疲劳裂纹扩展规律。测试采用标准CT(compact tension)试样,最大载荷范围为6.5 kN～14 kN,应力比为0.1(室温)和0.05(550℃)。裂纹扩展过程通过QUESTAR长焦距显微镜直接观测,同时采用COD(crack opening displacement)规记录加载线位移。由于在高温条件下,测试终止时试样的裂纹前缘呈明显弧形,故此给出实测表面处裂纹长度有效值的修正方法。对高温疲劳裂纹扩展问题,采用应力强度因子范围ΔK作为裂纹扩展驱动力参数,同时考虑高ΔK和低ΔK值对裂纹扩展规律的影响,得到0Cr18Ni9不锈钢在550℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展规律表征模型,给出裂纹扩展率的上限结果。     

Modelling the effect of HAZ undermatching on the crack-tip stress distribution in idealized welds

In order to study the influence of the heat-affected zone softening on the fracture behaviour of welds with cracks in the weld metal centre line, a large variety of weld geometries and undermatch conditions of the heat affected zone mechanical properties, relative to the weld metal and base material, were addressed in this study. With this aim, the opening stress distribution in notched welded specimens was analysed using the numerical simulation of the three-point bending test. The numerical results show a reduction in the stress levels ahead of the crack tip for welded specimens with severe heat-affected zone undermatch. The stress distribution is strongly influenced by the crack position relative to the weld material/heat-affected zone interface, independently of heat-affected zone width.     

循环压载下缺口旁疲劳裂纹扩展

对承受循环压载的缺口试件的疲劳问题进行了试验和理论研究。结果表明，疲劳裂纹是在残余拉应力和循环压应力作用下萌生和扩展的，压塑性变形是裂纹萌生和扩展和扩展的必要条件。循环压载下仍存在着裂纹张开和裂纹闭合，其机理与拉伸循环下不同。以试验中采用的ＬＹ１２ＣＡ材料边缺口试件为例，提出了考虑裂纹闭合效应的扩展率计算模型，结果与试验吻合得较好。     

Prediction of fatigue regimes in notched components

Fatigue crack growth from notches is described as a two-stage process. Cracks are assumed to initiate in, and their early growth controlled by, the plastic zone due to the notch. Later growth is controlled by the developing crack tip plastic zone which can be described by the elastic stress intensity factor. A simple model is proposed which qualitatively accounts for all observed notch phenomena including non-propagating cracks and size effects. The equation: is shown to quantitatively predict the experimental fatigue failure limit of sharply notched specimens.     

Coarse-graining of cohesive zone at interface of amorphous material

This work studies on coarse-graining of the cohesive zone at the interface of an amorphous material. A coarse-grained cohesive zone model is obtained with the aid of homogenization and relaxation method. The amorphous material in atomic scale is homogenized and the effect of its domain volume upon homogenization is investigated through molecular dynamics. The homogenized amorphous material is then utilized for coarse-graining at the interface. Coarse-graining leads to an increase of opening displacement and a decrease of decohesion stress while fracture toughness of the interface is conserved.     

Prediction of crack tip plasticity induced due to variation in solidification rate of weld pool and its effect on fatigue crack propagation rate (FCPR)

Effect of solidification rate on crack tip plastic zone size at various crack lengths was calculated analytically and numerically by simplified Sih’s and Irwin’s models, respectively. Influence of plastic zone size is explained in terms of COD and elastic stress intensity factor within valid range of small scale yielding approximation. Up to plastic zone size range of 4–5 mm, a good agreement between numerical and analytical plastic zone size and elastic stress intensity factor for all weldments was observed. For high loads and greater crack lengths, experimentally obtained COD values were found 15–19 % more than simulation ones due to rapidly induced plasticity at high crack dimensions. Solidification rate showed a significant influence on FCPR, for solidification rates 13.75 °C/s, 6.97 °C/s and 4.32 °C/s the obtained fatigue strength was 35.29 MPa, 36.26 MPa and 41.32 MPa, respectively.     

SCT模拟试样断裂试验研究

通过对由标准CT试样发展而来的异形紧凑拉伸(SCT)试样的应变测试和断裂试验，证明SCT试样能够很好地模拟压力容器接管等高应变梯度区的主要特征。其试验结果与实物容器实测结果非常接近。文中给出了推荐的高应变区裂纹张开位移(COD)估算式。     

X80管线钢焊接接头的硫化氢应力腐蚀试验研究

采用X80管线钢焊接接头制作楔形张开加载（WOL）试样，在硫化氢介质中进行恒位移应力腐蚀试验，分别测得母材、焊缝和热影响区的临界应力强度因子KISCC和裂纹扩展速率da／dt。试验结果表明，热影响区的‰最小，裂纹扩展速率最大，具有较差的抗应力腐蚀开裂的能力，是应力腐蚀开裂的薄弱环节。且通过对X80管线钢焊接接头的显微组织观察和基本力学性能研究，对影响X80钢应力腐蚀影响因素提供了试验依据，并对试验结果予以验证。     

Fully plastic analyses of unequally notched specimens in bending

This paper proposes slip line fields for bending of unequally notched specimens in plane strain, that have a sharp crack in one side and a sharp V-notch in the other side. Depending on the back angle, two slip line fields are proposed, from which the limit moment and crack tip stress fields are obtained as a function of the back angle. Excellent agreement between slip line field solutions with those from detailed finite element limit analysis based on non-hardening plasticity provides confidence in the proposed slip line fields. One interesting point is that, for the unequally notched specimen, the difference between the crack tip triaxial stress for tension and that for bending increases significantly with the increase in the back angle. This suggests that such a specimen could be potentially useful to investigate the crack tip constraint effect on fracture toughness of materials. In this respect, the possibility of designing a new toughness testing specimen with varying crack tip constraint is discussed.     

A study on the determination of closing level for finite element analysis of fatigue crack closure

An elastic-plastic finite element analysis is performed to investigate detailed closure behavior of fatigue cracks and the numerical results are compared with experimental results. The finite element analysis performed under plane stress using 4-node isoparametric elements can predict fatigue crack closure behavior. The mesh of constant element size along crack surface can not predict the opening level of fatigue crack. The crack opening level for the constant mesh size increases linearly from initial crack growth. The crack opening level for variable mesh size, is almost flat after crack tip has passed the monotonic plastic zone. The prediction of crack opening level using the variable mesh size proportioning the reversed plastic zone size with the opening stress intensity factors presents a good agreement with the experimental data regardless of stress ratios.