酚醛-糠醛基炭气凝胶对NaCl溶液的电吸附行为

以酚醛-糠醛基炭气凝胶为电极,用恒电位仪提供直流电压,在静态电吸附装置进行了NaCl溶液电吸附试验。考察了NaCl溶液浓度、炭气凝胶电极厚度及施加的电位等因素对电吸附的影响。研究表明,随着NaCl溶液浓度的增加,电吸附量明显增加。在低浓度下,微孔的“电场交叠效应”非常显著。0.6V~2.0V范围的电吸附试验表明,电位在1.5V以下电吸附量随电位改变异常显著,1.5V以后变化趋缓。炭气凝胶电极厚度在0.5nm~1.5mm范围增加时,电吸附量呈现单调减少的趋势。在电压为1.2V厚度为0.5mm时,其电吸附量达到12.7mg/gCA。理想的电吸附电极应富含中孔并尽可能降低电极厚度。     

掺杂钛炭气凝胶电极的制备及电吸附脱盐性能的研究

以间苯二酚、甲醛、钛酸丁酯为原料,分别采用乙醇、异丙醇和水作为溶剂,通过溶胶-凝胶、超临界干燥、高温炭化制备掺杂钛炭气凝胶。通过XRD和TEM分析表明,以乙醇为溶剂可以制备出均匀掺杂锐钛矿晶型的TiO2纳米粒子的炭气凝胶。将制得的掺杂钛炭气凝胶电极应用于电吸附模块进行电吸附脱盐实验,考察了掺杂钛量、电压、溶液浓度对电吸附的影响,以及掺杂钛炭气凝胶电极的循环再生性能。结果表明掺杂TiO2可以极大地抑制物理吸附和提高电吸附量,掺杂20%TiO2的炭气凝胶单位电吸附量是不掺杂TiO2时的4.5倍,其总吸附量接近11mg/g,是一种理想的电吸附电极材料。在1.5V电压下溶液浓度的提高可以提高吸附量,并且经过12次吸附再生过程后掺杂钛炭气凝胶电极的电吸附性能仍然保持稳定,可循环再生性能良好。     

炭气凝胶为电极的超级电容器的研究

采用低分子线性酚醛树脂-糠醛为原料通过溶液．溶胶-凝胶途径成功合成了炭气凝胶．探讨了结构对电化学性能的影响。采用直流循环法测定炭气凝胶为电极的超级电容器的电化学性能,结果表明,炭气凝胶电极在0．5mA充放电时电极的比电容为121F／g．充放电效率为95％．具有性能稳定、充放电效率高等优良性能。     

炭气凝胶为电极的超级电容器电化学性能的研究

炭气凝胶电极的电化学测试表明,炭气凝胶具有性能稳定、充放电效率高、适合于大电流充放电等优良性能.炭气凝胶储电的影响因素主要来自于比表面积、孔容和孔结构分布的综合作用.孔容较大,平均孔径较宽时,储电能力较大,且大孔容对电极材料储电是相当有利的.在高比表面积活性炭中添加不同比例的炭气凝胶,可以提高电极的比电容,炭气凝胶含量为15％时,电极比电容最高.     

负载Ni炭气凝胶的制备及结构性能研究

以间苯二酚、甲醛为原料,添加适量的十二烷基苯磺酸钠,再加入不同浓度的乙酸镍溶液,在85℃水浴中聚合;经溶胶-凝胶、溶剂置换、常压干燥和1000℃氮气气氛下热解,得到负载不同含量金属Ni的炭气凝胶.利用透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电境(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积及孔径分析(BET)和直流充放电测试等手段,对比讨论了负载不同含量金属Ni对炭气凝胶的结构和性能的影响.结果表明,这种方法可以均匀地将Ni纳米粒子分散于炭气凝胶中;适量的金属Ni可使发气凝胶的比表面积及充放电性能得到显著提高;如负载Ni含量过高则炭气凝胶石墨化程度增加.     

纳米多孔材料炭气凝胶及其在电吸附领域的应用

炭气凝胶作为一种新型具有特殊无定型结构的功能材料引起了各国研究者的极大兴趣.随着电吸附理论的发展,炭气凝胶日益成为具有诱人发展前景的电吸附材料.阐述了炭气凝胶的发展、研究动态及应用前景,探讨了电吸附理论及其基本原理,着重就炭气凝胶在电吸附领域的工业应用进行论述.     

亲水基团对有机和炭气凝胶孔结构的影响

热固型酚醛树脂、三聚氰胺、间甲酚和甲醛水溶液在碳酸钠催化下,通过溶液-溶胶-凝胶过程合成有机水凝胶,有机水凝胶经溶剂置换、超临界干燥和裂解形成了有机气凝胶和炭气凝胶.在固定酚醛树脂浓度、间甲酚/酚醛树脂、甲醛/三聚氰胺、碳酸钠/酚醛树脂比值,改变三聚氰胺/酚醛树脂比值的条件下,研究了亲水基团对有机气凝胶和炭气凝胶孔结构的影响.结果表明:亲水性的三聚氰胺可增加分子间作用力,有利于凝胶的稳定;但增加三聚氰胺会加大有机气凝胶裂解过程中的质量损失,不利于凝胶的稳定.二种因素协同作用决定着炭气凝胶的孔结构、孔容和比表面.     

常压干燥制备炭气凝胶及其电化学行为的研究

以甲酚为原料，添加适量的间苯二酚，在氢氧化钠催化作用下与甲醛聚合，经溶胶凝胶、溶剂置换、常压干燥和900℃炭化过程可制备纳米多孔材料炭气凝胶。N2吸附测试表明所制备炭气凝胶BET比表面积高于500m^2／g，在8nm～20nm范围具有集中的孔径分布，适合于做双电层电容器的电极材料。采用电化学阻抗谱测试电极的电化学行为，结果显示炭气凝胶电极在1mol／L的H2SO4电解液中的体积比电容接近70F／cm^3，质量比电容最高达97F／g。     

有机/无机杂化制备低密度高中孔率炭气凝胶

通过溶胶-凝胶途径,将间苯二酚-甲醛预聚物和二氧化硅溶胶混合,在碱性溶液中制备出有机/无机杂化水凝胶.水凝胶经溶剂置换、超临界干燥、裂解和氢氟酸刻蚀制备得到炭气凝胶.采用氮气吸附法研究了水凝胶向炭气凝胶转化的结构演变规律.固定间苯二酚/甲醛摩尔比为0.5,二氧化硅溶胶浓度为15g/100mL,考察了二氧化硅胶体颗粒的尺寸及间苯二酚和甲醛浓度对炭气凝胶孔隙结构的影响.结果表明:无机二氧化硅溶胶骨架有效减少了有机物在超临界干燥和裂解过程中的体积收缩.中孔率随间苯二酚和甲醛浓度的升高而增加,孔隙率随二氧化硅溶胶粒子的增大而减小.当间苯二酚和甲醛质量分数之和的达到20%时,7nm二氧化硅溶胶体系的密度低达0.22g/cm3,中孔率达到96%,12nm二氧化硅溶胶体系的密度低达0.26g/cm3,中孔率达到98%.     

炭气凝胶的制备及其在超级电容器中的应用研究进展

综述炭气凝胶的制备工艺,介绍炭气凝胶在超级电容器中的应用,论述了炭气凝胶制备工艺-结构-电极性能的关系.     

Removal of trace Cd(II) from water with the manganese oxides/ACF composite electrode

The Manganese oxide/active carbon fiber (MO/ACF) was prepared and its electrosorptive properties of Cd(II) in aqueous solution were investigated. The structure of MO/ACF was characterized with transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the Cd(II) electrosorptive properties of MO/ACF electrodes with different bias potentials, ionic strengths, and loaded amount of manganese oxides were measured and the electrosorption isotherm and kinetics were investigated. The Cd(II) electrosorptive capacity of MO/ACF was 6 times higher than that of pure ACF. The optimal adsorptive bias voltage was 1.5 V and the optimal electrolyte concentration of NaCl was 0.1 mol/L. The adsorption isotherm was agreed well with the Freundlich adsorption model and its maximum electrosorption capacity was 14.88 mg/g by Langmuir model. The higher adsorptive capacity of MO/ACF than that of pure ACF is attributed to higher capacitance and more adsorptive sites of MO/ACF.     

Application of the electrosorption technique to remove Metribuzin pesticide

The present work deals with the removal of Metribuzin from aqueous solutions in a batch and continuous mode using electrosorption technique. This technique is based on the combination of two processes: the adsorption of Metribuzin into activated granular carbon (GAC) column and the application of the electrochemical potential. The effects of various experimental parameters (electrochemical potential, volumetric flow rate and initial Metribuzin concentration) on the removal efficiency were investigated. The pesticide sorption capacity at the breakthrough point of the GAC column reached 22 mg(pesticide)g(GAC)(-1). It was increased by more than 100% when the desired electrical potential (-50 mV/SCE) was applied in comparison with the conventional GAC column in similar experimental conditions without electrical potential. Evenmore, the electrosorption technique reduced considerably the drastic decrease encountered when passing from batch mode to continuous column mode.     

炭材料用作电吸附剂的研究与进展

电吸附剂的研究是开发电吸附技术的关键环节之一。通过评述石墨、颗粒活性炭、活性炭纤维和炭气凝胶四种炭材料作为电吸附剂的研究与进展，不难看出：炭材料的确是一种很有优势和前景的电吸附剂材料．它在去除有机污染物和无机盐(离子)方面都显示了巨大的潜力。因此在开发研究电吸附技术的进程中，不断开发多种炭材料电吸附剂是十分重要而又非常必要的。     

Coprecipitation of radium with barium sulfate from salt solutions

Coprecipitation of radium with barium sulfate from highly concentrated NaCl solutions is studied, including the effects of the initial solution composition, alkaline reagent (CaO, NaOH), supporting electrolyte (NaCl) concentration, and pH. The process is promoted by high NaCl concentration in the initial solution, which is due to structural transformation and change in the sorption activity of the BaSO₄ precipitate in salt solutions. The results obtained were applied to recovery of radium from process solutions in chlorination of loparite concentrates.     

海藻酸钙水凝胶对电刺激的响应行为

以CaCl2为交联剂采用浸渍法制备了海藻酸钙水凝胶,研究了海藻酸钙水凝胶的溶胀吸水率及其电刺激响应行为．结果表明,在NaCl水溶液中,海藻酸钙水凝胶的平衡溶胀比随着NaCl溶液浓度的增大而增大,随着交联剂CaCl2溶液浓度的增大而减小．海藻酸钙水凝胶在NaCl水溶液中在非接触直流电场作用下向负极弯曲,其弯曲速度、弯曲偏转程度和应变随着外加电场强度的增大而增大,随着NaCl溶液离子强度的变化在离子强度I=0．03时出现临界最大值,随着交联剂CaCl2溶液浓度的增大而减小．在周期性电场作用下,海藻酸钙水凝胶的弯曲响应行为具有良好的可逆性．     

Electrosorption behavior of cations with carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibres composite film electrodes

The cost-effective, large area carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibres (CNTs-CNFs) composite film was synthesized on graphite substrate by low pressure and low temperature thermal chemical vapor deposition. Cyclic voltammetry and ac impedance spectroscopy were employed to systematically study the electrochemical properties of CNTs-CNFs film. The electrosorption in salt solutions by CNTs-CNFs film electrodes was studied. It is found that electrosorption of CNTs-CNFs film electrodes is mainly due to Coulombic interaction on the electrical double-layer. Several experiments were conducted to study the ion removal capacity and selectivity of CNTs-CNFs film electrodes, showing that multivalent cations were preferentially adsorbed from the aqueous solution. For cations with same charge, the one with smaller hydrated radius would be more effectively removed.     

Sorption of lead, mercury and cadmium ions in multi-component system using carbon aerogel as adsorbent

In the present study, adsorption of three metal ions Pb(II), Hg(II) and Cd(II) on carbon aerogel a new form of activated carbon has been investigated in mono- and multi-component (binary and tertiary) system. Batch experiments were also carried out for mono- and multi-component systems with varying metal ion concentration (mg/l) to investigate the competitive adsorption characteristics. Many adsorbents have been studied for their adsorption properties pertaining to mono-component solutions of metal ions. However, to treat wastewater with new materials, their performance needs to be ascertained in multi-component system. The scanning electron micrographs (SEM) and EDAX spectrum of carbon aerogel surfaces before and after the adsorbent was equilibrated with the metal ion solution clearly establishes the presence of the metal ions and some surface modifications can be observed on the carbon aerogel particles adsorption with (i) surface chemistry of the pellets on the surface of carbon aerogel and (ii) inside layers of the carbon aerogel. Applicability of the isotherm models namely Freundlich and Langmuir to predict the equilibrium uptake of Pb(II), Hg(II) and Cd(II) in mono-component, binary and tertiary system has also been tested. Langmuir and Freundlich models are found to generally represent the experimental though but not consistently.     

旋涂法制备碳纳米管发电薄膜

采用多次旋涂法在玻璃衬底表面涂覆单壁碳纳米管（SWNT）悬浊液,形成均匀的SWNT薄膜,测量碳纳米管的发电特性,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观测SWNT的分布情况,并用四探针电阻仪测量薄膜不同区域的方块电阻和薄膜的电流-电压（1-V）特性,结果表明,薄膜的I-V曲线线性度和重复度很高。不同浓度的氯化钠（NaCl）溶液以不同的流速流过SWNT薄膜表面,研究薄膜两端感应电势和电路中的电流变化情况。通过分析该变化情况,对SWNT发电机理作进一步阐释。     

AEP作用下溶胶-凝胶法制备纤维素基炭气凝胶及其对水溶液中Cu2+吸附性能

以微晶纤维素为前驱物, 在表面活性剂异辛醇聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯(AEP)作用下进行溶胶-凝胶反应, 经过真空冷冻干燥后得到纤维素气凝胶, 再在600℃惰性气氛中碳化反应制备成炭气凝胶。通过扫描电镜、BET比表面测定和红外光谱表征制备的炭气凝胶孔隙结构及表面官能团, 并采用静态吸附法考察了炭气凝胶对水溶液中铜离子的吸附性能。结果表明, 溶胶-凝胶反应中的AEP能够有效调节和改进制备的炭气溶胶孔隙结构及其吸附性能。添加2%的AEP得到的纤维素凝胶制备炭气凝胶CCA₂孔隙结构发达、均匀, 具有655.4 m²/g的比表面积和0.73 cm³/g的孔容, 对水溶液中Cu²⁺的吸附容量最大可达到86.27 mg/g, 吸附等温线符合Langmiur模型, 吸附过程遵循准二级动力学方程。     

The influence of electrospinning parameters on the morphology and diameter of poly(vinyledene fluoride) nanofibers- effect of sodium chloride

Electrospinning was used to produce PVDF nonwoven fiber mats under varying parameters of polymer concentration, applied voltage, salt content, and spinning distance. The results indicated that both the polymer and salt concentration had a noteworthy influence on both the morphology and diameter of the nanofibers. Improved fiber morphology and increased PVDF fiber diameter were observed as the PVDF concentration was increased. Adding different concentrations of NaCl to the PVDF polymer solution resulted in improved electrospinnability of PVDF resulting in better morphology and with increasing salt content, smaller fiber diameter. In particular increasing the salt content led to well defined fibers in otherwise nonfiber-producing formulations. The applied voltage and spinning distance were also seen to have an influence on the properties of the PVDF nanofibers. Nanofibers without beads were formed under the improved conditions of the different parameters studied.