IMEC Industrial Affiliation Program (IIAP) as IPR model to set up nanotechnology research and patenting

The IP policy of IMEC is to avoid IP blocking among its research and business partners, to secure IPR for partners and to enable publications for researchers. This is achieved by setting up a specially designed Industrial Affiliation Program (referred to as IIAP) with licensing and/or co-ownership of IP between the partners. The business IP model applied within the IIAP model at IMEC is characterised by an open, multi-party approach with non-exclusive licensing as a base-line. The IIAP model is further characterized as an IP model in which dilution of IP is minimized in view of further transferability of technology. Using the cost-based and risk sharing approach of the IIAP program, an enhanced progress within new technology domains such as nanotechnology is obtained.     

Insight into weak enforcement of intellectual property rights in China

Based on the combination of institutional theory and a literature review, the paper contemplates the weak enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in China by legal, economic, political, social, and cultural institutions. It indicates that the legal system cannot be solely responsible for weak enforcement of IPRs. Only by changing the whole IP institutional environment over time will IPRs be well enforced. IP environment analysis and corresponding proactive actions are suggested for foreign companies to overcome institutional barriers in the environment. The paper also puts forward advice to Chinese policymakers on improving the whole IP environment.     

Examining the trajectory of a standard for patent classification: An institutional account of a technical cooperation between EPO and USPTO

This paper explores the dynamics of standardization practices associated with patent classification and discusses the technical, legal and policy implications of standard-setting for patent classification. Therefore, this paper aims to fill a gap in the literature on knowledge management, based on an analysis of the development and implementation of Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC). This paper examines the processes of developing a standard for classifying patent applications from the perspective of Actor-Network Theory (ANT). Our findings reveal that standardization in the context of patent classification is primarily shaped by the interaction involving patent offices that belong to the IP5 group. Furthermore, we found evidence that the CPC standard can be regarded as a response to the demands posed by innovative firms requiring accurate patent classification to provide secure protection for their new technologies.     

Popularity of patent commercialization policies: Iran as a case

Commercialization of technologies has attracted increasing attention over the past years due to its role in improving national competitiveness. Iran has not been an exception as the country's policy-makers have been actively engaged in crafting national policies to facilitate and promote commercialization of technologies. The popularity of the existing policies in this field, however, has not been properly researched. Our research, by following a survey study methodology, aims for the first time to address this gap. The study looks at popularity of governmental policies aimed at supporting commercialization of patented technologies in Iran, based on the careful study of 10 cases of successfully commercialized patented technologies in Iran. Our results indicate that the commercialization process of the studied patented technologies was very much affected by some company/technology-specific characteristics. The study shows that the two policy measures with the highest perceived popularity were the financial supports and the services offered by incubation centers. Our results also show that some of the existing supportive policy measures did not serve the intended purposes and some other measures need to be fine-tuned, as far as the studied cases are concerned, such as frequently held invention and innovation exhibitions and the government-supported media coverage.     

Effect of imidazolium phosphate and multiwalled carbon nanotubes on thermal stability and flame retardancy of polylactide

A series of composites based on polylactide (PLA), have been prepared by melt-blending with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and Tri(1-hydroxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) phosphate (IP) functionalized MWNT (MIP). The morphology, thermal stability and burning behavior of the composites were investigated by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Cone Calorimeter Test (CCT), respectively. Significant improvement in fire retardant performance was observed for the PLA/MIP composite from CCT (reducing both the heat release rate and the total heat release) and TGA (increasing the char residue) compared to PLA/MWNT. SEM and Raman spectroscopy were utilized to explore the surface morphology and chemical structure of the char residues. It revealed that the catalytic charring effect of IP, the physical crosslinking effect of MWNT, and the combined effect of both IP and MWNT (forming continuous and compact char layers) were very efficient in improving the flame retarding properties of PLA/MIP composite.     

Roots and development of intellectual property management research: A bibliometric review

In recent years, intellectual property (IP) has become a crucial aspect in modern management practices, especially for innovative technology-based organizations. Correspondingly, growing numbers of studies are conducted each year to address various aspects of IP management (IPM). Nevertheless, the research field is still relatively fragmented and researchers lack a systematic understanding of the existing body of knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the underlying knowledge structure and the evolution of IPM research. To accomplish this goal, we analyzed 773 source articles published between 1980 and 2012 using bibliometric techniques including citation and co-citation analysis. We broadly searched for research articles that focused on IP management in the two largest academic databases (Web of Science and Scopus) and manually refined the search results. The results indicate that intellectual property management is a fast-growing research field with theoretical roots in law, economics, and management. Based on the citation data, we identified the most cited studies that form the intellectual core of IPM research. A co-citation diagram was plotted and five main research themes were uncovered. The center of the diagram is formed by studies on the role of IP in improving firms' appropriability. Surrounding the center are studies on the openness of IP strategy and the economic impact of the patent system; the former has become a heated topic over the recent decade, while the latter has lost popularity. Another two groups of studies emerged at the rear of the diagram, namely IP valuation and optimal IP licensing strategy. The article concludes by providing suggestions and implications for future research.     

Effect of EPR coefficient policy on the production decision in precious metal accessory recycling

This study examines the effect of the extended producer responsibility (EPR) coefficient policy on the production decision between a supplier and a manufacturer in a precious metal accessory recycling supply chain. EPR coefficient is a regulation proposed by the government and enterprises to balance economic profit and EPR behaviour, and refers to the production proportion of recycled products in all serviceable products. Enterprises with a large EPR coefficient have good EPR practice. This study uses the newsvendor model and numerical simulation to study a supply chain system with remanufacturing and reproduction processes. Results show that the optimal recycling mode and the optimal EPR coefficient are always present in precious metal accessory operations. The increasing market demand for recycled products and the improving whole recycling parameters are both effective in enlarging the optimal EPR coefficient. However, the improvement of single or partial recycling parameters (except the market demand parameter) has no effect on the optimal EPR coefficient. The implementation mechanism and applicable conditions of the EPR coefficient policy are also explored. This study indicates that the EPR coefficient policy is an appropriate and effective approach to promote the EPR practice of the Chinese Government.     

IP家庭网络的服务质量架构研究

经过对IP网络和家庭网络服务体系的客观分析,提出了基于策略的IP家庭网络QoS保证架构.它融合了数据平面、控制平面和管理平面,可以与现有的IPQoS体系无缝连接,支持高质量的语音和视频服务.该结构对其他设备的依赖程度低,适应异构、复杂的家庭网络环境.通过在863项目中的应用,验证了该系统架构对IPTV、VoD及VoIP等多媒体业务的支持.     

Compressive properties of high-pressure die cast IP 75 alloy with strengthening Laves phase

The NiAl-2Ta-7.5Cr-0.5Nb alloys (IP 75 alloy) were prepared by high-pressure die cast (HPDC), and tested for compressible strength and fracture behavior in the temperature range 300-1373 K. The fine structures with a homogeneous distribution of Laves phase at the boundary regions created by high-pressure die cast led to improvements in both the compressible yield strength and fracture strain. The high temperature (1373 K) 0.2% compressible yield strength of the HDC IP 75 alloy (160 MPa) is larger than that of the IP 75 alloys prepared by other processes. The room-temperature compressible fracture strain of the HDC IP 75 (14%) is also superior to the IP 75 alloy (5%) prepared by an ingot-casting process. The effects of size refinement and the more homogenous distribution of Laves phase and the formation of a ductile Cr-rich phase due to a rapid solidification contribute to the increments of the compressible yield strength and the fracture strain of the HPDC alloy.     

Strategies for managing intellectual property value: A systematic review

Growing trends in the development and application of intellectual property (IP) witnessed in recent years suggest an expanding role of technology and innovation in global economies and daily life. Such trends account for increasing research interest in strategies for the management of IP and potential opportunities for broadening the scope of IP value. This study reviews 168 journal articles on IP value, identifying main research concepts and strategies for managing IP value. Using insights from the review, the study provides a multi-level framework describing the dominant logic and key factors for managing IP value. The framework proposes a network-dominant logic for collaboration, which collects and generates collective IP value, and a risk-dominant logic for management, which evaluates and mitigates possible IP value loss. The study also contains recommendations on some potential future research directions for studying IP value.     

从IP分组转发到IP分组标记交换

对“交换”的本质和IP与交换的关系进行了反思,提出了直接基于带标坊的IP分组的交换机制（称为IP分组标记交换）。它将IP路由和交换、QoS统一起来,为未来的多媒体因特网提供了全新的技术平台。     

Einsatztiefe der Industriellen Plasma‐ Oberflächentechnik im Maschinen‐ und Anlagenbau

The following article summarizes the main results of a market study about the use of Industrial Plasma‐Surface Treatment (IPS) in the German machinery and plant manufacturing branch conducted by the VDMA surface technology group. The results of the survey verify that during the past 20 years plasma‐based processes have become a state‐of‐the‐art technology. Today, more than 50 % of companies in the machinery and plant manufacturing industry employ IPS. Most of them prefer surface treatment of their products on a job coating basis. Merely some of the large suppliers have already acquired coating machines. The technology is particularly popular with manufacturers of precision tools and printing and paper equipment. The dominating argument for using plasma‐supported surface treatment within all segments of machine and plant construction is wearing protection of highly stressed tools. Other advantages of the technology are reduction of friction and the protection of metal against corrosion. At present a higher diffusion rate of IPS into the markets seems to be limited due to high costs and a qualification lag in the potential application sectors. Continuing public relation campains by suppliers, policy and assosications will achieve an improved level of utilisation in the near future.     

Are patent trade wars impeding innovation and development?

When patents support anti-competitive conduct, innovation can be damaged not only by lack of market access but by the prohibitive costs of litigation. The creation of patent barriers is inconsistent with IP protection and enforcement agreed upon under the World Trade Organization and trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (‘TRIPS’). The study uses the US Apple v HTC IP legal case to investigate anti-competitive market behavior and trade barriers. The research provides a formal patent analytic methodology and the case analysis result. The research method tests whether patent conflicts and technical trade barriers are significantly encouraged by existing IP laws.     

IP Intermediaries in Europe: A Web Content Analysis

Transactions in intellectual property (IP) assets occur either directly or with the assistance of a third party. Focusing on the latter, this paper explores IP, notably patent, intermediaries in Europe. Previous research mainly focused on more developed IP markets such as the Unites States and Japan, and little attention was paid to IP specialist firms in the European market for technology. Using online publicly available data from IP firm directories, we describe the geography of IP intermediaries operating in Europe along with other functional characteristics. Applying a content analysis technique to the activities reported on IP intermediaries' websites, we derive information on their service offerings and degree of specialization. By examining IP intermediaries' characteristics, their services and the relationships between them, we discuss the co-evolution of IP intermediaries and the European market for technology. The limitations of the study and avenues for further research are presented finally.     

Characterization and Surface Properties of Bentonites in the Separation Process of Iron(III)

Bentonite is an aluminum phyllosilicate, a clay consisting mainly of nanocrystalin particles of montmorillonite adsorbent. In this study, the physiochemical analyses of cation exchange capacity (CEC) measurements, methylene blue index (MBI), and characterization of bentonites for separation applications are examined. Some characterizations of bentonite particles such as surface properties were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), and Barret-Johner-Halenda (BJH) pore size distribution measurements. The adsorption of Fe(III) from a 0.01 N solution using bentonites has also been studied. The result showed that the amount of clay minerals (motmorillonite) is very high in sample A2 (from deposits of Toroud, Semnan Province of Iran). Results also show the MBI and CEC along with montmorillonite content were effective parameters on Fe(III) separation. Iron separation with removal efficiency of 52% for sample A1 (from deposits of Toroud, Semnan Province of Iran) is due to the difference in surface active doners (like O), silica entities with more homogeneous surface negative charge, interaction forces, and CEC.     

世界知识产权组织ST.36与ST.96标准的比较研究

本文通过对WIPO的XML专利旧数据标准ST.36和ST.96多方面的比较和研究,增进对WIPO新标准的理解,探索未来WIPO标准的发展动向,以期为我国知识产权行业的数据业务发展提供一定的借鉴.     

基于相对密度的DNS请求数据流源IP异常检测算法

研究了域名系统(DNS)的异常检测.通过对基于相对密度的离群点检测算法的研究,提出了一种基于相对密度的DNS请求数据流源IP异常检测算法.该算法计算每个源IP的相对密度,并将该密度的倒数作为其异常值评分;在计算相对密度时,从查询次数、源端口熵值、所请求非法域名占比等9个维度来表示一个源IP.试验结果表明,这种基于相对密度的源IP异常检测方法,能正确地根据各个源IP不同的异常程度,给出其相应的异常值评分.     

Information technology strategy for a patient-oriented,lean, and agile integration of hospital pharmacy and medical equipment supply chains

Both public and private hospitals are increasingly under pressure to reduce costs while improving patient care across all medical disciplines and departments. Hospitals must become patient-oriented, lean, and agile in order to properly realign and integrate health care processes, helping to reconcile efficiency imperatives with patient needs and hospital mission. One of the highest potential for improvement can be found in supply chain management (SCM) practices for medical supplies, which often represent more than 40% of a hospital’s operating budget. We report on 3 case studies of business process management and reengineering projects, relying on advanced information technology, focused on the supply chains of two major urban hospitals, involving $2 million in minimum stocks for drug inventory. Case study 1 deals with an in-depth analysis of SCM practices around a key medical asset in pharmaceutical supply, i.e. infusion pumps. Case study 2 builds upon the findings of case 1, and proposes an radio-frequency identification solution to support a new hospital-wide asset location process and system, aiming for just-in-time availability of infusion pumps for critical drugs administration. Case study 3 complements cases 1 and 2 by analysing the feasibility of integrating the various components of the hospital pharmacy inventories, which in turn could be integrated to asset location systems. Our 3 case studies lead us to a number of conclusions on how hospitals can develop a patient-oriented, agile, and lean perspectives and practices, as well as ensure the proper integration of patient needs within optimised supply chains.     

IP组播路由协议的研究与实现

概述了组播路由协议，分析了协议独立的组播路由－稀疏模式（PIM－SM）的缺陷，提出多个会聚点（RPs)的PIM－SM的改进机制，多个RPs机制有效地提高了原有单个RP的PIM－SM协议的健壮性，有利于实现负载均衡、分类业务及提高系统的容错性能，并讨论多个RPs机制的开销问题。分析了PIM－SM实现细节和组播技术的前景。     

含聚二甲基硅氧烷聚氨酯(脲)的研究进展

综述了聚二甲基硅氧烷聚氨酯（脲）的合成及类型，讨论了材料本体相态结构特点和表面性质，总结了提高本体相容性的途径和表面表征方法，简要介绍了其性能与应用。