A design model of FBS based on interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy sets

The FBS (Function-Behaviour-Structure) model is a research model that stimulates creative thinking of designers in the design process. In order to reduce the influence of user requirement ambiguity on design results in the product design process and improve the accuracy of user requirements in the function-behavior-structure (FBS) design model, this paper proposes an interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy set-based FBS model integrating AHP and HOQ methods. Firstly, the design model will use IVPF-AHP method to study user requirements and use interval-valued Pythagorean linguistic terms to replace the traditional scoring method of AHP to get the weight of each user requirement. Secondly, the conversion between user requirements and functions will be realized by IVPF-HOQ method, which converts customer requirements into functional characteristics and calculates the weights of each functional characteristic. Finally, the design focus will be filtered according to the order of importance of the functional characteristics, which will be used as functions to guide the development of the FBS model. In this paper, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method will be verified by an application example of a hand-held fluorescence spectrometer. The results show that the proposed FBS model can effectively reduce the subjectivity and ambiguity in the decision-making process, improve the accuracy and information richness of user requirements, and effectively highlight the focus of the design study. The innovation of the proposed method is to provide a more objective and accurate innovative design method for user requirements through the integration of AHP, HOQ and FBS to effectively explore and analyze user requirements. The use of IVPFS to deal with fuzzy information in the design process in a more flexible manner can reduce the ambiguity of requirements when user data is small, and effectively improve the limitations of the FBS design model which is more subjective.     

免疫遗传算法的混合动力汽车多目标优化

以混合动力汽车传动系统参数与控制策略参数为优化变量,以最小燃油消耗和尾气排放量（CO+HC+NOx）为优化目标,以动力性能与电池荷电状态平衡作为约束条件,建立多目标优化模型,并使用权重系数法将多目标函数优化问题转化为单目标问题。提出了基于免疫遗传算法优化混合动力汽车参数的优化方法,该算法采用实数编码,通过调用ADVISOR的后台函数,建立联合优化仿真模型。仿真结果表明,该算法可有效降低车辆的燃油消耗,减少CO与HC排放量,能够较好地解决带有约束的混合动力汽车的多目标多参数优化问题,可以获得一组具有低油耗与低污染物排放的传动系统与控制策略参数,供决策者选择。     

Mass Market Applications for Real Time 3D Graphics

This paper discusses the applicability of real time 3D image synthesis to mass market products. Likely application areas are covered. There is discussion of the man machine interface problems arising in systems where it has to be assumed that little or no training will be provided. A research prototype package, a kitchen designer which allows a user to design and view a kitchen in real time, is described in some detail. Emphasis is given to aspects of the user interface design such as 3D navigational aids. Finally there is consideration of the system performance level required.     

A physical database design evaluation system for CODASYL databases

An interactive design tool for designing CODASYL databases is described. The system is composed of three main modules: a user interface, a transaction analyzer, and a core module. The user interface allows a designer to enter interactively information concerning a database design which is to be evaluated. The transaction analyzer allows the designer to specify the processing requirements in terms of typical logical transactions to be executed against the database and translates these logical transaction into physical transaction which access and manipulate the physical databases. The core module is the implementation of a set of analytical models and cost formulas developed for the manipulation of indexed sequential and hash-based files and CODASYL sets. These models and formulas account for the situation in which occurrences of multiple record types are stored in the same area. Also presented are the results of a series of experiments in which key design parameters are varied. The system is implemented in UCSD Pascal running on IBM PCs     

运动控制器在丁字管加工机上的应用

开放式运动控制器为设计师提供了灵活的使用环境和方法,使设计师能设计出满足特殊需求的系统。使用开放式运动控制器开发的数控丁字管加工机,向用户提供了参数化编程方式,大大简化了用户的使用方法,降低了用户操作培训成本。     

AIR-MODELLING: A tool for gesture-based solid modelling in context during early design stages in AR environments

Augmented reality (AR) technologies are just being used as interface in CAD tools allowing the user to perceive 3D models over a real environment. The influence of the use of AR in the conceptualization of products whose configuration, shape and dimensions depend mainly on the context remains unexplored. We aimed to prove that modelling in AR environments allows to use the context in real-time as an information input for making the iterative design process more efficient. In order to prove that, we developed a tool called AIR-MODELLING in which the designer is able to create virtual conceptual products by hand gestures meanwhile he/she is interacting directly with the real scenario. We conducted a test for comparing designers’ performance using AIR-MODELLING and a traditional CAD system. We obtained an average reduction of 44% on the modeling time in 76% of the cases. We found that modelling in AR environments using the hands as interface allows the designer to quickly and efficiently conceptualize potential solutions using the spatial restrictions of the context as an information input in real-time. Additionally, modelling in a natural scale, directly over the real scene, prevents the designer from drawing his/her attention on dimensional details and allows him/her to focus on the product itself and its relation with the environment.     

Design process excludes users: the co-creation activities between user and designer

User needs are a fundamental element of design. If the design process does not properly reflect user needs, the design will be severely compromised. Therefore, it is worthwhile to investigate how the user is, and user needs are, understood in the design process. In this article, three accepted linear process models for web site and interactive media design are reviewed in terms of the designer and user participation. The article then proposes a user-evolving collaborative design process which is built on co-creation activities between designer and user. Co-creation activities across the entire design process structurally and ontologically reposition the users, and user needs, centrally, which allows the designers to holistically approach to the user needs through building a partnership with the users. Co-creation creates an equal evolving participatory process between user and designer towards sharing values and knowledge and creating new domains of collective creativity.     

User interface specification with sequence diagrams: an application to the AIRBUS A380 Datalink system

The development of user interfaces for safety critical systems is driven by requirements specifications. Because user interface specifications are typically embedded within complex systems requirements specifications, they can be intractable to manage. Proprietary requirements specification tools do not support the user interface designer in modelling and specifying the user interface. In this paper, a new way of working with embedded user interface specifications is proposed, exploiting sequence diagrams with a hypertext structure for representing and retrieving use cases. This new tool concept is assessed through an application to the requirements specification for the Airbus A380 air traffic control Datalink system; engineers involved in the development of the Airbus cockpit used a prototype of the tool concept to resolve a set of user interface design anomalies in the requirements specification. The results of the study are positive and indicate the user interface to requirements specification tools which user interface designers themselves need.     

An integrated component design approach to the development of a design information system for customer-oriented product design

In product design, the designer must draw upon many different types of information including both product-user requirements and design developments in related fields. As each designer has his/her own subjective opinion, an appropriate link between the user requirements and design features must be carefully developed to generate the most suitable design recommendation.The objective of this research is to develop a component design approach for the generation and evaluation of feasible design alternatives to help designers make the most effective design decisions. The development of the approach is based on the concept of component design and interaction links between user requirements and design output parameter values so that the design alternatives can be generated. A confidence interval for order statistics is then used to determine if enough unique feasible design alternatives have been generated. The research is presented in conjunction with a ballpoint pen design to demonstrate the feasibility and advantages of this approach.The results should provide designers with a useful method for the development of a design information system that will efficiently generate and evaluate a set of feasible design alternatives in product design process.     

Object-oriented specification of user interfaces

This paper presents an object-oriented approach for the specification of graphical user interfaces. Specification starts with the analysis of the end user's operations. The user interface is then designed on the basis of this analysis. Operation analysis is followed by structure and component specification which presents the dialogue structure of the application and the contents of each dialogue. Visualization produces the final screen layouts, and task specification documents the usage of the user interface for the purpose of creating user's guides. The method presented in this paper makes it easier for a designer to take the end user's needs into account. Still, it does not automatically guarantee good quality user interfaces. The top-down nature of the method allows the designer to concentrate on the most important aspects of the user interface and split the design procedure into manageable pieces. Also, the visibility of the process allows the designer to communicate with other people while specifying the user interface. This paper connects the method with the object-oriented specification of entire applications. It briefly explains the connections with object-oriented analysis and design, and demonstrates how to implement the specified user interface in an object oriented fashion. The approach presented in this paper is being applied in the development of a large network management system with about two million lines of C++ code running in the XII environment. Still, the method does not require the specification being implemented with any specific windowing system. The only requirement is that the user interface is based on graphical elements, such as dialogues, push-buttons and text fields.     

Supporting user participation design using a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process approach

There are three fundamental problems that may occur in the process of user participation design: first, the participants/users may not be able to express their requirements clearly; second, they have little knowledge about design; and third, they are generally unfamiliar with the software that designers use. Based on this understanding, a method that considers design rationale is proposed in this work to support the process of user participation design. In addressing the user participation process, a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach is applied to grasp people's ideas, in the initial design phase. A case study on creating house layout design is employed to illustrate the proposed approach. In this regard, to help participants/users create layout designs, it is proposed that a 3D generative system is used, which integrates navigational concepts, direct manipulation, and the design rationale theory. In a nutshell, this research proposes a system to implement a design rational model and improve design communication in the user participation process. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed prototype system, a user test is performed and we put forward some findings and research questions for further research and industry practices.     

交互式遗传算法在室内布局设计中的应用

室内平面设计是在房地产开发商交付的毛坯房进行装修过程中首当其冲的步骤, 符合用户个性化需求的平面图设计是典型的隐性优化问题. 室内设计工程师与用户之间的沟通很难准确获取用户需求, 且成本极高. 基于最优法则理论, 通过交互式遗传算法中的人机交互模式, 用主观评价替代繁琐的适应值函数设计来解决上述挑战. 实验表明, 该算法能有效满足平面图设计过程中客户的个性化需求, 改进的交互式遗传算法将用户的主观评价引入到传统的设计流程, 让用户真正参与到设计工作中.     

Efficient FPGA implementation and verification of difference expansion based reversible watermarking with improved time and resource utilization

This paper presents Xilinx System Generator (XSG) model design for realization of reversible watermarking algorithm using Difference Expansion (DE) approach in System-On-Chip (SoC) Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) environment. The reversible watermarking is verified by taking a (4 × 4) sized test image and is applicable for larger sizes of cover images. The outcomes of the result demonstrate that the proposed structural design allows combining MATLAB-Simulink and XSG during graphical user interface for image processing applications. The superiority of the algorithm is justified by using comparative analysis with some well-known methods in both software and hardware environments. The method provides effectively higher PSNR at higher embedding capacity. It is also found that the method requires less time and hardware resources with throughput of 13.516 Mb/s at operational frequency of 80 MHz for real time implementation using FPGA.     

交互式遗传的3维场景扩展

目的 实现良好的用户体验是3维游戏场景设计的重要目的之一。目前3维场景设计通常多由美术设计师进行创作而非建筑设计及景观规划领域人员,场景空间组织方式没有充分考虑到用户体验,同时由于大型3维场景的制作周期过长,设计效率普遍较低。上述现象直接导致游戏用户在3维游戏场景中交互的体验感较差,但是该问题一直以来没有较好的方法予以解决,也没有引起相关领域研究者的重视。本文提出一种基于交互式遗传的多手段协同操作方法,其目的为实现更加高效、合理的批量生成大型场景单元,并改善空间组织方式,以获得良好的游戏用户体验感。方法 本文方法主要通过特征聚类、蚁群算法空间布局优化及交互式遗传算法评价的方式来解决交互性差的问题。通过自学习方式进行场景建筑布局及立面层次进行特征聚类,并通过基于包围盒的蚁群优化算法进行场景组织的布局优化,最后结合交互式遗传算法引入用户评价来获得特征适应值评估从而得到新扩展的场景,该方法实现了重构场景的良好用户体验性及空间组织方式的合理性。结果 对小型场景进行扩展和对单体建筑的布局进行重构,该方法所得到的新的场景具有良好的空间组织结构,基于用户评价通过交互式遗传算法以用户喜好的评价驱动进化,扩展后的场景反映了真实用户的主观感受并取得较为令人满意的效果,提高了用户体验的友好性。结论 提出一种基于交互式遗传算法的场景重构方法,通过选择特定场景样本进行算法的实现,结果表明该方法具有可行性,并实现了较好的效果。本文方法对于游戏场景设计、文物古迹复原及系统仿真领域具有现实意义和研究价值。     

Automated design process modelling and analysis using immersive virtual reality

The capture of engineering design processes and associated knowledge has traditionally been extremely difficult due to the high overhead associated with current intrusive and time-consuming manual methods used in industry, usually involving interruption of the designer during the design task and relying on them to remember how a design solution was developed after the event. This paper presents novel research which demonstrates how the detailed logging and analysis of an individual designer’s actions in a cable harness virtual reality (VR) design and manufacturing system permits automated design task analysis with process mapping. Based on prior research, which utilised user-logging to automatically analyse design activities and generate assembly plans, this work involves the automatic capture of extracted design knowledge embedded within the log files and subsequently represented using IDEF0 diagrams, DRed graphs, PSL, XML, annotated movie clips and storyboard representations. Using this design knowledge, an online help system has been demonstrated which helps users to carry out design tasks similar to those performed previously by expert users. This is triggered by monitoring the designer’s actions and functions in real time and pushes knowledge and advice to the user which was captured from experts and subsequently formalised during earlier design sessions.     

移动群智感知中面向任务需求的用户选择激励机制

现有的移动群智感知激励机制大多以平台为中心或是以用户为中心进行设计，缺乏对感知任务需求的多维考虑，从而无法切实地以任务为中心进行用户选择，导致无法满足任务需求的最大化和多样化。针对上述问题，提出一种面向任务需求的用户选择激励机制TRIM，这是一种以任务为中心的设计方法。首先，感知平台根据任务需求发布感知任务，并从任务类型、时空特性以及感知报酬等多维度构建任务向量以最大化满足任务需求，而感知用户则基于意愿偏好、个人贡献值以及期望报酬等属性构建用户向量，实现个性化选择感知任务参与响应；然后，通过引入高效且隐私保护的余弦相似度计算协议（PCSC），计算任务和用户的相似度并根据相似度高低进行用户匹配筛选得到目标用户集，更好地满足感知任务需求的同时保护用户隐私不泄露；最后，通过仿真实验表明，在感知任务和感知用户的匹配过程中，与采用Paillier加密协议的激励机制相比，TRIM缩短了指数级增量的计算时间开销，提高了计算效率；与采用直接余弦相似度计算协议的激励机制相比，TRIM保证了感知用户的隐私安全，达到了98%的匹配精确度。     

Prototyping and analysing ubiquitous computing environments using multiple layers

If ubiquitous computing (ubicomp) is to enhance physical environments then early and accurate assessment of alternative solutions will be necessary to avoid costly deployment of systems that fail to meet requirements. This paper presents APEX, a prototyping framework that combines a 3D Application Server with a behaviour modeling tool. The contribution of this framework is that it allows exhaustive analysis of the behaviour models that drive the prototype while at the same time enabling immersive exploration of a virtual environment simulating the proposed system. The development of prototypes is supported through three layers: a simulation layer (using OpenSimulator); a modelling layer (using CPN Tools) and a physical layer (using external devices and real users). APEX allows movement between these layers to analyse different features, from user experience to user behaviour. The multi layer approach makes it possible to express user behaviour in the modelling layer, provides a way to reduce the number of real users needed by adding simulated avatars, and supports user testing of hybrids of virtual and real components as well as exhaustive analysis. This paper demonstrates the approach by means of an example, placing particular emphasis on the simulation of virtual environments, low cost prototyping and the formal analysis capabilities.     

Structural approach to design user interface

The analysis of the interactive relations among interface elements using a structuralized method can help user interface designers to satisfy the different requirements of design and improve design efficiency. This study develops a three-stage structured user interface design approach for complex information systems consisting of multiple components. First, the Quality Function Development (QFD) approach is used to confirm the user's design demand and its mapping components. Next, the Interpretive Structural Model (ISM) technique is adopted to construct a clear model of a hierarchical structure. Finally, the Impact Matrix Cross-Reference Multiplication Applied to a Classification (MICMAC) approach is employed to analyze the effect and dependence among the overall design components, and to consider the relationship network graph of distribution of components in the system. The research approach applies the Web mail system as its case study. Through the empirical study of web-based system, interface designers can effectively grasp a user's differentiated demand that changes rapidly and reflect it in the combination of designed components. This study establishes a strategy for creating an information system design pattern with multiple components is by building a hierarchical structure and analyzing the component distribution.     

A framework for modular analysis and exploration of heterogeneous embedded systems

The increasing complexity of heterogeneous systems-on-chip, SoC, and distributed embedded systems makes system optimization and exploration a challenging task. Ideally, a designer would try all possible system configurations and choose the best one regarding specific system requirements. Unfortunately, such an approach is not possible because of the tremendous number of design parameters with sophisticated effects on system properties. Consequently, good search techniques are needed to find design alternatives that best meet constraints and cost criteria. In this paper, we present a compositional design space exploration framework for system optimization and exploration using SymTA/S, a software tool for formal performance analysis. In contrast to many previous approaches pursuing closed automated exploration strategies over large sets of system parameters, our approach allows the designer to effectively control the exploration process to quickly find good design alternatives. An important aspect and key novelty of our approach is system optimization with traffic shaping.     

设计旨在沟通：功能性产品设计中的三种语言

设计是人类移情作用的产物,旨在建立设计师与用户之间的双向沟通,达成双方的相互理解。然而,在功能性产品设计过程中,设计师的“命令”、产品的“应答”和用户的“请求”这三种语言之间存在着差别。文章旨在分析研究功能性产品设计过程中三种语言的交流过程,提出符合沟通逻辑的设计原则,对产品的用户需求满足起到一定的参考意义。