Bottlenecks and Countermeasures of High-Penetration Renewable Energy Development in China

China has become the world’s largest producer and consumer of energy, and ranks first in its wind and solar power installation capacity. However, serious wind and solar curtailment in China has significantly hindered the development and utilization of renewable energy. To address problems in the consumption of renewable energy, this paper analyzes four key factors affecting the capacity of power generated from renewable energy sources: power balance, power regulation performance, transmission capacity, and load level. Focusing on these bottlenecks, we propose seven solutions: centralized and distributed development of renewable energy, improving the peak-load regulation flexibility of thermal power, increasing the proportion of gas turbines and pumped-hydropower storage, construction of transmission channels and a flexible smart grid developing demand response and virtual power plants, adopting new energy active support and energy storage, and establishing appropriate policies and market mechanisms. The Chinese Government and energy authorities have issued a series of policies and measures, and in the past three years, China has had remarkable achievements in the adoption of renewable energy. The rate of idle wind capacity decreased from 17% in 2016 to 7% in 2018, and that of solar decreased from 10% in 2016 to 3% in 2018.     

Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Making for Solar Power Plant Location Selection

Vietnam is one of Southeast Asian countries with a rapid GDP growth rate, ranging from 6.5% to 7% annually, leading to an average increase in energy demand of 11% per year. This demand creates many new opportunities in the energy industry, especially renewable energy, to ensure sustainable development in the future for the country with applications of solar energy growing at the present, and other opportunities to expand in the future. In Vietnam, thanks to favorable weather, climate, terrain characteristics and many preferential support policies, there are many great opportunities in the field of solar energy exploitation and application. Location selection is an important problem in all renewable energy projects. Therefore, the author proposed a fuzzy Multi-criteria Decision-Making Model (MCDM) model for solar power plant location selection in this study, and as a result, location 5 is the optimal solution. The contribution of this study is to propose a MCDM for solar power plant location selection in Vietnam under fuzzy environmental conditions.     

Energy transition toward carbon-neutrality in China: Pathways,implications and uncertainties

Achieving carbon neutrality in China before 2060 requires a radical energy transition. To identify the possible transition pathways of China’s energy system, this study presents a scenario-based assessment using the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) model. China could peak the carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions before 2030 with current policies, while carbon neutrality entails a reduction of 7.8 Gt CO₂ in emissions in 2060 and requires an energy system overhaul. The assessment of the relationship between the energy transition and energy return on investment (EROI) reveals that energy transition may decrease the EROI, which would trigger increased energy investment, energy demand, and emissions. Uncertainty analysis further shows that the slow renewable energy integration policies and carbon capture and storage (CCS) penetration pace could hinder the emission mitigation, and the possible fossil fuel shortage calls for a much rapid proliferation of wind and solar power. Results suggest a continuation of the current preferential policies for renewables and further research and development on deployment of CCS. The results also indicate the need for backup capacities to enhance the energy security during the transition.     

快递包装的能耗现状及对策分析

目的 研究我国快递包装材料带来的环境污染、资源浪费以及其隐形能耗问题,并结合当前的法律法规体系提出对策。方法 通过数据收集和实地调研,对快递包装材料进行生命周期评价;基于文献综述和市场调研,梳理关于快递包装的现行法律法规政策。结果 2017年3种快递包装材料（瓦楞纸箱、塑料袋和胶带）的全球变暖潜力相当于燃煤发电系统生产1.58×1010 kW?h电力的排放量,占2017年全国总发电量的0.24%,相当于当年生物质发电量的20%。全球变暖潜力再加上快递包装材料生命周期中的能源消耗,占2017年全国总发电量的1.12%,相当于生物质发电量的92%。在快递包装材料的生命周期中,生产和使用阶段消耗了接近79%的能量。结论 根据当前快递包装产业的法律法规体系研究,我国快递包装产业管理系统尚不完善,基于生命周期评价的数据分析,快递包装材料的能耗和环境污染问题急需得到重视。     

Indian nuclear power programme – Past, present and future

The country is facing energy shortages at present for the connected load. A large population even now does not have access to electricity. As the economy expands and the population increases, the country will need to generate even more power to meet the growing demand. Resources of energy are experiencing constraints to meet the current demand. The generating capacities in the country are underperforming at present because of fuel supply constraint. Analysis in the Energy Policy document hints that conventional fuel resources will begin to exhaust by middle of the century. All these indicate that for India to be able to meet its growing demand, nuclear and solar power could provide energy security in the long term. The first stage of commercially successful nuclear power programme has indicated that country has command on the technology through its own R&D base built since the beginning of establishing Department of Atomic Energy. On this strength it could withstand the technology denial regime for years. The second stage (Fast Breeder Reactor) programme has been initiated. Given the scientific and technological capability demonstrated so far, the technology required for optimizing the second stage programme and launching the third stage programme can be developed to assure long term energy security at the desired capacity.     

Impact of renewable energy on rural electrification in Malaysia: a review

Malaysia is rich in renewable energy (RE) resources. Hybrid systems of these resources can contribute strongly to the electrification and sustainable development of rural areas that do not have access to electricity grids. The integration of the generation of hybrid renewable power in remote and rural areas supplies the required power demand and mitigates emissions. Thus, this study reviews the latest literature (theses, journals articles, and conference proceedings) on the need for electricity in remote rural communities, on hybrid RE systems, on environmental impact, and on economic regulation in Malaysia. Power in this country is mainly generated by fossil fuels that emit high concentrations of greenhouse gases. Thus, RE is a potential alternative for to electrify rural areas, to meet current and future energy demands, and to mitigate emissions. Moreover, Malaysia has pledged to reduce its carbon-emission intensity by a maximum of 40 % (2005 level) by the year 2020. Therefore, the implementation of RE technologies in this country is significantly aided by RE projects, research and development activities, technologies, energy policies, and future direction. This review concludes that solar, wind, hydro, and biomass energy, as well as a hybrid of these, can effectively electrify rural areas.     

风光储联合发电运行技术研究

随着能源需求的日益增长和新能源的快速发展,利用风能、太阳能的发电技术已经逐步成熟,且在电网中的渗透率也在不断提高。为弥补风能、太阳能发电所带来的功率不稳定、电能质量低等问题,有必要对风能、太阳能、储能联合发电进行深入研究。文中依据简单平抑方法、考虑一定约束的平抑方法、考虑功率预测与人工智能的平抑方法对储能的平抑控制策略进行了归纳总结。在储能平抑风光波动的研究中滤波算法是最为常见的方法,加入一定的约束会使平抑效果更佳,储能平抑配合精准的预测使整个系统更加平滑。多储能技术混合可以发挥各储能技术优越性。加入储能装置的风光储互补系统可以有效降低原风光互补系统对电网的不利影响。可以在更高程度上平滑风光发电系统的输出特性,增加电网对可再生能源的吸收接纳程度,取得良好的经济和社会效益。     

Efficient Solar Energy Harvesting and Storage through a Robust Photocatalyst Driving Reversible Redox Reactions

Simultaneous solar energy conversion and storage is receiving increasing interest for better utilization of the abundant yet intermittently available sunlight. Photoelectrodes driving nonspontaneous reversible redox reactions in solar‐powered redox cells (SPRCs), which can deliver energy via the corresponding reverse reactions, present a cost‐effective and promising approach for direct solar energy harvesting and storage. However, the lack of photoelectrodes having both high conversion efficiency and high durability becomes a bottleneck that hampers practical applications of SPRCs. Here, it is shown that a WO₃‐decorated BiVO₄ photoanode, without the need of extra electrocatalysts, can enable a single‐photocatalyst‐driven SPRC with a solar‐to‐output energy conversion efficiency as high as 1.25%. This SPRC presents stable performance over 20 solar energy storage/delivery cycles. The high efficiency and stability are attributed to the rapid redox reactions, the well‐matched energy level, and the efficient light harvesting and charge separation of the prepared BiVO₄. This demonstrated device system represents a potential alternative toward the development of low‐cost, durable, and easy‐to‐implement solar energy technologies.     

An Internet of Energy Things Based on Wireless LPWAN

Under intense environmental pressure, the global energy sector is promoting the integration of renewable energy into interconnected energy systems. The demand-side management (DSM) of energy systems has drawn considerable industrial and academic attention in attempts to form new flexibilities to respond to variations in renewable energy inputs to the system. However, many DSM concepts are still in the experimental demonstration phase. One of the obstacles to DSM usage is that the current information infrastructure was mainly designed for centralized systems, and does not meet DSM requirements. To overcome this barrier, this paper proposes a novel information infrastructure named the Internet of Energy Things (IoET) in order to make DSM practicable by basing it on the latest wireless communication technology: the low-power wide-area network (LPWAN). The primary advantage of LPWAN over general packet radio service (GPRS) and area Internet of Things (IoT) is its wide-area coverage, which comes with minimum power consumption and maintenance costs. Against this background, this paper briefly reviews the representative LPWAN technologies of narrow-band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and Long Range (LoRa) technology, and compares them with GPRS and area IoT technology. Next, a wireless-to-cloud architecture is proposed for the IoET, based on the main technical features of LPWAN. Finally, this paper looks forward to the potential of IoET in various DSM application scenarios.     

中国国情语境下的城市移动性设计研究

目的对中国在快速的城市化发展过程中所产生的城市移动性问题,以及问题所产生的背景和国情特色进行梳理与分析,找寻中国城市移动性设计发展的方向。方法通过对近现代以来的中国目前共存的城市发展模式进行分析,对城市化过程中,生活方式的改变所产生的具有中国特色的移动性问题进行总结归纳。结论中国深厚的农耕文化社会基础在快速的工业化和城市化发展过程中,形成了城市模式多元、社会结构多元和社会文化多元并存的情况,中国城市移动性问题不同于西方国家,需要依据自身的客观现状,从中国社会发展的国情出发,从中国城市的历史文脉出发,从中国的文化与生活需求出发,解析中国城市化的变化和特点,针对移动性的问题构建适合中国国情的解决方法。     

韩国海洋城市文旅融合的研究及启示

目的 研究我国海洋城市文旅融合的可持续发展策略与路径,促进我国进一步向海洋强国、文化强国发展。方法 概述海洋城市文旅融合发展的必要性及目的,分析我国目前海洋城市文旅融合发展的若干瓶颈,运用文献研究和典型案例分析法,对韩国海洋城市文旅融合发展的战略规划进行分析,借鉴其发展经验,研究出适用于我国海洋城市文旅融合的战略路径及可持续发展策略。结论 合理规划海洋城市文化旅游资源,促进我国海洋城市与地域文化的融合,深化海洋文化的可持续发展,进一步提升我国海洋城市的国际影响力,打造我国海洋旅游城市的文化品牌,扩大对我国海洋城市旅游发展的投入和宣传,加强国际文化旅游的交流与合作,是我国海洋城市文旅融合可持续发展的必要路径和策略。     

某住宅小区可再生能源应用技术介绍

详细介绍了地源热泵、太阳能热水、风光互补发电系统在某住宅小区的应用情况,为可再生能源技术在同类项目中的应用提供借鉴。     

Analysis and countermeasures of natural gas development in China

Natural gas has become a transitional bridge from fossil to green and clean energy worldwide. The importance of natural gas utilization in energy structure optimization and green development is no exception for China. However, the supply of China’s natural gas limits the country’s demand with three factors. (1) China’s natural gas resource is relatively rich, but its quality is poor with deep burial depth. Therefore, the annual plateau yield of natural gas cannot be high, with an estimated value of approximately 260–270 ×10⁹ m³. (2) The demand for natural gas in China’s economic development is growing rapidly. The peak demand is estimated to be approximately 550–650 ×10⁹ m³ per year or even higher. The import volume of natural gas will soon exceed that of domestic self-produced gas. (3) Natural gas is a necessity closely related to livelihood. Particularly, a shortage in natural gas supply affects social stability. Therefore, its external dependency should be under 50% and not exceed 60%. In this study, the future situation of China’s natural gas is forecasted, and relevant countermeasures and suggestions are proposed in accordance with research on China’s natural gas resource potential, production trend, supply-demand link, and gas supply safety factors.     

Comparative analysis of energy resources

This paper examines the problems encountered by a growing demand for energy consumption and a dwindling reserve of conventional energy sources Development of alternative clean energy sources should be vigorously pursued in order to improve or maintain the quality of life. The search for new energy sources has indicated the need for developing approaches to evaluate feasibility and competitiveness of the alternative sources. Frequently mentioned as alternative energy sources are wind power, water power, tidal power, coal, fission energy with or without breeders, geothermal energy, ocean thermal energy conversion, low temperature solar energy, solar power through photosynthesis and solar electric: generation. Factors considered in comparing these energy sources are given. An illustration based on United States energy consumption rates and available energy resources provide revealing information about future directions in energy production.

Requirements for economic comparative models are discussed and an example is given.     

Exploring and visualizing spatial-temporal evolution of patent collaboration networks: A case of China's intelligent manufacturing equipment industry

With the integration of intelligent manufacturing (IM) technology and the manufacturing industry, the intelligent manufacturing equipment industry (IMEI) has become the focus of a new round of industrial revolution. This integration has led to a new revolution in the manufacturing industry and is key to transforming China into a manufacturing country with international competitiveness. However, China's IMEI is in the development stage, thus presenting a major challenge to it becoming a competitive core industry. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore the IMEI patent collaboration network and analyze its evolutionary characteristics, which can improve not only the innovation ability of network organizations but also the overall competitiveness of the IMEI. This study employs social network analysis (SNA) to study the evolution of the patent collaboration network of China's IMEI. The results show that the number of co-patents for the IMEI field in China has obvious stage characteristics, the collaborative innovation patterns adopted by different provinces vary, and the State Grid has a strong influence on the network. The scale of the patent collaboration network is gradually expanding, exhibiting a “small-world” structure. Jiangsu mainly innovates through intra-provincial collaboration. Provinces such as Beijing, Guangdong and Shandong are more inclined to inter-provincial collaboration.     

太阳能热泵技术在中央热水系统中的应用

随着能源价格的上涨，太阳能的利用问题越来越引起人们的重视。本文主要介绍太阳能热泵装置的工作原理及技术特点，对太阳能热泵中央热水系统的效率进行分析，提出应大力推广太阳能热泵技术在我国的应用。     

Exploration of CO2 emission reduction pathways: identification of influencing factors of CO2 emission and CO2 emission reduction potential of power industry

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - Low-carbon development of China's power sector is the key to achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. Based on the logarithmic mean...     

Need of independent rural power producers in India—an overview

The current scenario of heavy power crisis in India particularly in rural areas and small towns requires urgent solution. There is a need to look for innovative and sustainable ways for promoting equitable development in India. The centralized energy planning model currently used ignores energy needs of the rural areas and poor and has also led to environmental degradation, whereas decentralized energy planning model is in the interest of efficient utilization of resources. Energy planning at the village level is the bottom limit of the application of decentralized planning principle. The individual villages are the smallest social units where the energy consumption occurs. Renewable energy is energy derived from sources that are being replaced by nature, such as water, wind, solar, or biomass. Renewable sources are essentially non-polluting, if applied correctly. This article presents a review of the important decentralized renewable energy options. Also, this article discusses about current power scenario in India particularly in rural sector. Taking into consideration the limitations of conventional power policy and benefits decentralized power potential in India, this article presents the need to setup independent rural power producers (IRPPs) as an instrument to promote sustainable and socially equitable rural power sector development.     

多能互补分布式综合供能系统及典型开发方案研究

多能互补分布式综合供能具有绿色、低碳和高效等典型特征,已经成为国内外能源领域研究与发展的重点。论述了多能互补分布式综合供能系统的基本概念、主要技术特征、系统主要构成与关键技术等,并以国内某典型科技创新园为例,分析其负荷需求和资源禀赋,开发了"五化一体"综合供能实施方案。该方案以燃气分布式、分布式光伏、分布式风电、污水源热泵和储能为供能主体,构建了电力、热力、冷煤水、燃气和中水等能源网络,并借助智能化技术实现供能系统的优化运行,满足不同用能主体用能需求。最后,针对我国多能互补分布式综合供能系统发展现状与存在的问题给出相关建议。     

基于太阳能热化学的分布式供能系统热力学性能及碳排放分析

分布式供能系统临近用户,具有灵活消纳可再生能源的优势。集成太阳能与清洁燃料互补的分布式供能系统,旨在实现太阳能与燃料的高效互补利用。提出了基于太阳能热化学的分布式供能系统,该系统集成了太阳能热化学转化与分布式冷热电联供系统,将太阳能与甲醇以热化学的形式进行源头互补,把太阳能转化为合成气燃料化学能,进而通过内燃机发电机组和余热回收单元输出冷、热、电产品,以满足用户的负荷需求。通过数值计算的方法,对所集成的系统开展了热力学性能及CO₂排放性能分析,研究了设计工况及变工况下运行性能,结果表明所集成的太阳能与燃料热化学互补供能系统具有显著的节能减排优势。