AN IMPROVED MERCURY BALANCE VOLUMETER*

An improved mercury balance volumeter is described, which uses a commercially available balance for the determination of the volume of small test pieces. The volume is determined indirectly by using the sample weight and the force necessary to submerge the sample in a mercury reservoir. The accuracy, manipulation, and advantages of the method are discussed.     

AN IMPROVED MERCURY VOLUMETER1

This paper discusses several mechanical improvements on the Goodner mercury volumeter, which include a counter-balance for the burette, an automatic light system, and a plunging device. The construction, operation, and advantages of the plunging device are discussed. The advantages of the mechanism are (1) no string or string marks, (2) cleaner mercury, (3) no bulky weight to be deftly handled, (4) less handling of briquets, and (5) more ease and speed in operation.     

A SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF DETERMINING THE DRY VOLUME OF CLAY BRIQUETTES

The dry volumes of clay briquettes for use in a draw trial burn are determined by dividing the dry weight by the bulk specific gravity. This method eliminates saturation of the test pieces with kerosene.     

Mercury porosimetry studies II. The application of mercury porosimetry to porous polymer powders

Two experimental methods are outlined for the separation of the inter- and intraparticle intrusion volumes of porous powders. The first of these relies upon the control of interparticle bed packing by mounting the particles upon a transparent adhesive substrate. The pressure at which interparticle penetration occurs (critical pressure) is measured by observing the penetration process directly in a microscope pressure cell. A mercury intrusion experiment is then run on a similarly mounted sample and the value of the critical pressure obtained previously used to define the interparticle volume.In the second method, the critical pressure is determined by running a mercury intrusion experiment on a powder sample whose intraparticle volume has been filled with a wetting liquid—dioctyl phthalate (DOP). This technique depends upon the observation made previously in Part I of this series that bed depacking rather than bed penetration is the initial step of the penetration process.Total intraparticle volumes determined by both of these methods were compared with those obtained by the uptake of a wetting oil (DOP). Although an excellent degree of correlation was observed between the two methods, the DOP uptake values were found to be high by a constant amount. This was demonstrated to be due to oil retained in the interparticle volume. The values of critical pressure determined in this study indicate that the filling of the interparticle voids in a mercury intrusion experiment may not correspond to any feature observed in the penetration curve. Thus it is necessary to determine this quantity separately.     

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF POROSITY IN REFRACTORY MATERIALS *

The construction and operation of a mercury volumeter suitable for determining the volume of a composite sample of refractory grains is described. Porosity determinations by the method described are accurate within ∼0.15%. Convenient volume-density-porosity conversion charts are included.     

Pore spectra from continuous scan mercury porosimetry

A method for obtaining pore spectra is described. Continuous pressure—volume data from mercury porosimetry were used to determine the volume distribution as a function of the intrusion and extrusion pressure or the pore radius for a number of porous samples.An explanation is offered for delayed intrusion of mercury into pores. Mercury vapor transfer has been postulated as a thermodynamically allowed mechanism in those few cases where pore size or constrictions prohibit liquid transfer.     

A NEW MERCURY VOLUMETER1

A new mercury volumeter is presented, which has certain features not possessed by others. Principle of operation, construction, manipulation, and calibration are discussed. Its advantages and disadvantages are listed.     

Comparative results of the combustion of lignin briquettes and black coal

A new type of biofuel—hydrolytic lignin briquettes—was tested as compared with ordinary SS coal in fuel-bed firing in a Universal-6 boiler. It was found that the (total) efficiency of the boiler with the firing of lignin briquettes was 38% higher than that with the use of black coal. Carbon loss in the combustion of briquettes was 1%, whereas it was 48.2% in the combustion of black coal. The emission of harmful gas pollutants into the environment in the combustion of briquettes was lower than that in the combustion of coal by a factor of 4.5.     

乳状液膜分离富集氟离子的应用研究

乳状液膜在分离富集溶液中的微量物质方面获得广泛的应用,本文研究了其对溶液中氟离子的分离富集效果,确定了制备稳定乳状液膜的条件：乳化剂（T-154）∶膜增强剂（液体石蜡）∶溶剂（煤油）=3∶2∶95（体积比）,内水相为3%的Al2(SO4)3溶液,油内比为1∶0.6;讨论了分离富集条件,包括乳水比、溶液pH值、搅拌速度和富集时间等因素;应用于环境水样中氟离子的测定,加标回收率为96%～103%,相对标准偏差RSD（n=6）为2.0%～4.8%,结果令人满意。指出该方法操作简单、成本低、效率高,可用于分离富集废水中的氟离子。     

乳状液膜法萃取废水中氰化物的特性

针对氰化废水的特点,以三正辛胺（TOA）为载体、煤油为膜溶剂、液体石蜡为膜助剂、NaOH水溶液为内水相,采用乳状液膜技术处理工业废水中的氰化物。重点考察了表面活性剂用量、流动载体用量、内相液NaOH浓度等因素对氰化物萃取率的影响规律。研究结果表明：当TOA体积分数为2%、表面活性剂Span-80体积分数为3%、液体石蜡体积分数为1%、内水相NaOH质量分数为2%、油内比为1︰1、乳水比为1︰7、萃取时间为15min时,氰化废水中氰化物的萃取率达到95%以上。在实验得出的最优条件下,考察最优条件对初始浓度不同的实际废水的适用范围,分别对初始浓度为322.23mg/L、483.35mg/L、644.46mg/L和966.70mg/L的氰化废水进行处理,可得该体系下处理氰化废水的较佳的浓度范围为300～500mg/L,氰化废水中氰化物的萃取率可达到95%以上。综上所述,乳状液膜法在工业上具有良好的应用前景。     

An instrument for measuring the resistance of silicon carbide heating elements

Conclusions The method of measuring the resistance of silicon carbide heater elements with an ammeter and voltmeter is relatively inaccurate.Automation of the process of measuring the resistance of the heater elements increases the precision of the reading and leaves the reading on the dial of the apparatus until the latter is switched on for testing the next element so that errors are less likely to occur. The precision of measurement depends on the class of precision of the instruments used.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 6, pp. 22–24, June, 1976.     

DETERMINATION OF REFLECTANCE OF WHITE ENAMEL FRITS BY TURBIDITY METHOD*

A method for the determination of the reflectance of powdered frits is described. Results obtained by this method show a high correlation with the results of standard reflectance tests, particularly when frits are fused at enameling temperatures. The method consists essentially of suspending 0.4 cc. of sample, sized between 270- and 325-mesh, in 10 cc. of clear kerosene and measuring by means of a photoelectric cell the decrease in light transmitted as compared with the light transmitted by kerosene itself. The Cenco-Sheard-Sanford photelometer was used for these measurements.     

A method for the estimation of micropore volume and micropore surface area

Micropore volumes have been estimated by comparing the results of mercury intrusion with helium displacement in porous samples. Differences in the surface area measured by gas adsorption and mercury porosimetry afford an estimation of micropore surface area and the micropore surface to volume ratio gives a mean micropore radius.     

测定两相流动体系中局部相体积分率用阻抗探针仪的研制和应用

研制了应用于气/液和液/液两相流动体系中测定局部相体积分率的阻抗探针仪。该仪由方形波发生器、同轴电缆探头、数据采集卡和电脑信号处理系统组成。利用煤油/水两相流动体系进行实际测定,结果表明此项技术对分辨两相敏感,测试结果在非乳液体系中可靠,可用于气液、液液两相流的局部相体积分率的在线测量。     

POROSITY: VI. DETERMINATION OF POROSITY BY THE METHOD OF GAS EXPANSION*

Theory of the method. —The pore volume is measured by allowing the gas which fills the pores to expand into a measured volume and measuring the accompanying fall in pressure. Applicability. —The method is in general applicable to pieces of any size and shape and to all classes of porous bodies or materials. A new porosimeter. —For rapid work with shaped test pieces a new porosimeter is described. The new instrument measures accurately both pore volume and bulk volume. A complete porosity determination can be made in 5 minutes. No weighing is required. The results on ceramic bodies arc reproducible to one unit in the first decimal place of the per cent porosity. Considerably higher accuracy than this can be secured if desired. Results. —The results obtained with the new method are in all cases higher, in a number of cases very much higher, than those obtained by the methods of liquid absorption in current use. For fired bodies the same results are obtained with dry air, hydrogen or helium as the pore filling gas. The results show conclusively that complete filling of all the pores in a reasonable time can not be secured by any of the current methods using a liquid as the pore filling agent.     

Dispersion of liquid–liquid phase by a jet-induced gas–liquid–liquid mixing column developed for separation of organic pollutants

This article presents the gas and liquid entrainment and its dispersion in a gas–liquid–liquid mixing column. The variations in phase entrainment is observed with the change in the paraffin liquid and kerosene volume fraction from 5% to 35% due to the increase in the flow resistance with increase in the effective viscosity of the liquid–liquid mixture. The degree of dispersion is enunciated based on the axial dispersion model and the flow resistance of the phases in the column. A correlation is proposed to interpret the entrainment of phase as a function of operating variables within the range of experimental conditions.     

Composition and Fabrication of Magnesia Briquettes from Refractory Scrap for Repairing the Lining of Oxygen Converters

A technology for fabrication of refractory briquettes from spent periclase and periclase-carbon materials salvaged from decommissioned steel ladles has been developed. The briquettes can be used as a patching material to repair the worn refractory lining in oxygen converters. Tests of the patching briquettes were conducted at the MISW JSC with satisfactory results.__________Translated from Novye Ogneupory, No. 1, pp. 17 – 19, January, 2005.     

3-D modelling of kerosene-fuelled HVOF thermal spray gun

Liquid-fuelled high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying systems are capable of generating more momentum output to powder particles in comparison with gas-fuelled systems. The use of low-cost fuel such as kerosene makes this technology particular attractive. High-quality coating requires thermal spraying systems delivering consistent performance as a result of the combustion during HVOF spraying. The combustion of kerosene is very complicated due to the variation of fuel composition and subsequently makes it extremely challenging for process control. This paper describes a 3-D simulation using mathematical models available in a commercial finite volume CFD code. The combustion and discrete particle models within the numerical code are applied to solve the combustion of kerosene and couple the motion of fuel droplets with the gas flow dynamics in a Lagrangian fashion. The effects of liquid fuel droplets on the thermodynamics of the combusting gas flow are examined thoroughly.     

A study by density measurement of changes in pore structures of coals with heat treatment: Part 1. Macropore structure

Changes in the pore structures of six Japanese coals with heat treatment up to 1200 °C were followed both by measurement of densities in mercury and in n-hexane and by mercury porosimetry. Pore volumes deduced from the difference between the reciprocals of densities measured in mercury and in n-hexane were almost equal to pore volumes deduced from mercury penetration for all the coals heat-treated. This suggests that, for all the coals, transitional pores and micropores whose entrance diameter is larger than the diameter of the n-hexane molecule were not developed or produced by heat treatment. For caking coals, the pore volume changed sharply in the plastic stage of carbonization, with a maximum at ≈400 °C that was probably due to the appearance and disappearance of bubble structure, whereas for non-caking coal it did not show any appreciable change in the range of heat treatment temperature (HTT) studied. It is suggested that the macropore structure of carbonized coals is related to the hardness, or the binding energy between their molecules.     

皂化P204微乳液膜处理含锌废水的研究

研究以皂化P204为载体的微乳液膜配方及其稳定性.采用P204/Span80/煤油/NaOH微乳体系萃取废水中Zn^2＋,考察了P204与煤油和Span80的质量比、NaOH的浓度、乳水比、外水相pH值、油相重复使用次数等因素对Zn^2＋萃取率的影响.结果表明,当P204与煤油的质量比为1：2.5,P204与Span80的质量比为1：1,NaOH浓度为1.5mol/L,乳水比为1：4（体积比）,废水pH值为5.5时,萃取10min,P204/煤油/NaOH微乳液膜对Zn^2＋萃取率可达99.72%,P204/Span80/煤油/NaOH微乳液膜对Zn^2＋萃取率可达99.98%,微乳液膜不仅稳定性好、萃取效率高,而且工艺简单、膜相可自动破乳、油相可重复使用.