Research on polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) with low residual stress prepared using nickel-based additive

Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) with low residual stress was synthesized using nickel-based additive (Ni₇₀Mn₂₅Co₅) as sintering solvent at high temperature/pressure (HTHP). A systematic study of the residual stress in a polycrystalline diamond (PCD) layer was performed using micro-Raman spectroscopy. The stress was measured by determining the Raman shift and was approximated as being biaxial to calculate the magnitudes of stress. Sintering process parameters such as temperature, the diamond size and content of binder additive were all found to affect residual stress levels. The sample with low stress measured on the surface of PCD is compressive and has an average value of 0.10 GPa. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of morphology shows that the dense microstructure with diamond-diamond (D-D) direct bonding has formed in the PCD layer. X-ray diffraction (XRD) performed in the cross-section of PCD confirmed the presence of diamond, nickel-based alloy, WC and Co_xW_xC.     

CVD掺硅金刚石残余应力的X射线衍射和拉曼光谱分析(英文)

采用X射线衍射(XRD)和拉曼光谱2种方法测量了不同硅碳比的CVD掺硅金刚石薄膜的残余应力。采用偏压增强热丝化学气相沉积装置在硬质合金基底上制备了掺硅金刚石薄膜,将正硅酸乙酯以不同的体积比溶解在丙酮中以使得反应气体中的硅碳比从0.1%变化到1.4%,从而控制掺硅金刚石薄膜的掺杂浓度。SEM和XRD的表征结果显示,随着硅掺杂浓度的增加,金刚石薄膜的晶粒尺寸减小,而金刚石(110)的晶面则逐渐占优。XRD法是测量入射角从0°到45°变化时对应的金刚石(220)面XRD衍射峰,并采用sin2ψ方法计算掺硅金刚石薄膜的残余应力。拉曼谱法则是通过检测金刚石特征峰偏移1332cm1位置的偏移量来测量残余应力。2种方法测得的残余应力随着硅掺杂含量的升高显示出良好的一致性,所有的硅掺杂金刚石的残余应力均为压应力,Si/C摩尔比为0.1%的薄膜具有最高的残余应力,为~1.75GPa(拉曼谱法)或~2.3GPa(XRD法)。随着硅掺杂浓度的进一步升高,薄膜的残余应力则稳定在~1.3GPa左右。     

WC-Co梯度硬质合金的本构关系及应用

功能梯度硬质合金实现了高硬度与高强度的完美结合. 然而, 由于材料成分及物性的梯度变化使得材料内部的残余热应力影响了产品的性能. 为了分析制备及服役过程中梯度硬质合金中残余应力的影响, 通过定义弹性约束因子和引入塑性约束因子得到了材料的弹塑性本构关系. 将此本构模型结合有限元方法得到了梯度硬质合金内部残余热应力的分布. 数值计算结果表明: 残余热应力主要集中在样品近表面的梯度区. 在富钴区出现了拉应力, 而在表明出现了压应力, 表面最大压应力有380MPa. 同时, 采用X射线衍射法测试了样品的表面应力, 得到的结果是-379.75Mpa. 实验观测与数值模型符合较好.     

Thermal residual stress of polycrystalline diamond compacts

Thermal residual stresses in polycrystalline diamond compact(PDC)cutter arising from the difference in thermal expansion between the polycrystalline diamond(PCD)and the supporting tungsten carbide substrate after sintering at high pressure and high temperature were investigated using finite element simulation,laboratory tests and theoretical analysis.The obtained results show that although compressive residual stresses exist both in the interface of PCD table and in the most region of PCD table surface, the...     

复合片耐磨性能检测方法的研究

用Ｘ射线衍射方法、Ｒａｍａｎ光谱法及电镜法对复合片金刚石层进行综合测试，可以找到复合片金刚石层耐磨性能优势的原因及改进方法。     

Characterization and residual stresses of WC-Co thermally sprayed coatings

The present investigation has been conducted in order to determine the residual stresses of an as-ground WC-12Co coating of two different thicknesses, by means of two different methods. Firstly, X-ray diffraction techniques, which allowed the determination of the surface residual stresses of the coating by means of the method called “sin²ψ” method. Secondly, an incremental hole drilling technique together with the integral method, which allowed the analysis of the non-uniform through-thickness residual stresses present in the coatings. It has been determined that the surface residual stresses are of a compressive nature, which could be due to the grinding that was applied to the coatings in order to achieve the desired thicknesses. On the contrary, the results of the incremental hole drilling tests indicated that the through-thickness residual stress distributions are not uniform and are characterized by the presence of tensile peak stresses, at depths in the range of ~ 50-125 μm. Such stresses were observed to decrease towards the coating-substrate interface where the compressive component of the stress state becomes greater than the tensile component. It has been found that the mean residual von Mises stress is higher in the thinner coating than in the thicker one, of approximately 180 and 107 MPa, respectively.     

Study on morphologies and structures of diamond films synthesized on cemented carbide substrates

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GH742高温合金激光冲击强化和喷丸强化残余应力

对GH742高温合金进行激光冲击强化和喷丸强化,利用X射线应力分析仪测定强化层的残余应力,对比分析2种残余应力的差异和特征,并采用不同的退火温度进行退火,研究表面残余应力在高温下的稳定性。结果表明,2种表面强化方法都可以在GH742高温合金表层引入残余压应力,但激光冲击强化试样比喷丸强化试样具有更深的残余压应力层和较好的稳定性,且残余压应力最大值在表面;与激光冲击强化的试样相比,喷丸强化试样的残余压应力较浅,而且随着喷丸强度的增加,最大残余压应力也由表面移向了次表面。     

Analysis of shot-peening and residual stress relaxation in the nickel-based superalloy RR1000

This work assesses the residual stress relaxation of the nickel-based alloy RR1000 due to thermal exposure and dwell-fatigue loading. A number of different characterization methods, including X-ray residual stress analysis, electron back-scattered diffraction, microhardness testing and focused ion beam secondary electron imaging, contributed to a detailed study of the shot-peened region. Thermal exposure at 700 °C resulted in a large reduction in the residual stresses and work-hardening effects in the alloy, but the subsurface remained in a beneficial compressive state. Oxidizing environments caused recrystallization in the near surface, but did not affect the residual stress-relaxation behaviour. Dwell-fatigue loading caused the residual stresses to return to approximately zero at nearly all depths. This work forms part of an ongoing investigation to determine the effects of shot-peening in this alloy with the motivation to improve the fatigue and oxidation resistance at 700 °C.     

不同压力温度条件下聚合的Si-Ni-B中介聚晶金刚石(PCD)抗压强度及组织特征研究

在一系列高温超高压条件下,制备了Si-Ni-B中介结合的聚晶金刚石(PCD),用压缩试验、X射线衍射分析、SEM、金相分析研究了PCD聚合的温度、压力条件对其抗压强度及组织特征的影响。     

Polarized micro-Raman spectroscopy for studying stresses in as-grown and tensile-tested diamond films

The determination of the stress/strain level in diamond films was carried out here by polarized Raman spectroscopy. For as-grown polycrystalline films, a classical shift and splitting of the Raman spectra was evidenced. A polarized Raman study in two directions allowed confirming the isotropic biaxial nature of the stresses which are principally from thermal origin. In case of stresses measured after a tensile test, the polarized Raman study permitted us to evidence the anisotropic nature of the biaxial stresses. These stresses were unambiguously determined by the averaging method of Anastassakis. Very high compressive values were obtained in the direction perpendicular to the tensile one while the stresses from thermal origin were just over-compensated in the tensile direction. These high anisotropic stresses resulting from the initial thermal stresses and the plastic deformation of the substrate after the tensile test explain the surprising positive Raman shifts of the splitted diamond bands after such a tensile test. While these high anisotropic stresses are determined with a fairly good accuracy, the average Raman spectrum of the film could not be modelled by the averaging procedure of Anastassakis. The influence of the numerous possible orientation of each grain relatively to the stress directions was shown experimentally, especially in perpendicular direction to the tensile one, the direction of high compressive stresses. This local crystallographic influence however does not hamper studying the local stresses, as shown near the edge of a diamond film which had partially peeled off after a tensile test. Polarized micro-Raman spectroscopy is therefore of particular interest for evaluating the stress variations in such regions and then for inferring information about the adhesion of the films after mechanical tests.     

GH4169疲劳试样加工残余应力的表征及其对低周疲劳寿命的影响

为了探究GH4169合金低周疲劳试样加工过程中表面残余应力的变化及残余应力对低周疲劳性能的影响,采用X射线衍射法对“车 磨 抛”不同加工工艺的试样表面残余应力进行表征及对成品试样进行残余应力层深度测试,通过中子衍射法对试样内部进行残余应力测试。采用电液伺服万能试验机进行了低周疲劳试验。结果表明：GH4169合金低周疲劳试样加工表面残余应力随着切削量的增加由表面残余压应力变为残余拉应力。根据残余应力层深度测试,机加工对试样表面造成残余应力层深度小于0.01 mm,内部残余拉应力减小;根据疲劳试验结果,GH4169合金疲劳寿命与表面轴向残余压应力呈正相关关系。     

Optimization of process parameter of residual stresses for hard turned surfaces

Hard turning has been recognized as a substitute for abrasive-based processes due to its operational flexibility, economic benefit, and low environmental impact. Besides these advantages, hard turning can induce compressive residual stresses, which increase the fatigue life of the workpiece. In this paper, we investigate the process parameters of cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate on inducing subsurface compressive residual stress. Using a designed experiment based on a Taguchi L₉ (3⁴) array, we varied process parameters over a feasible space. The resulting residual stresses were examined and evaluated by X-ray diffraction. Using the smaller-is-better objective function for residual stress, we then identified the optimal set of process parameters.     

GH4169疲劳试样加工残余应力的表征及其对低周疲劳寿命的影响

为了探究GH4169合金低周疲劳试样加工过程中表面残余应力的变化及残余应力对低周疲劳性能的影响，采用X射线衍射法对“车 磨 抛”不同加工工艺的试样表面残余应力进行表征及对成品试样进行残余应力层深度测试，通过中子衍射法对试样内部进行残余应力测试。采用电液伺服万能试验机进行了低周疲劳试验。结果表明：GH4169合金低周疲劳试样加工表面残余应力随着切削量的增加由表面残余压应力变为残余拉应力。根据残余应力层深度测试，机加工对试样表面造成残余应力层深度小于0.01 mm，内部残余拉应力减小；根据疲劳试验结果，GH4169合金疲劳寿命与表面轴向残余压应力呈正相关关系。     

Predictive modeling and experimental results for residual stresses in laser hardening of AISI 4140 steel by a high power diode laser

A predictive model for residual stresses induced in a laser hardened workpiece of AISI 4140 steel with no melting has been developed and experimentally verified. A transient three-dimensional thermal and kinetic model is first solved to obtain the temperature and solid phase history of the workpiece, which is then sequentially coupled to a three-dimensional stress model to predict residual stresses. The phase transformation strains are added to the thermal strains at each time step during the heating and cooling cycles to obtain the resultant residual stresses in the workpiece. The importance of considering phase transformation has been explained through the comparison of the magnitudes of residual stresses with and without the inclusion of phase transformation kinetics. The model predicted strong compressive residual stresses of about 200 MPa in the heat affected zone due to austenite-to-martensite transformation. The predictions matched well with the X-ray diffraction measurements.     

Thermal residual stresses in co-continuous composites

The thermal residual stresses in two types of co-continuous composites copper/aluminum oxide (Cu/Al₂O₃) and aluminum/aluminum oxide (Al/Al₂O₃) were measured by neutron diffraction experiments. These stresses were generated during the cooling after high processing temperature. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch of metal and ceramic phases led to significant amount of thermal stresses. In both the composites, the metallic phase was found to be under tension and aluminum-oxide phase under compression. Even though the magnitude of compressive stress in both the composites was similar; the two metal-phases had very different magnitude of tensile stresses. The difference in volume fraction, CTE, elastic stiffness and plastic flow properties led to this difference. The hydrostatic stresses were found to be predominant in both the phases. Finite element simulations were used to predict the stress distributions inside each phase and at the interfaces. A representative unit cell approach was considered to represent the composite. Concept of effective ΔT was utilized to simulate the thermal stress distribution inside the two phases in the unit cell. This model utilized the neutron diffraction measurements to predict the stress distribution inside each phase and at the interface. The simulations showed that significant amount of tensile stresses develop at the metal–ceramic interfaces.     

低残余应力HFCVD硼掺杂金刚石薄膜的制备与图形化研究

采用拉曼光谱技术分析了不同生长气压和碳源浓度下,硅基HFCVD硼掺杂金刚石薄膜中的残余应力,并使用光刻和反应离子刻蚀技术加工出多种金刚石薄膜微结构。研究结果表明:利用热丝CVD沉积的硅基金刚石薄膜内存在残余压应力,通过优化生长气压,可以有效降低金刚石薄膜的残余压应力,在生长气压从1.3kPa增加至6.5kPa的过程中,晶格缺陷增加,残余压应力减小。碳源浓度的变化对残余应力的影响较小,但对薄膜质量影响较大。采用低残余应力的金刚石薄膜通过光刻和反应离子刻蚀获得了悬臂梁、角加速度计、声学振膜等微结构。      

Surface residual stresses in multipass welds produced using low transformation temperature filler alloys

Tensile residual stresses at the surface of welded components are known to compromise fatigue resistance through the accelerated initiation of microcracks, especially at the weld toe. Inducement of compression in these regions is a common technique employed to enhance fatigue performance. Transformation plasticity has been established as a viable method to generate such compressive residual stresses in steel welds and exploits the phase transformation in welding filler alloys that transform at low temperature to compensate for accumulated thermal contraction strains. Neutron and X-ray diffraction have been used to determine the stress profiles that exist across the surface of plates welded with low transformation temperature welding alloys, with a particular focus on the stress at the weld toe. For the first time, near surface neutron diffraction data have shown the extent of local stress variation at the critical, fusion boundary location. Compression was evident for the three measurement orientations at the fusion boundaries. Compressive longitudinal residual stresses and tensile transverse stresses were measured in the weld metal.