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1.
Low‐melting paraffin wax was successfully used as a phlegmatizing agent to perform semi‐micro oxygen bomb calorimetry of spectroscopically pure samples of the sensitive explosive peroxides TATP and DADP. The energies of combustion (Δ cU) were measured and the standard enthalpies of formation (Δ fH°) were derived using the CODATA values for the standard enthalpies of formation of the combustion products. Whilst the measured Δ fH° of DADP (Δ fH°=−598.5 ± 39.7 kJ mol −1) could not be compared to any existing literature value, the measured Δ fH° value of TATP (Δ fH°=+151.4 ± 32.7 kJ mol −1) did not correlate well with the only existing experimental value and confirmed that TATP is an endothermic cyclic peroxide. 相似文献
2.
The vapor pressures of TATP over the temperature range 269.85–306.95 K and DADP over the temperature range 265.85–294.85 K were determined using a modified Knudsen effusion apparatus. The Clausius‐Clapeyron plot of log 10( p(Pa)) with 1/ T provided a straight line for each material. This expression for TATP is log 10( p(Pa))=−(4497±80)/ T(K)+(15.86±0.28) (error limits are 95 % confidence limits) and for DADP it is log 10( p(Pa))=−(4417±137)/ T(K)+(16.31±0.48). These expressions yield values of the vapor pressure at 298.15 K of 6 Pa for TATP and 17 Pa for DADP, and heats of sublimation of 86.2±1.5 kJ mol −1 for TATP and 84.6±2.6 kJ mol −1 for DADP. Attempts were made to determine the vapor pressure of HMTD but it appears to have a vapor pressure too low for our system to reliably determine. A two month experiment did provide an upper limit estimate for the vapor pressure of HMTD of approximately 0.04 Pa at room temperature. Melting point and melting point range were used as verification of the identity and purity of the TATP and DADP used in these experiments, but this was not possible with HMTD since it detonates prior to melting. 相似文献
3.
The capabilities of ion bombardment and laser ablation coupled to mass spectrometry as independent techniques to investigate the surface thermooxidative stability of polystyrene, polybutadiene polymers, and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) copolymers were investigated. Surface chemical modifications were detected according to the polymeric structure. The degradation products detected by static secondary ion mass spectrometry appeared at m/ z 29, 43, and 55. Their compositions were related to the general formulae C nH mO + with n = 1–3 and m = 1–3 for polybutadiene and styrene butadiene copolymers, whereas polystyrene was not affected by the aging treatment. The C nH mO + ions result from butadiene unit degradation. The laser ablation ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass‐spectrometry results confirmed the detection of C nH mO + ions. Finally, it may be considered that the surface thermooxidative process of SBR copolymers begins with butadiene unit degradation. The development of butadiene unit oxidation showed a dynamic oxidation phase, which coincided with a loss of unsaturation. The influence of the polymer conformation (blocked, branched, and random) on the surface oxidation for 30% styrene SBR compounds was also studied. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1910–1917, 2003 相似文献
4.
The vapor signature of diacetone diperoxide (DADP) and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) were examined by a gas chromatography (GC) headspace technique over the range of 15 to 55 °C. Parallel experiments were conducted to redetermine the vapor pressures of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) and triacetone triperoxide (TATP). The TNT and TATP vapor pressures were in agreement with the previously reported results. Vapor pressure of DADP was determined to be 17.7 Pa at 25 °C, which is approximately 2.6 times higher than TATP at the same temperature. The Clapeyron equation, relating vapor pressure and temperature, was LnP (Pa)=35.9−9845.1/ T (K) for DADP. Heat of sublimation, calculated from the slope of the line for the Clapeyron equation, was 81.9 kJ mole −1. HMTD vapor pressure was not determined due to reduced thermal stability resulting in vapor phase decomposition products. 相似文献
5.
Two zinc clusters Zn 4(H 3L) 4(NO 3) 4?5H 2O ( Zn 4 , H 4L=(1,2‐bis(1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐yl)ethane‐1,2‐diol) and [Zn 5(H 2L′) 6](NO 3) 4]?8H 2O?2CH 3OH ( Zn 5 , H 3L′=(1,2‐bis(benzo[d] imidazol‐2‐yl)‐ethenol) have been obtained by the reaction of Zn(NO 3) 2?6H 2O with H 4L at 80 °C or 140 °C under solvothermal condition. Powder X‐ray Diffraction (PXRD) of precipitate and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI‐MS) of reaction solution revealed the existence of transformation behavior from Zn 4 to Zn 5 by increasing the temperature from 80 °C to 140 °C, or directly heating Zn 4 at 140 °C via solvothermal reaction. Here we proposed a possible mechanism involves split process of Zn 4 and reassembly to form Zn 5 . ESI‐MS for single crystals revealed [Zn 4(H 3L) 4?3H] + splits to [Zn(H 3L)] + via [Zn 2(H 3L) 2?H] +. Time dependent ESI‐MS of reaction solution revealed the [Zn(H 2L′)] +→[Zn 2(H 2L′) 2?H] +→[Zn 5(H 2L′) 6?H] 3+ stepwise assembly. It also has been captured the in situ reaction mainly occurs in the step of [Zn(H 3L)] + to [Zn(H 2L′)] +. 相似文献
6.
Since the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988, detection of military explosives has received much attention. Only in the last few years has detection of improvised explosives become a priority. Many detection methods require that the particulate or vapor be available. Elsewhere we have reported the vapor pressures of peroxide explosives triacetone triperoxide (TATP), diacetone diperoxide (DADP), and 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT). Herein we examine the vapor signatures of the nitrate salts of urea and guanidine (UN and GN, respectively), and compare them to ammonium nitrate (AN) and TATP using an isothermal thermo‐gravimetric method. The vapor signatures of the nitrate salts are assumed to be the vapor pressures of the neutral parent base and nitric acid. Studies were performed at elevated temperatures (80–120 °C for UN, 205–225 °C for GN, 100–160 °C for AN, and 40–59 °C for TATP), enthalpies of sublimation calculated and vapor pressures extrapolated to room temperature. Reported vapor pressure values (in Pa) are as follows: GN ≪UN <AN ≪TATP 2.66×10 −18 3.94×10 −5 5.98×10 −4 24.8 相似文献
7.
A critical review of vapor pressure data for military, civilian, and homemade explosives, explosive precursors, and explosive taggants is presented. It gives reference to a large number of papers and reports presenting original vapor pressure measurements and additionally an overview of measurements techniques for vapor pressure measurements and data analysis of vapor pressure measurements. Vapor pressure data, including Clausius–Clapeyron parameters ( A and B in: log10( p)= A−B/ T), calculated vapor pressure at room temperature, and heat of sublimation or heat of vaporization are included. The following classes of compounds are treated; military explosives (TNT, RDX, HMX, PETN, HNS, TATB, AP), civilian explosives (NG, EGDN, AN), explosive taggants (EGDN, DNMB, 2‐NT, 4‐NT), home‐made explosives (TATP, DADP, HMTD). and explosive precursors [HP( aq), NM, IPN, DNT]. 相似文献
8.
Ionic liquids have been projected as the best solvent for extraction and separation of bioactive compounds from various origins. This review offers a collection of the published results, using ionic liquids for the extraction and purification of biomolecules. Ionic liquids have been studied as solvents, co-solvents and supported materials for separation of bioactive compounds. The ionic liquids-based extraction procedures were previously reported, such as ionic liquids-based solid-liquid extraction, liquid-liquid extraction and ionic liquids-modified materials are reviewed and compared to their performance. In this review, the main activities and future challenges are discussed, with major gaps identified using ionic liquids in extraction procedures and by advancing few steps to overcome these drawbacks. Abbreviation: [(HSO3)C4MIM]+: 1-(4-sulfonylbutyl)-3-methylimidazolium; [(C6H3OCH2)2im]+: 1,3-dihexyloxymethylimidazolium; [CnC1MIM]+: 1-alkyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium; [CnMIM]+; [Cn, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12]: 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium; [CnC1pyr]+: 1-alkyl-3-methylpyridinium; [Cnim]+: 1-alkylimidazolium; [Cnpyr]+: 1-alkylpyridinium; [aCnim]+: 1-allyl-3-alkylimidazolium; [C7H7MIM]+: 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium; [C4(C1C1C1Si)im]+: 1-butyl-3-trimethylsilylimidazolium; [(HOOC)C2MIM]+: 1-carboxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium; [(OH)CnMIM]+: 1-hydroxyalkyl-3-methylimidazolium; [(C2H5O)3SiC3MIM]+: 1-methyl-3-(triethoxy)silypropyl imidazolium; [(NH2)C3MIM]+: 1-propylamine-3-methylimidazolium; [CwHxNyOz]+: Chirally functionalized methylimidazolium; [P10(3OH)(3OH)(3OH)]+: Decyltris(3-hydrox- ypropyl) phosphonium; [N111(2OH)]+: N,N,N-trimethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium (cholinium); [N00nn]+: N,N-dialkylammonium; [N0nn(2OH)]+: N,N-dialkyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium; [C10C10C1gluc]+: N,N-didecyl-N-methyl-d-glucaminium; [N11(2(O)1)0]+: N,N-dimethyl(2-methoxyethyl) ammonium; [N11(2OH)(C7H7)]+: N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium; [P66614]+: Trihexyltetradecylph- osphonium; [Pi(444)1]+: Triisobutyl (methyl) phosphonium; P.minus: Polygonum minus; NPs: Nanoparticle; ZnO : Zinc oxide nanoparticles ; Ni NPs: Nickel nanoparticles; MO: Methyl orange; UAE: Ultrasonic-assisted extraction; LLE: Liquid-liquid extraction; ABS: Aqueous biphasic system ; [Ace]?: Acesulfamate; [Ala]?: alalinate; [TMPP]?: bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate; : ; [NTf2]?: bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide; [[Br]–]: [Br]omide; [Calc]: calkanoate; [Cl]–: chloride; [Bz]?: benzoate; [PF6]?: hexafluorophosphate; [HSO4]?: hydrogenosulfate; [OH]?: hydroxide; I–: iodide; [Lac]?: lactate; [NO3]?: nitrate; [[Cl]O4]?: perchlorate; [Phe]?: phenilalaninate; [BF4]?: tetrafluoroborate; [SCN]?: thiocyanate; [C(CN)3]?: tricyanomethanide; [CF3CO2]?: trifluoroacetate; [CF3SO3]?: trifluoromethanesulfonate; [FAP]?: tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate; ILs: Ionic liquids; Ag NPs: Silver nanoparticle; Cu NPs: Copper nanoparticle; MB: Methylene blue; MR: Methyl red ; MAE: Microwave-assisted extraction; SLE: solid-liquid extraction. 相似文献
9.
Graphite paste electrode allows to determine elementary processes of the electrochemical oxidation in aqueous media of an electrochemical probe such as: N-acetyl L-tyrosine amide. Mathematical analysis of voltammograms gives the following EC mechanism: R?C 6H 5OH? R?C 6H 5O . + H + + e 2 R?C 6H 5O . → R?C 6H 5O + + R?C 6H 5O ?, R?C 6H 5O ? + H + → R?C 6H 5OH, R?C 6H 5O + → [ R?C 6H 4O] .. + H +, n[ R?C 6H 4O] .. → ?[ R?C 6H 4O] ?n. 相似文献
10.
Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) and principal components analysis (PCA) were used to analyze diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F (DGEBF) epoxy resin blend cured with isophorone diamine (IPD) hardener at different resin to hardener ratios. The aim was to establish correlations between the hardener concentration and the nature and progress of the crosslinking reaction. Insights into the cured resin structure revealed using ToF‐SIMS are discussed. Three sets of significant secondary ions have been identified by PCA. Secondary ions such as C 14H 7O +, CHO +, CH 3O +, and C 21H 24O 4+ showed variance related to the completion of the curing reaction. Relative intensities of C xH yN z+ ions in the cured resin samples are indicative of the un‐reacted and partially reacted hardener molecules, and are found to be proportional to the resin to hardener mixing ratio. The relative ion intensities of the aliphatic hydrocarbon ions are shown to relate to the cured resin crosslinking density. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 相似文献
11.
The TATP prepared in the presence of catalysts such as methanesulfonic, perchloric, or sulfuric acid, has been found to undergo spontaneous transformation to DADP. This transformation, however, does not occur if TATP is purified or prepared using hydrochloric acid. Using nitric acid or tin(IV) chloride for catalysis results in TATP that transforms to DADP only to a small extent (max. 1%). The rate of transformation depends on the storage temperature and on the molar ratio of catalyst to acetone ( nc/na) used during the preparation of TATP. The faster rate of the transformation was observed at high temperatures and higher molar ratio nc/na. 相似文献
12.
In the presence of methylaluminoxane (MAO), ethylene polymerization was successfully performed with homobinuclear zirconocene complexes {[(C 5H 5)ZrCl 2](C 5H 4CH 2 C 6H 4CH 2C 5H 4)[(C 5H 5)ZrCl 2]; 3o , 4m , and 5p }, which were prepared conveniently by the reaction of disodium(phenylenedimethylene)dicyclopentadienide [C 6H 4(CH 2C 5H 4Na) 2] with 2 equiv of ( N5‐Cyclopentadienyl)trichlorozirconium dimethoxyethane (CpZrCl 3(DME)) in tetrahydrofuran and characterized by 1H‐NMR and elemental analysis. The effects of the polymerization parameters, such as the temperature, time, concentration of the catalyst, MAO/catalyst molar ratio, and isomeric difference of the homobinuclear metallocene complexes 3o , 4m , and 5p were studied in detail. The results showed that all three catalytic systems had moderate activities in ethylene polymerization and afforded polyethylene with relatively broad polydispersities. The catalytic activity of 4m was somewhat higher than that of 3o and 5p but lower than that of 4,4′‐bis(methylene)biphenylene‐bridged zirconocene catalysts; this indicated that the distance between the two metal centers was too short in comparison with a 4,4′‐bis(methylene)biphenylene bridge to increase the catalytic activity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006 相似文献
13.
Sulfonated thiophenes, sodium 2-(3-thienyloxy)ethanesulfonate (C 6H 7S 2O 4Na) and sodium 6-(3-thienyloxy)hexanesulfonate (C 10H 15S 2O 4Na), were synthesized and used in the fabrication of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) sensitive and selective to Ag +. The Ag +-ISEs were prepared by galvanostatic electropolymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) on glassy carbon (GC) electrodes, with either C 6H 7S 2O 4− or C 10H 15S 2O 4− as the charge compensator (doping ion) for p-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). Potentiometric measurements were carried out with these sensors, GC/PEDOT(C 6H 7S 2O 4−) and GC/PEDOT(C 10H 15S 2O 4−), to study and compare their sensitivity and selectivity to silver ions. PEDOT(C 6H 7S 2O 4−) and PEDOT(C 10H 15S 2O 4−) films were also studied by using other techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).Results from the potentiometric measurements showed that the difference in length of the alkyl chain of the doping ions C 6H 7S 2O 4− and C 10H 15S 2O 4− has no significant effect on the sensitivity or selectivity of GC/PEDOT(C 6H 7S 2O 4−) and GC/PEDOT(C 10H 15S 2O 4−) sensors to Ag +. More differences can be seen in the cyclic voltammograms and EIS spectra of the sensors. FTIR spectra confirmed that both C 6H 7S 2O 4− and C 10H 15S 2O 4− act as doping ions in the electrosynthesis of PEDOT-based films and they are not irreversibly immobilized in the polymer backbone. 相似文献
14.
Vapor pressure is a fundamental physical characteristic of chemicals. Some solids have very low vapor pressures. Nevertheless numerous chemical detection instruments aim to detect vapors. Herein we address issues with explosive detection and use thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to estimate vapor pressures. Benzoic acid, whose vapor pressure is well characterized, was used to calculate instrumental parameters related to sublimation rate. Once calibrated, the rate of mass loss from TGA measurements was used to obtain vapor pressures of the 12 explosives at elevated temperature: explosive salts – guanidine nitrate (GN); urea nitrate (UN); ammonium nitrate (AN); as well as mono‐molecular explosives – hexanitrostilbene (HNS); cyclotetramethylene‐tetranitramine (HMX), 4,10‐dinitro‐2,6,8,12‐tetraoxa‐4,10‐diaza‐tetracyclododecane (TEX), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one (NTO), 1,3,3‐trinitroazeditine (TNAZ), triacetone triperoxide (TATP), and diacetone diperoxide (DADP). Ambient temperature vapor pressures were estimated by extrapolation of Clausius‐Clapeyron plots (i.e. ln p vs. 1/ T). With this information potential detection limits can be assessed. 相似文献
15.
Acid catalyzes the formation of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) from acetone and hydrogen peroxide, but acid also destroys TATP, and, under certain conditions, converts TATP to diacetone diperoxide (DADP). Addition of strong acids to TATP can cause an explosive reaction, while reaction with dilute acid reduces the decomposition rate so drastically that gentle destruction of TATP is impractical. However, combined use of dilute acid with slightly solvated TATP made gentle destruction of TATP feasible. Variables including acid type, concentration, solvent and ratios thereof have been explored, along with kinetics, in an attempt to provide a field‐safe technique for gently destroying this homemade primary explosive. The preferred method is moistening TATP with an alcoholic solution (aqueous methanol, ethanol, or iso‐propanol) followed by addition of 36 wt‐% hydrochloric acid. Preliminary experiments have shown the technique to be safe and effective for destruction of hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD), as well. 相似文献
16.
Conditions, which result in the formation of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) or diacetone diperoxide (DADP) from acetone and hydrogen peroxide (HP, were studied for the purposes of inhibiting the reaction. Reaction of HP with acetone precipitates either DADP or TATP, but the overall yield and amount of each was found to depend on (1) reaction temperature, (2) the molar ratio of acid to HP/acetone, (3) initial concentrations of reactants, and (4) length of reaction. Controlling molar ratios and concentrations of starting materials was complicated because both sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide were aqueous solutions. Temperature exercised great control over the reaction outcome. Holding all molar concentrations constant and raising the temperature from 5 to 25 °C showed an increase of DADP over TATP formation and a decrease in overall yield. At 25 °C a good yield of TATP was obtained if the HP to acetone ratio was kept between 0.5 : 1 and 2 : 1. At constant temperature and HP‐to‐acetone held at one‐to‐one ratio, acid‐to‐HP molar ratios between 0.10 : 1 and 1.2 : 1 produced good yield of TATP. Plotting the molality of HP vs. that of sulfuric acid revealed regions, in which relatively pure DADP or pure TATP could be obtained. In addition to varying reaction conditions, adulterants placed into acetone were tested to inhibit the formation of TATP. Because there is much speculation of the relative stability, sensitivity, including solvent wetting of crystals, and performance of DADP and TATP, standard tests (i.e. DSC, drop weight impact, and SSED) were performed. 相似文献
17.
The synthesis of a new family of single‐ion conducting random copolymers bearing polyhedral boron anions is reported. For this purpose two novel ionic monomers, namely [B 12H 11(OCH 2CH 2) 2OC(?O)C(CH 3)?CH 2] 2?[(C 4H 9) 4N +] 2 and [8‐(OCH 2CH 2) 2OC(?O)C(CH 3)?CH 2‐3,3′‐Co(1,2‐C 2B 9H 10)(1′,2′‐C 2B 9H 11)] ?K +, having methacrylate function, diethylene glycol bridge and closo‐dodecaborate or cobalt bis(1,2‐dicarbollide) anions were designed. Such monomers differ from previously reported ones by (i) chemically attached highly delocalized boron anions, by (ii) valency of the anion (divalent anion and monovalent one) and by (iii) the presence of oxyethylene flexible spacer between the methacrylate group and bonded anion. Their free radical copolymerization with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate and subsequent ion exchange provided lithium‐ion conducting polyelectrolytes showing low glass transition temperature (?53 to ?49 °C), ionic conductivity up to 9.1 × 10 ?7 S cm ?1, lithium transference number up to 0.61 (70 °C) and electrochemical stability up to 4.1 V versus Li +/Li (70 °C). The incorporation of propylene carbonate (20–40 wt%) into the copolymers resulted in the enhancement of their ionic conductivity by one order of magnitude and significantly increased their electrochemical stability up to 4.7 V versus Li +/Li (70 °C). © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
18.
Sodium α-sulfonated, fatty acid polyethylene glycol monoesters [C
m
H 2m+1CH(SO 3Na)COO(C 2H 4O)
n
H] and diesters [C
m
H 2m+1CH(SO 3Na)COO(C 2H 4O)
n
COCH(SO 3Na)C
m
H 2m+1], where m=10–16 and n=1–35, were prepared by esterification of α-sulfonated, fatty acids with polyethylene glycols, followed by neutralization
with NaOH. Crude products were purified by reversed-phase column chromatography on an octadecyl-modified silica gel. Characteristic
solution behavior of these α-sulfonated fatty acid esters was, examined, and the following features were observed. All monoesters
prepared in this work had Krafft points below 0°C and also possessed good calcium stabilities. Critical micelle concentrations
of the monoesters increased monotonously, as a rule, with an increase in the number of oxyethylene units. These results suggest
that the polyethylene glycol residue of the monoester behaves as a hydrophile. On the other hand, diesters possessed high
water solubility, low foamability, and critical micelle concentrations that were lower by a factor of ten compared to those
of the monoesters. 相似文献
19.
The use of synthetic biomarkers is an emerging technique to improve disease diagnosis. Here, we report a novel design strategy that uses analyte‐responsive acetaminophen (APAP) to expand the catalogue of analytes available for synthetic biomarker development. As proof‐of‐concept, we designed hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2)‐responsive APAP (HR‐APAP) and succeeded in H 2O 2 detection with cellular and animal experiments. In fact, for blood samples following HR‐APAP injection, we demonstrated that the plasma concentration ratio [APAP+APAP conjugates]/[HR‐APAP] accurately reflects in vivo differences in H 2O 2 levels. We anticipate that our practical methodology will be broadly useful for the preparation of various synthetic biomarkers. 相似文献
20.
A series of novel cationic gemini surfactants [C nH 2n+1–O–CH 2–CH(OH)–CH 2–N +(CH 3) 2–(CH 2) 2] 2·2Br ? [ 3a ( n = 12), 3b ( n = 14) and 3c ( n = 16)] having a 2‐hydroxy‐1,3‐oxypropylene group [?CH 2–CH(OH)–CH 2–O–] in the hydrophobic chain have been synthesized and characterized. Their water solubility, surface activity, foaming properties, and antibacterial activity have been examined. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of the novel cationic gemini surfactants are one to two orders of magnitude smaller than those of the corresponding monomeric surfactants. Furthermore, the novel cationic gemini surfactants have better water solubility and surface activity than the comparable [C nH 2n+1–N +(CH 3) 2–(CH 2) 2] 2·2Br ? ( n‐4‐ n) geminis. The novel cationic gemini surfactants 3a and 3b also exhibit good foaming properties and show good antibacterial and antifungal activities. 相似文献
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