Mg-5Gd-4Y-0. 3Zr 合金组织和力学性能研究

目的研究均匀化、挤压及时效热处理对Mg-5Gd-4Y-0.3Zr合金组织和力学性能的影响。方法制备了Mg-5Gd-4Y-0.3Zr合金铸棒,并进行了均匀化处理和热挤压处理。对不同状态的试样进行了拉伸试验,观察了金相显微组织,采用X射线衍射方法进行了结构分析。结果铸态合金组织主要由α-Mg基体和第二相Mg5(Gd,Y)组成;经过均匀化处理后,合金的第二相发生了完全回溶,合金的力学性能得到了提升;合金经挤压后,组织得到了明显细化,在200℃保温60 h得到了强度的最大值,抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别为423.0 MPa,335.0 MPa与9.0%。结论Mg-5Gd-4Y-0.3Zr合金既保证了低成本,又具有优良的力学性能,适合推广应用。     

应变速率对Mg-13Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr镁合金旋转反挤压的影响

旋转反挤压是一种将旋转运动和正常反挤压运动相结合的塑性成形新方法,可以实现Mg-13Gd-4Y-2Zn-0. 5Zr镁合金的剧烈塑性变形,改善其组织和性能。以旋转挤压为工艺对象,利用Gleeble-3500热模拟机研究了镁合金杯形件成形过程中应变速率对材料组织和性能的影响规律。结果表明:Mg-13Gd-4Y-2Zn-0. 5Zr镁合金杯形件旋转反挤压过程中,显微硬度分布较为均匀,试样从外部到内部的晶粒逐渐细化,沿旋转方向动态再结晶程度逐渐提高,晶粒尺寸逐渐减小。在周向应变速率ε周从0增大到0. 05 s~(-1)的过程中,动态再结晶晶粒的占比逐渐上升,在ε周为0. 005 s-1时,片状LPSO相的破碎使此时材料的硬度提高,并抑制了动态再结晶晶粒的产生。ε周的继续增加使位错密度增大,促进了动态再结晶。在旋转反挤压进行过程中,随时间的增加成形载荷波动上升,且随着ε周的增加,成形载荷逐渐下降。     

挤压GW102镁合金组织和力学性能

研究了Mg-9.8Gd-1.6Y-0.02Zn-0.5Zr(GW102)镁合金挤压棒材的显微组织和不同方向的拉伸性能。结果表明,经520℃均匀化处理的GW102镁合金的组织主要由过饱和镁固溶体、少量凝固期间析出的颗粒相Mg5(Y0.6Gd0.4)和非平衡相Mg3(Gd0.5,Y0.5)组成。挤压变形并在200℃时效热处理60 h后,从过饱和固溶体中弥散析出大量针片状β″相和β′相。该镁合金经过挤压变形后具有明显的各向异性,垂直挤压方向合金的抗拉强度显著低于挤压方向的抗拉强度和延伸率。GW102合金的强化,其主要原因是长周期结构相(LPSO)与位错的相互作用和晶界上无沉淀析出带的影响。     

挤压比对Mg-Zn-Y合金微观组织和力学性能的影响

研究了在350℃不同挤压比(16、32)下的Mg-6xZn-xY(x=0.5,0.75,1)合金微观组织和室温力学性能。结果表明,当挤压比为32时,合金中第二相体积百分含量较多,平均晶粒尺寸较小。其中,Mg-6Zn-1Y合金在挤压比为16时,α-Mg基体平均晶粒尺寸为14.6μm,抗拉强度及屈服强度分别为264MPa和169MPa;当挤压比为32时,α-Mg基体平均晶粒尺寸为5.9μm,抗拉强度和屈服强度达到337 MPa和237 MPa,分别提高了27.7%和40.3%。另外,所有合金经热挤压后都有良好的塑性,室温拉伸断口均呈韧性断裂特征。     

超高强韧Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr变形镁合金研究进展

超高强韧镁合金的研发对推广镁合金在高技术领域的应用具有重要意义。镁与稀土均是我国的优势资源,因此在我国发展超高强韧稀土镁合金具有得天独厚的优势,其中Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr系变形镁合金因其接近高强铝合金的超高强度和塑性,近年来受到研究者的广泛关注。综述了超高强韧Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr系变形镁合金的合金成分、常规塑性变形工艺、新型剧烈塑性变形工艺和热处理工艺对该合金显微组织和力学性能的影响规律,以及该超高强韧变形镁合金的显微组织特征和强韧化机理。T5峰时效态超高强韧Mg-8.2Gd-3.8Y-1Zn-0.4Zr(质量分数)挤压合金具有双峰分布的晶粒尺寸“软-硬”复合层片微结构,以及由高密度的基面γ′纳米片状析出相和棱柱面β′纳米析出相形成的近连续网状结构,该挤压合金室温拉伸屈服强度、拉伸强度和断裂延伸率分别为466 MPa、514 MPa和14.5%。介绍了哈尔滨工业大学等单位在超高强韧Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr系变形镁合金的规模化制备和应用方面的研究进展,并展望了Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr系变形镁合金的发展趋势。     

挤压温度对Mg-5.3Gd-2.6Y-1.1Nd-0.3Zr合金的力学性能和耐生物腐蚀性能的影响

在不同温度下对均匀化处理后的Mg-5.3Gd-2.6Y-1.1Nd-0.3Zr(质量分数/%)镁合金进行挤压。利用光学显微镜和拉伸实验对比研究固溶态铸锭、不同挤压温度合金的显微组织和力学性能,采用析氢法、失重法和极化曲线实验综合测试合金在Hank’s人体模拟液中的耐生物腐蚀性能,利用扫描电子显微镜观察腐蚀后合金的表面腐蚀形貌。结果表明:随着挤压温度的降低,合金的晶粒不断细化,强度及塑性不断提高,其中390℃温度下挤压得到的合金屈服强度达到223.4MPa,较固溶态铸锭(139.8MPa)提升约60%,且挤压后的合金在Hank’s体液中具有更高的耐腐蚀性,随着挤压温度的降低,合金的耐蚀性先升高后降低,450℃挤压的棒材耐生物腐蚀性能最优,腐蚀速率为0.74mm/a。     

时效温度对Mg-12Gd-3Y-1Sm-0.5Zr合金组织和力学性能的影响

采用X射线衍射、光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜、显微硬度和拉伸性能测试等手段,研究时效热处理温度对Mg-12Gd-3Y-1Sm-0.5Zr合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明,Mg-12Gd-3Y-1Sm-0.5Zr合金在200,250℃和300℃峰时效时,晶粒大小随时效温度的升高而逐渐增大,晶内颗粒状的第二相数量增多,硬度峰值出现的时间逐渐缩短。合金时效温度在200,250℃时,析出相为β′相,时效温度在300℃时,析出相为β相。合金在250℃峰时效时力学性能最优。在200,250℃峰时效热处理的合金在从室温到200,250℃和300℃拉伸过程中抗拉强度随拉伸温度的升高先升高后降低,出现了抗拉强度反常温度效应,而在300℃峰时效热处理后的合金未出现该反常现象。     

时效对Mg-9Gd-4Y-1Nd-0.6Zr镁合金强度和耐蚀性的影响

为获得高强耐蚀的Mg-9Gd-4Y-1Nd-0.6Zr合金,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜和电化学方法等分析了时效工艺对该合金强度和耐蚀性的影响。结果表明峰值时效合金强度很高但耐蚀性差,晶界析出相粗大且分布连续,在腐蚀溶液中镁合金由于析氢,晶界处很容易形成腐蚀通道。同时纳米尺寸的析出相和镁基体微电偶腐蚀很严重。过时效状态合金强度变化不大但耐蚀性显著增强,过时效样品晶内析出相粗大,晶界析出相分布不连续,腐蚀产物在其表面堆积导致腐蚀通道被堵塞,从而使合金耐蚀性显著提高。     

中低温挤压Mg-1.5Zn-0.2Ca合金组织与性能研究

晶粒细化可以有效改善镁合金的力学性能.基于此,以Mg-1.5Zn-0.2Ca合金作为研究对象,通过中低温挤压变形工艺对Mg-1.5Zn-0.2Ca合金组织进行调控,进而对其变形后的组织及性能进行分析.结果表明:随着挤压温度降低,Mg-1.5Zn-0.2Ca合金的塑性变形机制发生转变,变形后的晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,综合力学性能增强.280℃挤压变形时,合金以基面滑移及孪生协调变形为主,动态再结晶后的平均晶粒尺寸约为5.3μm,此时合金的屈服强度为95 MPa,抗拉强度为186 MPa,延伸率为22％.     

热挤压Mg-3Sn-1Zn-xCu合金的显微组织与力学性能

研究了添加Cu对热挤压Mg-3Sn-1Zn合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:添加少量Cu能显著细化热挤压Mg-3Sn-1Zn合金晶粒,同时在合金中形成具有高热稳定性的CuMgZn相,提高了合金的室温及高温强度和塑性。当Cu含量为0.5%时,热挤压Mg-3Sn-1Zn-0.5Cu合金的晶粒最细,为2.8 μm;其强度和塑性最高,室温屈服强度为241 MPa,伸长率为20.3%,150 ℃时屈服强度为128 MPa,室温拉伸力学性能优于挤压态AZ31B合金,高温强度优于铸态AE42合金。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...