污染土壤/底泥电动修复研究进展

修复污染土壤/底泥对改善生态环境质量极为重要,通过对污染土壤/底泥施加电场,可使污染物定向迁移、富集并去除.综述了电动修复的发展历程,比较了重金属、有机污染物及复合污染物的电动修复机理及其限制因素,分析了土壤预处理(加入酸、氧化剂、共溶剂、表面活性剂,搅拌,升温等)、电极优化(交换电极、阳极逼近、电极矩阵等)、多技术(...     

基于EKG电动脱水去除稻田土壤 重金属Cd的试验研究

为研究基于EKG电动脱水去除稻田土壤重金属镉(Cd)的效果,进行了土壤淋洗-电动脱水室内模拟试验,重点考察了FeCl₃淋洗后在不同电压梯度(1,2,3,4,5 V/cm)和不同电极间距(20, 30, 40, 50 cm)下,土壤各截面pH值的变化特点和电动脱水去除土壤Cd的效果。结果表明:电动脱水前后土壤各截面pH值均在2.2~2.5之间波动;土壤Cd的电动脱除率随电压梯度增大而增大,随电极间距增大而减小,脱除率最大可达47%;单位电动脱除率的能耗均与电压梯度和电极间距的大小呈正相关。试验结果说明以EKG为电极材料进行电动脱水,能有效地控制土壤各截面pH值,促进土壤孔隙水中可移动态Cd的高效脱除。     

土壤及地下水有机污染原位电化学动力修复技术进展

综述了土壤-地下水系统中有机物污染的原位电化学动力修复技术的研究与应用进展。原位电化学动力修复技术利用电渗析、电迁移和电泳使土壤孔隙中的水和荷电离子或粒子发生迁移运动。土壤pH、土壤类型、电流和电压以及电极性质等因素影响电动修复效果。大量研究表明,原位电化学动力修复技术能够有效地去除土壤-地下水系统中的有机污染物,是一门具有发展潜力的有机物污染土壤修复技术。     

不同pH调控方法对电助淋洗去除农田土壤Cd的影响

淋洗是修复土壤的一种简单高效的方法,但是对于渗透性系数低的土壤效果不佳。因此,采用电动修复技术强化农田重金属Cd的淋洗(简称电助淋洗),探讨了不同电解液pH控制方法对电助淋洗去除重金属Cd的影响。研究结果表明在电压梯度为1.5 V/cm、间歇通电5 d,每天连续通电8 h条件下,电助淋洗试验Ex1中重金属Cd的去除率为50.87%,比单一淋洗试验组Ex0中重金属Cd的去除率高10%;电动修复技术能强化土壤中孔隙水的流动,加速重金属离子的迁出,提高重金属去除率,有效促进农田土壤重金属Cd的淋洗效果。对比不控制电解液pH的试验Ex1和控制电解液pH的试验Ex2,Ex3,Ex4可知,控制电解液pH能控制土壤pH值,提高重金属Cd的迁移率。综合考虑现场操作等因素,建议采用电极极性切换控制土壤pH值。     

基于反电渗析法盐差发电实验研究

盐差发电是一种新型的具有研发潜力的发电方式,基于三大发电原理之一的反电渗析法制作发电装置,由阴阳离子交换膜、阴阳电极、隔板、外壳、浓溶液和稀溶液等组成。该文通过改变盐浓度差、半透膜的数量、溶液与半透膜的接触面积等因素,对电流、电压、盐浓度值的影响进行分析,结果表明:盐浓度差适当增大、半透膜数量增加、溶液与半透膜接触面积增大都能使发电效率有一定的提升。     

镉污染底泥电动修复影响因素研究

以镉(Cd)含量为2mg/kg污染底泥为研究对象,使用电动修复技术对污染底泥中的Cd进行脱除。研究了不同电极板间电压、化学增强剂种类以及电极材料对体系电流、温度、电导率、底泥含水率以及重金属含量的变化,试验结果表明:使用阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)作为化学增强剂,使用多孔碳作为电极,极板间电压30V,同时在0.05MPa的压力下进行抽滤,底泥含水率在5h内由75%下降到34.17%,重金属镉含量由2mg/kg下降到0.178mg/kg,脱除率达到91.12%,修复后的底泥中镉的含量满足《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-1995)中对镉含量的一级标准要求,达到了对污染底泥脱水过程中脱除重金属的目的。     

黏土矿物对工业污染物 Na+ 和 Hg2+ 的吸附试验研究

随着工农业生产的迅速发展,大量工业废水中的金属离子通过各种渠道进入了地下水系统,给地下水水资源的开发、利用带来了极大威胁。为了探讨黏土矿物对工业废水中金属离子的吸附规律,在平煤集团 30 万 t PVC 配套 25 万 t 离子膜烧碱项目的研究基础上,通过室内静态吸附试验,对黏土矿物吸附氯碱工业污染物的吸附能力进行了研究。结果表明：黏土矿物对 Na+ 和 Hg2+ 有很好的吸附作用, pH 值是影响其吸附效果的一个重要因素;随着介质的 pH 值增高,阳离子交换容量增加。该结果为干旱半干旱区合理利用污水资源,充分发挥黏土矿物在环境治理上的应用潜力,寻求可持续发展的新型环保材料提供了依据。     

天然沸石基质在水处理工艺中的联合应用

自然界中广泛存在的天然沸石由于具有良好的吸附、阳离子交换性而被以不同形式应用在水处理中.本文介绍了天然沸石基质以不同形式与水处理工艺联用的现状.天然沸石可以填料形式用于构建人工湿地、生物滤池或污染河流的原位治理;也可以直接投加小颗粒或沸石粉末形式到活性污泥工艺中强化系统去除污染物的能力;此外,还可降低淹没式膜生物反应器中的膜污染.天然沸石基质与常规的水处理工艺联用,既可在利用现有设施的基础上提高处理效率,又可为污染物的去除提供新思路,同时有利于污泥的资源化利用.     

活性炭纤维复合电极电化学氧化水中四环素

为提高涂层钛电极(DSA)对有机污染物的去除效率,采用固定活性炭纤维的DSA电极作为阳极,以四环素为目标污染物,研究了该复合电极的电催化氧化效能,并考察了电解电压、不同电解质、溶液pH值条件对四环素脱色效果的影响。结果表明:活性炭纤维复合电极作阳极比单独使用DSA电极作阳极对四环素的去除率高,四环素的去除率随电压的升高而增大;电解质的加入提高了溶液电导率,增强了四环素的脱色效果,且加入NaC l对四环素废水的去除效果优于Na2SO4;四环素在酸性条件下脱色效果最好,碱性条件次之,中性条件下最差。     

不同pH值条件下重金属捕集剂有效性的研究

采用高分子有机捕集剂与废水中的多种重金属离子发生螯合反应,生成稳定且不溶于水的金属螯合物来去除废水中的重金属离子。对4种捕集剂在不同pH值的条件下对含有汞、铜、镉、铅等重金属污水的去除效果进行了试验研究。结果表明,利用重金属捕集剂方法处理重金属废水的效率较高,有很好的应用前景。     

Application of a bio-electrochemical reactor process to direct treatment of metal pickling wastewater containing heavy metals and high strength nitrate.

The fundamental performance of a bio-electrochemical reactor for the direct treatment of metal pickling wastewater was investigated experimentally. In the reactor, carbon anode and cathode were installed. On the cathode, denitrifying microorganisms were immobilized. Continuous experiments were carried out by feeding a synthetic wastewater containing nitrate and binary heavy metal ions, copper and lead, under different operating conditions. Acetate as well as the electric current was supplied at the minimum amount for stoichiometry of the dissimilatory denitrification reaction. The results indicated that the dissolved copper and lead removal, denitrification and neutralization could be achieved simultaneously in a single bio-electrochemical reactor. The dissolved heavy metals were removed by electrochemical deposition on cathode and by the other phenomena such as the formation of insoluble suspensions and the sorption on suspended bacterial sludge. Denitrification proceeded effectively with the utilization of both added acetate and hydrogen gas generated by electrolysis of water. The pH value increased up to around neutral due to the occurrence of denitrification in the reactor, although the influent pH was less than 3. The removal efficiencies of heavy metals and nitrate increased with increasing the current density. The applied electric current was indispensable for sustaining the stable treatment in the reactor.     

Treatment of contaminated groundwater in sandy layer under river bank by electrokinetic and ultrasonic technology.

A series of laboratory experiments involving simple, ultrasonic, electrokinetic, electrokinetic/ ultrasonic flushing test were carried out for treatment and removal of heavy metal and hydrocarbon from contaminated groundwater in sandy layers under a river bank. The test results show that the electrokinetic/ultrasonic flushing technique is most effective for the removal of heavy metal and hydrocarbon from contaminated sandy layers by the coupling action of their own phenomena. It is shown that the electrokinetic technique is most effective to enhance the removal efficiency of heavy metal contaminants such as cadmium from contaminated sandy soil under the river bank; on the other hand the ultrasonic technique is most effective to enhance the removal efficiency of hydrocarbon contaminant, such as diesel fuel from contaminated soil.     

The effect of Fe(0) on electrokinetic remediation of clay contaminated with perchloroethylene.

The present paper was to investigate the effect of Fe(0) reaction barrier position and Fe(0) quantity on the remediation efficiency and electrokinetic performances of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) contaminated clay under potential gradient of 2 V/cm for 5 days. The Fe(0) reaction barrier was composed of 2 to approximately 16 g of Fe(0) mixed with Ottawa sand in a ratio of 1: 2. Its positions were respectively located at the anode, the middle, and the cathode end of the electrokinetic cell. Results showed that a relatively higher remediation of 66% of PCE was found as the Fe(0) reaction barrier located at the cathode side, which corresponded to a factor 2.4 times greater than that in the EK system alone (27.0%). As the Fe(0) quantity increased to 16 g, a highest remediation efficiency of 90.7% was found. It was concluded that the PCE removal in the EK/Fe(0) system was dominated by Fe(0) quantity rather than the Fe(0) reaction barrier position. As more Fe(0) existed in the EK system, a higher electroosmosis flow, higher permeability, and lower soil pH after treatment were found. The cost analyses were also investigated in this research.     

Enhancement of removal efficiency of heavy metal ions by polyaniline deposition on electrospun polyacrylonitrile membranes

This paper describes the preparation of a membrane of polyacrylonitrile(PAN) and its corresponding membrane coated with polyaniline(PANI) for the adsorption of heavy metal ions.Scanning electron microscopy micrographs revealed that all the membranes exhibited nanofibrous morphology.The prepared membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR).The prepared membranes were used as an adsorbent for hazardous heavy metal ions Pb~(2+) and Cr_2 O_7~(2-).The adsorption capacity and the removal efficiency of the membranes were examined as function of the initial adsorbate concentration and pH of the medium.Coated membranes with PANI showed better adsorption performance and their direct current(DC) conductivities were correlated to heavy metal ion concentrations.Adsorption isotherms were also performed,and the adsorption process was tested according to the Langmuir and Freundlich models.The regeneration and reuse of the prepared membranes to re-adsorb heavy metal ions were also investigated.The enhancement in adsorption performance and reusability of PANI-coated membranes in comparison with non-coated ones is fully discussed.The results show that the maximum adsorption capacities of lead and chromate ions on the PANI-coated membranes are 290.12 and 1 202.53 mg/g,respectively.     

Surfactant enhanced remediation of cadmium contaminated soils

An investigation involving the addition of surfactant to remediate cadmium-contaminated soils was perfoemed to determine the optimal surfactant enhanced remediation system. Anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SOS), nonionic (Triton X-100, TX100) and cationic (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) surfactants were used to elucidate the extraction efficiency of surfactant. EDTA and diphenylthiocarbazone (DPC) were also added to enhance the extraction efficiencies of surfactants. Moreover, the pH effect was examined to determine the optimal surfactant systems. The addition of anionic and nonionic surfactants can enhance the desorption rates of cadmium, lead and zinc, whereas the addition of cationic surfactant decreased the desorption efficiency of heavy metals. The desorption efficiency was found to increase linearly with the increasing surfactant concentration below critical micelle concentration (CMC) and remained relatively constant above the CMC. Moreover, the addition of EDTA can significantly enhance the desorption efficiency of heavy metals. Cationic surfactant was shown to be a more effective surfactant than nonionic and anionic surfactants in extracting heavy metals under acidic environment. The desorption efficiency of heavy metal in the surfactant/EDTA mixture system was in the order of Cd > Pb> Zn. However, the addition of DPC lowered the heavy metal removals by 2 to 4 times. Also, increasing pH value can decrease the extraction capabilities of nonionic and anionic surfactants. The results of this study demonstrate that surfactant in combination with complexing agents can be effectively used as chemical amendments to flush cadmium-contaminated soil by proper selection of type and concentration of surfactant and complexing agent at different pH values.     

Electrocoagulative treatment of mercury containing aqueous solutions

In recent years, electrocoagulation has been successfully used for wastewater treatment and is efficient in heavy metal ions removal. In the present work, electrocoagulation has been used for the removal of Hg(II) from synthetic wastewaters containing up to 20 mg/L of mercury. The electrode materials used are stainless steel (SS) and aluminum (Al). The effects of operating parameters, viz., current density, time of electrocoagulation, distance between electrodes, initial pH of the solution, presence of electrolyte in the solution and temperature have been studied. It was observed that more than 99% Hg(II) removal can be achieved by keeping the distance between SS and Al electrodes from 2 to 6 cm and initial pH range from 3 to 7. The results show that the pseudo second-order kinetics fits the data well. Also, preliminary cost estimation was reported.     

氯化钙-腐殖酸活化作用下土壤Cd的电动脱除性能

为了提高稻田土壤Cd的去除率,同时减小对土壤pH值的影响,采用氯化钙-腐殖酸复合活化液增强土壤Cd的可移动性,基于电动土工合成材料(EKG)电动排水脱除土壤Cd,重点考察了不同活化剂浓度和活化时间下,土壤有效态Cd含量以及土壤pH值的变化,研究了活化-电动排水后土壤Cd的电动脱除量、土壤全Cd含量、有效态Cd含量、土壤pH值的变化。研究结果表明:0.5%氯化钙-1%腐殖酸对土壤Cd的活化效果最佳,土壤有效态Cd含量可从0.30 mg/kg提高至0.44 mg/kg,而活化处理后的土壤pH值仅降低约0.4;排尽上覆水后,通过电动排水可进一步脱除土壤Cd,土壤Cd的电动脱除量为上覆水中Cd含量的3倍左右;活化-电动排水后,土壤全Cd含量从1.72 mg/kg降低至1.20 mg/kg左右,土壤有效态Cd含量降至0.27~0.31 mg/kg,各截面土壤pH值较为均一且变化不明显,介于5.45~6.30之间。研究所提出的方法可最大限度地脱除土壤Cd,提高稻田土壤Cd的去除率,同时减小对土壤pH值的影响,一定程度上保证了农作物的安全生产。