A Study of an FDTD‐Based Frequency‐Dependent Line Model for Electromagnetic Transient Simulations

Electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations of power systems require accurate representation of models in a wide range of frequencies. This of course applies to the representation of transmission lines, and the phase‐domain frequency‐dependent line model is often used to this end. The phase‐domain line model does not require modal transformation in EMT simulations but requires modal decomposition at its model identification stage, and there are cases where it fails to fix switchovers of propagation modes with respect to frequency. Thus, a frequency‐dependent line model which essentially avoids modal decomposition is desired. This paper studies the possibility of a frequency‐dependent line model based on the FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) method as a candidate which satisfies the above‐mentioned requirements. First, improvements regarding computational efficiency and numerical stability are made to Kordi's FDTD‐based frequency‐dependent line model. Then, the following points are clarified using the developed model: (i) Waveform deformations due to propagation modes with different velocities can be reproduced completely without modal decomposition; (ii) As the time step size becomes larger, waveforms obtained by the developed model become less accurate due to the embedded filter for numerical stability. These points assure, if the error due to the embedded filter is reduced, that the developed model can become a useful frequency‐dependent line model without model identification problems.     

输电线路功率型行波纵联保护新方法

为提高纵联保护的灵敏性与可靠性,提出一种行波功率型的纵联保护新算法。该算法利用彼得逊等值模型,分析线路区内、区外故障时的初始行波分布特征,给出了初始行波无功功率定义。基于S变换提取单频率的初始电压、电流行波,计算出初始行波无功功率,根据线路两端的初始行波无功功率幅值之比构成保护判据。当被保护线路区外故障时,线路近故障点端几乎测量不到初始行波无功功率,而远故障点端测量到的初始行波无功功率数值较大;被保护线路内部故障时,线路两端均存在较大的初始行波无功功率。根据线路两端测量的初始行波无功功率相对大小关系,能够明显地区分出线路内外部故障。理论分析和PSCAD/EMTDC仿真结果表明,该保护性能可靠性高、动作速度快、动作门槛值整定简单、计算量小;在小故障初始角下仍能准确识别区内外故障,且不受故障类型、故障位置、过渡电阻和母线结构等因素影响。     

Full‐wave analysis of traveling pulses developed in a system of transmission lines with regularly spaced resonant‐tunneling diodes

In a system of transmission lines with regularly spaced resonant‐tunneling diodes (RTDs), where several straight RTD lines are connected halfway to a closed RTD line, a pulse‐shaped rotary traveling wave develops on the closed line by mutual synchronization of the oscillatory edge developed in each straight RTD line. The oscillating edge on each straight line is synchronized with the traveling pulse, such that the system has the potential to generate multiphase oscillatory signals in millimeter‐wave frequencies. To examine the dynamics of traveling pulses at such high frequencies, the system is modeled in the framework of the finite‐difference time‐domain method. It is found that a traveling pulse develops in the closed RTD line synchronized with the oscillatory edges moving in the straight lines, assuming a microstrip structure for each RTD line. We then compare the results of the finite‐difference time‐domain calculation with those predicted by the transmission line theory with parameter values obtained by the quasi‐transverse electromagnetic estimation. In addition, the RTD line that compactly confines the electromagnetic fields is shown to have the potential to generate multiphase oscillatory signals at submillimeter‐wave frequencies.     

Frequency-Adaptive Power System Modeling for Multiscale Simulation of Transients

A multiscale power system modeling methodology for the integrative simulation of electromagnetic and electromechanical transients is introduced, implemented and validated. It makes use of frequency-adaptive simulation of transients (FAST) in which the shift frequency appears as a new parameter in addition to the time step size. For fast electromagnetic transients, tracking of instantaneous waveforms as in the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) is performed. When slower electromechanical transients involving power oscillations prevail, the Fourier spectra of the waveforms are shifted by typically either 50 or 60 Hz to eliminate the ac carrier and enable envelope following as in phasor-based simulation. An algorithm for the automatic setting of both shift frequency and time step size is proposed. Multiscale models of transformers, synchronous machinery, and transmission lines based on FAST are developed. The line model is distinguished in that it bridges both lumped and distributed parameters to efficiently emulate scale-bridging phenomena from steady state to traveling waves. The overall methodology is thoroughly validated: first against a staged field test involving transients of line energization and recovery on the network of the Bonneville power administration (BPA); then through comparison with an EMTP-type simulator in modeling diverse transients on a four-machine two-area power system.     

利用双端不同步数据的高压输电线路故障测距实用算法及其实现

利用单侧电压电流工频分量的输电线路故障测距算法,进行双原系统的线路故障定位时,远端系统等值阻抗变化对测距精度的影响时我法克服的。中提出一种双电源系统的高压输电线路故障定位的实用算法,其特点为：（１）两端数据不必同占;（２）用于短、中等长度线路时,不需要迭代求解,即定位方程为一个算式;（３）不需要区分故障类型;（４）该方法适用于换位线路、不换位线路以及双回线路。     

特高压输电线基于贝瑞隆模型的距离保护

提出了应用贝瑞隆模型实现特高压输电线距离保护的新原理。介绍了应用贝瑞隆模型计算输电线故障的方法,提出了实现距离保护的原理和保护动作判据,推导了在各种故障状态下保护的动作情况,用ATP和Matlab仿真证明该原理的正确性。     

考虑频变特性的直流线路故障行波精确计算方法及应用

输电线路参数存在频变特性,若在直流输电线路故障行波暂态计算中将其等效为固定不变的常数,则必然会导致计算误差增大。为此,文中基于叠加原理提出了适用于任意波形的时序波阻抗矩阵,以描述行波电压和电流间时域的频变关系;此外,利用双指数波对行波波形进行拟合,以获取更高的计算精度。在此基础上,将所提出的方法应用于直流线路故障测距,提出了一种考虑直流线路频变特性的故障定位新方法。基于PSCAD/EMTDC的实际直流工程算例的大量仿真测试表明,所提行波暂态计算方法能有效计及直流线路参数频变特性,对暂态行波的计算更精确,进一步提高了故障测距精度。     

输电线数字实时仿真模型简析

以无穷长输电线的电压衰减率和有限长线路末端开路的频率特性的准确解为依据，从实时仿真的基本要求出发，实现了在同一个暂态特性指标的平台上，对现有三种输电线模型Ｔ型、Ⅱ型及ＥＭＴＰ型进行了动态过程仿真特性的分析与比较。从理论上说明了输电线没有对其波传播过程、动态及稳态过程都能完美仿真的统一模型。现因目的不同而选用不同的模型。从伴随电力系统长期运行，以可能达到实时控制的观点看，Ｔ模型在频率方面虽有失真但失真度较易控制，仍不失为一种可用的线路实时仿真模型。     

An accurate time‐domain model of transmission lines with frequency‐dependent parameters

Linear lossy two‐conductor transmission line can be modelled as dynamic two ports in the time domain, via the describing input and transfer impulse responses. This convolution technique is very effective when dealing with networks composed of transmission lines with frequency‐dependent parameters and non‐linear and/or time‐varying circuits. The paper carries out an accurate analysis of this model, in the most general case of lines with frequency‐dependent parameters. For such lines it is not possible to evaluate analytically the impulse responses, nor is it possible to catch them numerically, due to the presence of irregular terms, such as Dirac pulses, terms that numerically behave as Dirac pulses, and functions of the type 1/t^ρ with 0 < ρ <1. A simple method is proposed to evaluate exactly all the irregular terms of the impulse responses: once these irregular parts have been extracted, the regular remainders are easily evaluated numerically. This method is applied to analyse lines with frequency‐dependent parameters of practical interest, such as superconductor transmission lines, power lines above a finite conductivity ground, lines with frequency‐dependent dielectric losses and lines with normal and anomalous skin‐effect. Numerical simulations are carried out for illustration. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超高压输电线路直流融冰过程中接地故障定位技术

直流融冰技术是解决超高压输电线路覆冰问题的有效方法。由于融冰过程中冰水的掉落易导致输电线路的单相接地故障,研究了融冰线路的故障定位方法,以保障融冰过程的顺利进行及融冰设备的安全运行。首先对直流融冰系统的组成及整流器拓扑结构、控制策略进行了介绍并搭建了融冰系统的详细仿真模型。针对定电流控制方式下直流融冰线路的单相接地故障,通过对沿线电压分布的深入分析,提出了基于贝瑞隆模型的直流融冰线路接地故障定位方法。利用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件对融冰线路故障进行了仿真验证,结果表明该方法能够实现融冰线路接地故障的快速准确定位。     

基于ATP-EMTP的1000kV交流同塔双回输电线路线损分析

1000 kV架空输电线路地处环境复杂多变,线路电能损耗难以精确计量.为了分析不同状况下1000 kV架空输电线路线损规律,利用了电磁暂态仿真软件ATP-EMTP,建立1000 kV同塔双回架空输电线路线损仿真模型,分析功率方向、相序排列、换位方式对架空线路损耗的影响,发现了1000 kV同塔双回输电线路出现典型异常线...     

特高压输电线分相电流相位差动保护的研究

针对传统相位差动纵联保护反应各种故障的灵敏度不同的缺点以及特高压输电线路的分布电容较大等特点,提出了基于贝瑞隆模型实现特高压输电线路分相相位差动纵联保护的新原理。介绍了利用贝瑞隆模型计算输电线路故障的方法,推导了实现分相相位差动纵联保护的判据及闭锁角的整定原则,综合分析了各种故障状态下保护的动作情况,解决了各种故障下的故障判别以及特高压线路上的大电容电流影响等问题。提出了用于故障后1～2个周波的基于电流故障分量的分相相位差动保护新原理,大大提高了保护承受过渡电阻的能力和动作速度。用ATP和Matlab仿真证明了该原理的正确性和用于特高压输电线的优越性。     

基于S变换样本熵的输电线路纵联保护新原理

提出了一种基于电流行波S变换样本熵的快速纵联保护新方法。利用故障后一段时间内线路两端故障电流行波的S变换样本熵比值来识别区内外故障。区外故障时,一侧的反行波和另一侧前行波为同一行波,波形相似,对应电流行波样本熵基本相同,其比值接近1。区内故障时,线路一侧的反行波和另一侧前行波为不同行波,波形相似度小,线路两端电流行波样本熵差异较大,其样本熵之比(数值小的与数值大的之比)最小。利用此特征可以确定线路区内外故障。仿真结果表明,所提出的纵联保护方案能够快速识别区内外故障,其性能不受故障类型、故障初始角、接地电阻、故障位置和母线结构的影响。     

一种无需参数整定的混合线路故障行波定位方法

为解决混合线路故障行波定位中行波波速与线路长度参数整定的难题,论文分析了混合线路中故障行波的传输特性,提出了一种无需参数整定的故障行波定位方法。该方法在线路不同位置设置多个模拟故障点,依次试验测试或仿真测试线路上各个模拟故障点产生的故障行波传输到该线路首端与末端的时间差,构建基准行波时差数组;当线路实际发生故障时,由行波采集装置测量行波信号到达线路首端与线路末端的时间差,与基准行波时差数组中各元素比较,判别故障区段;并计算故障点在故障区段线路的相对位置,根据各杆塔或电缆接头的位置确定故障点准确位置。仿真结果表明该方法无需整定线路长度和行波波速,且定位结果不受线路弧垂的影响,具有算法简单、实用性强、定位精度高的优点。     

基于差值矩阵的多端输电线路故障定位研究

针对现有多端输电线路故障行波检测困难、定位精度不高、判定算法复杂等问题,提出一种基于变分模态分解(VMD)算法和Hilbert变换相结合的行波检测法和一种基于差值矩阵的多端输电线路故障行波定位算法。首先通过行波传感器采集故障行波信号,利用VMD分解算法对故障行波进行分解,结合Hilbert变换提取模态分量IMF1的瞬时频率,根据第一个瞬时频率的奇异点位置确定故障行波的达到时刻。然后利用行波到达各端的时间和行波传输原理,得到多端输电线路故障分支判定矩阵。最后根据故障分支判定矩阵确定故障支路,实现故障点的精确定位。ATP/EMTP仿真结果表明,所提检测方法能够准确检测故障初始行波的到达时间,多端输电线路定位算法能够准确判定故障支路,相比于HHT检测方法下的定位算法,进一步提高了定位精度。     

Simple and accurate approaches to implement the complex trans‐conductance suited for time‐domain simulators for small‐signal and large‐signal table‐based models

This paper focuses on the implementation of table‐based models of high‐frequency transistors for time‐domain simulators at microwave and mm‐wave frequencies. In this frequency range, the channel is not capable of responding to the excitation instantaneously therefore, a delay‐time exists between the channel response and the channel excitation. This delay is represented by a complex trans‐conductance in terms of circuit elements. The high‐frequency models of transistors are required to have the implementation of complex trans‐conductance, where the complex part accounts mathematically for the delay‐time between the channel response and the channel excitation. This paper presents simple and accurate approaches to incorporate the complex trans‐conductance in both small‐signal and large‐signal table‐based models for time‐domain simulators (MOS‐AK International Meeting. Eindhoven, Netherlands, April 2008). Implementation approach for each model, small‐signal and large‐signal, is presented in separated sections. In the first step, the delay is realized by the introduction of an ideal transmission line between the channel excitation and the channel response. As transmission lines are not generally suitable for time‐domain simulations, a lumped element equivalent network is introduced in the second step. The latter approach is fully compatible with time‐domain simulators but frequency limitation, determined by the delay‐time value itself, is introduced. Then the implementation of the complex trans‐conductance in large‐signal model is introduced. In terms of large‐signal behavior, delay‐time is important to achieve a non‐quasi static model. Yet again there is limitation in terms of the frequency range that is determined by the delay value itself. The methodology is illustrated on the small‐signal and the large‐signal equivalent circuit of a Multi‐Fin MOSFET transistor. Simulations are carried out by Cadence Spectre and Agilent ADS simulators, and comparisons are carried out between the simulation results and the measurements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

输电线路电子模拟原理

提出了输电线路电子模拟技术原理,并介绍了集中元件、小损耗输电线路及具有频变特性的输电线路的电子模拟方案.该技术依据导线之间电磁联系的数学模型,建立输电线路的等值计算模型.对于模型中数值可由采集量历史记录确定的元件采用数字信号处理器模拟,并通过A/D和D/A转换技术完成物理量与数字量的接口转换;而对于模型中与采集量历史记录无关、反映电压电流瞬时变化关系的元件则用实际元件实现.以小损耗输电线路电子模拟系统为例进行验证,试验结果表明了该原理的可行性,为进一步探讨体积小、投资省、操作方便的电力系统模拟方法奠定了基础.     

一种基于区段判别的混合线路组合行波定位方法

为了提高传统组合行波测距方法的测距精度,分析了混合输电线路故障后故障行波的传播过程以及发生折射、反射的情况,并提出一种基于区段判别的混合线路组合行波定位方法。首先利用故障初始行波到达线路两侧的时间差来判定故障区段,由单端法给出准确的测距结果,然后通过线路两端采集到的时间由单端原理给出准确的测距结果,消除了双端法受线路给定长度误差以及同步时钟误差问题的影响,不需要对第二次到达母线侧的故障行波进行假设计算,简化了传统的组合行波测距方法,提高了传统组合行波测距法的测距精度。PSCAD仿真表明,所提出的高压混合输电线路组合行波测距方法是可行的,与传统组合行波测距方法相比,测距精度明显提高。     

基于故障电流传播特性的高压直流输电线路单端保护方案

针对高压直流输电线路现有行波保护故障识别准确率不高、耐过渡电阻能力不强等问题,提出一种基于故障电流传播特性的单端保护方案。基于高压直流输电系统的等效电路,分别分析故障电流从换流侧到线路、从线路到换流侧以及在线路上的传播特性,进而分析不同位置发生故障时整流站线路边界两侧故障电流特征的差异性。基于此,利用特征频段电流构造区内、区外故障的识别判据,设计直流线路单端保护方案。基于PSCAD/EMTDC软件的仿真结果表明,所提保护方案能够准确识别区内、外故障,且具有良好的耐过渡电阻及抗噪声干扰能力。     

基于改进暂态能量方向的半波长输电线路保护方法

针对传统特高压保护方法难以直接应用于特高压半波长交流输电系统的问题,提出基于改进暂态能量方向的半波长输电线路保护方法.半波长输电线路测量阻抗随故障位置不再呈现单一线性变化,导致传统距离保护不能直接应用于半波长输电线路,而行波在超长线路上衰减损耗极大,难以准确检测行波波头,故行波保护亦难以用于半波长输电线路保护.因此,提...