纳米TiO_2表面接枝PAN及其对PP抗紫外老化性能的影响

采用细微乳液聚合法制备了基于共价键结合的纳米TiO2表面接枝聚丙烯腈(PAN)(纳米TiO2-g-PAN)复合抗紫外老化剂,将其与聚丙烯(PP)共混制备了PP/纳米TiO2-g-PAN复合材料。研究了纳米TiO2-g-PAN在PP中的分散情况及PP/纳米TiO2-g-PAN复合材料的抗紫外老化性能。傅立叶变换红外光谱、热失重、扫描电子显微镜和力学性能测试分析表明,PAN成功接枝到纳米TiO2表面,提高了纳米TiO2与PP的相容性及PP/纳米TiO2-gPAN复合材料的热稳定性能、力学性能和抗紫外老化性能。当纳米TiO2-g-PAN与PP配比为0.05时,PP/TiO2-gPAN复合材料的拉伸强度、冲击强度、拉伸强度保持率和冲击强度保持率分别为38.66 MPa,691.75 kJ/m2,63.49%和58.42%,综合力学性能最佳。     

PMMA/TiO2纳米复合材料的性能研究

利用偶联剂钛酸正丁酯对纳米二氧化钛颗粒进行预处理, 而后通过原位聚合制备了表面包覆聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的纳米二氧化钛粉体. 通过红外光谱(FI-IR)、热重分析(TG)、差热扫描(DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)和扫描电镜(SEM)等研究了PMMA/TiO2有机-无机纳米复合材料的结构和性能.结果表明,PMMA包覆在TiO2的表面,包覆率为38.44%;PMMA/ TiO2纳米复合材料的起始分解温度和玻璃化温度分别为337 ℃和138 ℃,平均粒径为22.7 nm.表面改性后的纳米二氧化钛颗粒在有机溶剂中具有良好的分散稳定性能,同时确定了原位聚合PMMA/TiO2的最佳工艺条件为改性剂的用量15.8%,超声聚合反应时间1.5 h,反应温度为80 ℃.     

PP/PP-g-AN/纳米TiO2的制备及抗老化性能研究

采用聚丙烯-丙烯腈接枝共聚物(PP-g-AN)、有机化纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)对聚丙烯(PP)进行抗老化改性,并通过加速老化测试仪、扫描电子显微镜、紫外-可见光谱仪等仪器测试表征了老化后共混物的变化情况,并测试了加速老化500、1000、1500、2000、2500h后纯PP和PP/PP-g-AN/纳米TiO2的力学性能。结果表明,PP/PP-g-AN/纳米TiO2经过加速老化后具有良好的抗老化性能,当PP/PP-g-AN/纳米TiO2含量为90/5/5时(简称G5T5),加速老化2500h后PP/PP-g-AN/纳米TiO2的拉伸强度达到最大值25.58MPa,冲击强度为62.73kJ/m2;加入改性材料能够有效提高PP的抗老化性能,延长PP的使用时间。     

PP/无机纳米粒子/POE-g-MAH三元复合材料的研究

采用熔融共混法分别制备了PP/纳米SiO2/POE-g-MAH和PP/纳米TiO2/POE-g-MAH两种复合材料;通过力学性能测试和SEM照片研究了其力学性能及微观形态结构。结果表明:纳米SiO2和纳米TiO2对PP/POE-g-MAH复合材料具有增强增韧作用,在POE-g-MAH的用量为5%、纳米粒子的用量为2%时,PP/无机纳米粒子/POE-g-MAH复合材料的综合力学性能达到最佳;SEM分析表明,该复合材料在断裂过程中发生塑性变形,因而韧性较佳;由DSC分析可知,纳米SiO2、TiO2均对PP基体有异相成核作用,此作用随POE-g-MAH的加入得到进一步促进。     

PP/纳米TiO_2复合材料的结晶行为研究

采用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)表征了改性前后纳米TiO2粉体的表面特征。通过熔融共混法制备了PP/纳米TiO2复合材料。通过力学性能测试、DSC热分析和POM照片观测,对PP/纳米TiO2复合材料的力学性能和结晶行为进行了研究。结果表明:纳米TiO2对PP既增强又增韧;纳米TiO2在PP结晶过程中具有异相成核剂的作用,能够提高PP结晶度和加速PP结晶,可明显细化PP晶粒。     

新型纳米光触媒剂二氧化钛改性聚丙烯的研究

采用一种新型的纳米光触媒剂二氧化钛(TiO2)来改性聚丙烯(PP)，将无机纳米粒子通过熔融共混方法与PP复合制备了纳米TiO2／PP复合材料，利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察纳米粒子在聚丙烯基体中的分散效果，研究了纳米TiO2／PP复合材料的力学性能和抗菌性能。实验结果表明，填充量较少时纳米TiO2在PP基体中能够实现良好的分散。力学性能测试结果表明，填加质量分数为1％的纳米TiO2可以明显提高PP材料的抗冲击性能；纳米粒子质量分数在0～1％范围内对复合材料的拉伸强度几乎没有影响；而随着纳米光触媒剂TiO2的加入，PP具有良好的杀菌作用，并且随着TiO2含量的增加，复合材料的抗菌性能呈明显提高趋势。     

刚性粒子协同增韧PP基复合材料的研究

研究了有机刚性粒子PA6和无机刚性粒子纳米TiO2对PP基复合材料的协同增韧作用.通过力学性能测试,SEM和DSC分析,对PP基复合材料的微观结构和性能进行了系统的研究.研究结果表明:质量分数为8%的PA6和1%纳米TiO2对PP基复合材料有较好的协同效应.SEM分析得出复合材料PP/PA6/POE-g-MAH/纳米TiO2在断裂过程中发生塑性变形,其韧性较好.DSC分析得出PA6和纳米TiO2对PP基体均有异相成核作用.     

PP/TiO_2复合材料老化前后动态流变性能研究

通过动态转矩流变仪分别测试了纳米TiO2用量、测试温度、老化时间等对聚丙烯(PP)/纳米TiO2复合材料动态流变学行为的影响。频率扫描结果显示,随着扫描频率(ω)的增加,PP/TiO2复合材料的储能模量(G′)、损耗模量(G")变大,复数黏度(η*)降低,损耗因子(tanδ)先增大后降低。随着TiO2用量的增加,G′,G",η*先降低后增加。应变扫描结果显示,PP/TiO2复合材料存在线性黏弹区域,TiO2的加入使得PP/TiO2复合材料线性黏弹区域变宽。动态温度扫描结果显示,随着温度的升高,PP/TiO2复合材料的G′,G",η*都降低,tanδ增大。老化前后的PP,PP/TiO2复合材料动态流变行为对比结果显示,PP老化后,其G′,G",η*都低于未老化的PP;而PP/TiO2复合材料的G′,G",η*变大;这说明TiO2的加入使复合材料发生了交联老化。     

制备工艺对PP/PA6/无机纳米粒子复合材料力学性能的影响

在PP/PA6基体中分别添加两种无机纳米粒子(SiO2,TiO2)和5%的接枝POE作为相容剂。采用三种不同的共混工艺制备PP/PA6/纳米粒子复合材料,并对其性能进行了对比分析。通过力学性能测试和SEM照片观测分析了影响复合材料力学性能的因素。结果表明:分步法的制备工艺能够明显提高PP/纳米粒子复合材料的综合力学性能,改善分散相的相容性。并且研究发现:在PP/PA6中添加相同质量分数的纳米TiO2的综合力学性能要优于纳米SiO2。     

载银纳米二氧化钛对聚丙烯结晶性能影响

熔融挤出制备载银纳米二氧化钛(TiO2/Ag+)/聚丙烯(PP)复合材料,采用差示扫描量热仪研究纳米(TiO2/Ag+)对PP结晶性能的影响。结果表明:少量纳米TiO2/Ag对PP有成核促进作用,提高了结晶速率,使结晶度增大;当纳米TiO2/Ag十质量份数超过1%时,PP结晶陛减弱,甚至起一定的抑制作用;纳米TiO2/Ag+能提高PP结晶温度,而对PP熔融温度影响不大。     

Impact of filler geometry and surface chemistry on the degree of reinforcement and thermal stability of nitrile rubber nanocomposites

The morphological, mechanical, and thermal stability of Nitrile rubber nanocomposites reinforced with fillers such as layered silicate (LS), calcium phosphate (CP) and titanium dioxide (TO) having different particle size and chemical nature were analyzed. The results revealed that the filler geometry played an important role on the mechanical and thermal stability of the composites. Calcium phosphate and titanium dioxide filled systems showed comparatively better mechanical and thermal stability compared to neat rubber. The activation energy needed for the thermal degradation was found to be higher for layered silicate filled system. DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) analysis revealed a change in the T_g values as a result of the addition of fillers. This was more prominent with the case of layered silicate filler addition in comparison with calcium phosphate and titanium dioxide. The heat capacity values of the nanocomposites were carefully evaluated. The (∆Cp) with values obtained for different nanocomposites were correlated with the degree of reinforcement. It can be assumed that more polymer chains are attached on to the surface of the filler and there exists an immobilized layer around the filler surface and the layers do not take part in the relaxation process. The FTIR spectrum of the different samples highlighted the possible filler matrix interaction. The filler dispersion and aggregation in the polymer matrix were analyzed using X-ray diffraction studies (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM).     

Synthesis of exfoliated PP/LDH nanocomposites via melt‐intercalation: Structure,thermal properties,and photo‐oxidative behavior in comparison with PP/MMT nanocomposites

Exfoliated polypropylene (PP)/layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposites have been successfully synthesized via melt‐intercalation. Their structure, thermal properties, and photo‐oxidative behavior have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum. TGA and DMA data show that the PP/LDH nanocomposites have enhanced thermal stability compared with virgin PP and corresponding PP/montmorillonites (MMT) nanocomposites, especially in high temperature range during the thermal decomposition of the samples. XPS and FTIR results give positive evidence that the photo‐oxidation mechanism of PP in the PP/LDH materials is not modified compared with that of virgin PP. However, photo‐oxidation rate of PP/LDH materials is much lower than that of PP and PP/MMT samples, indicating that the PP/LDH nanocomposites have better UV‐stability. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:1153–1159, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Polypropylene nanocomposite film: A critical evaluation on the effect of nanoclay on the mechanical,thermal, and morphological behavior

Polypropylene (PP)/clay nanocomposites prepared by melt blending technique using different percentages of clay with and without maleic anhydride grafted PP (MA‐PP) were studied. The intercalated and exfoliated structure of nanocomposites was characterized by X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Because of the typical intercalated and exfoliated structure, the tensile modulus of the nanocomposites were improved significantly as compared to virgin PP. The viscoelastic behavior of the nanocomposites was studied by dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) and the results showed that with the addition of treated clay to PP there was substantial improvement in storage modulus increases. The thermal stability and crystallization of the PP nanocomposites as studied by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) were also improved significantly compared to PP. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Structure and properties of polypropylene/clay nanocomposites compatibilized by solid‐phase grafted polypropylene

Polypropylene/organic‐montmorillonite (PP/OMMT) nanocomposites were prepared via a solid‐phase PP graft (TMPP) with a higher grafting level as the compatibilizer. The effects of the compatibilizer on the structure and properties of PP/OMMT nanocomposites were investigated. The structure of the nanocomposites were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that when the weight ratio of TMPP and OMMT is greater than 1:1, the OMMT can be dispersed in PP matrix uniformly at the nanoscale. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites reached a maximum when the weight ratio of TMPP and OMMT is 1:1, although more uniform dispersion was achieved at a higher content of TMPP. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites decrease with the content of TMPP. The crystallization behavior, dynamic rheological property, and thermal stability of the nanocomposites were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic rheological analysis, and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. Due to the synergistic effects of TMPP and OMMT on the crystallization of PP, the crystallization peak temperature of the nanocomposites increased remarkably compared with that of the neat PP. TMPP shows β‐phase nucleating ability and OMMT promotes the development of β‐phase crystallite. The nanocomposites show restricted melt flow and enhanced temperature sensitivity compared with the neat PP. The thermal stability of the nanocomposites is obviously improved compared with that of the neat PP. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

Conducting nanocomposites of polyaniline/nylon 6,6/zinc oxide nanoparticles: preparation,characterization and electrical conductivity studies

Nanocomposites of polyaniline as a conducting polymer and main matrix, zinc oxide nanoparticles as inorganic filler and nylon 6,6 as supporting matrix were prepared by solution mixing process in a common solvent. DC electrical conductivity and its thermal stability at different temperatures under ambient atmospheric conditions were studied for the nanocomposites. The stability studies were carried out by two slightly different techniques, i.e., cyclic ageing and isothermal ageing. The results showed that the DC electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites decreased with increase in the content of zinc oxide nanoparticles whereas the thermal stability in terms of DC electrical conductivity retention was slightly improved in few cases but not for all samples. The advance analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were also used to characterize the selected samples. It was also observed that zinc oxide nanoparticles in the nanocomposites were homogeneously distributed; however, some clusters/aggregates were also present. The FTIR results showed the existence of some interaction between the individual components of the nanocomposites as evident from the little shift in the peaks of FTIR spectra. This result was also supported by XRD data.     

Compatibilizing effect of maleated polypropylene on the mechanical properties and morphology of injection molded polyamide 6/polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites

Polyamide 6/polypropylene (PA6/PP=70/30 parts) blends containing 4 phr (parts per hundred resin) of organophilic modified montmorillonite (organoclay) were prepared using twin screw extruder followed by injection molding. Maleated polypropylene (MAH-g-PP) was used to compatibilize the blend system. The mechanical properties of PA6/PP nanocomposites were studied through tensile and flexural tests. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to assess the fracture surface morphology and the dispersion of the organoclay, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to characterize the formation of nanocomposites. The thermal properties were characterized by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The dynamic mechanical properties of PA6/PP nanocomposites were analyzed by using dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer (DMTA). The strength and stiffness of PA6/PP nanocomposites were improved significantly in the presence of MAH-g-PP. This has been attributed to the synergistic effect of organoclay and MAH-g-PP. The MAH-g-PP compatibilized PA6/PP nanocomposites showed a homogeneous morphology supporting the compatibility improvement between PA6, PP and organoclay. TEM and XRD results revealed the formation of nanocomposites as the organoclay was intercalated and exfoliated. A possible chemical interaction between PA6, PP, organophilic modified montmorillonite and MAH-g-PP was proposed based on the experimental work.     

New toughened polypropylene/organophilic montmorillonite nanocomposites

A new toughened polypropylene (PP)/organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT) nanocomposite was obtained by melt intercalation extrusion in a twin‐screw extruder without any compatibilizer. The nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, melt flow rate (MFR) testing, mechanical properties measurement, melting and crystallization behaviors, and thermal stability determination. TEM images revealed the existence of intercalated OMMT layers dispersed throughout the PP matrix. A clear reduction in MFR was observed as the OMMT content increased. The yield strength, elongation at yield, and initial modulus of the PP/OMMT nanocomposites increased slightly as the result of the reinforcement of the OMMT nanofiller. The ultimate value of notched impact strength of the nanocomposites was over twofold that of neat PP after incorporation with 4 wt % OMMT; meanwhile, the heat deflection temperature values showed that the thermal stability increased a little. This is a new approach for preparation for the production of a toughened PP material with a high thermal stability and rigidity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Influence of graphene-based compounds on the mechanical toughness and thermal stability of polypropylene

A study of the improvement of the mechanical and thermal properties of nanocomposites prepared with polypropylene (PP) and different graphene samples [graphene oxide (GO), reduced GO (RGO), and commercial graphene (G)] is presented. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization were applied to the graphene samples. The nanocomposites were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, XRD, differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tensile, and impact resistance tests. PP/RGO nanocomposites showed significant improvement in mechanical and thermal properties. Sample PP/RGO-0.75 resulted in an increment in Young's modulus (51%), tensile strength (24%), and elongation at break (15%). This is attributed to a good dispersion state, a higher crystallinity percentage, and a good interfacial adhesion between PP and RGO. Sample PP/RGO-0.50 exhibited an increase of 197 °C in the temperature at which a loss in weight of 5% occurred, compared to that for pure PP. The height of stacked layers calculated by XRD measurements was similar to the value observed by TEM. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48258.     

Effect of Organomodified Ni-Al Layered Double Hydroxide (OLDH) on the Properties of Polypropylene (PP)/LDH Nanocomposites

This work addresses the effect of organomodified layer double hydroxide (OLDH) on the properties of PP/LDH nanocomposites prepared by melt intercalation method using a single screw extruder with maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA) as a compatibilizer. For this, Ni-Al LDH was first prepared by the co-precipitation method at constant pH using their nitrate salts. The above synthesized pristine LDH was organically modified using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) by the regeneration method. The structural and thermal properties of LDH and PP nanocomposites were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The influence of LDH loading on the mechanical and thermal properties of the nanocomposite was also investigated. The XRD results confirmed the formation of exfoliated PP/LDH nanocomposites. PP/LDH nanocomposites exhibited enhanced thermal stability relative to the pure PP. When 10% weight loss was selected as a point of comparison, the decomposition temperature of PP/LDH (5 wt%) nanocomposite was 15.3°C higher than that of pure PP. The DSC result indicated an increase in crystallization and melting temperature of the PP/LDH nanocomposites compared to pure PP. Overall, the mechanical properties of the PP/LDH nanocomposites increased with an increase in the LDH content. The maximum improvement of tensile strength, Young's modulus, flexural strength, and flexural modulus for the PP/LDH nanocomposite was found to be 11, 22.5, 28, and 22%, respectively, over neat PP. For comparison purposes, a nanocomposite with 5 wt% modified bentonite (PP/B5) was also prepared under the same operating condition and there was no significant improvement in mechanical properties (tensile strength and modulus).     

Influence of functionalized reduced graphene oxide and compatibilizer on mechanical,thermal and morphological properties of polypropylene/polybutene-1 (PP/PB-1) blends

Polypropylene/Polybutene-1 (PP/PB-1) blends and nanocomposites containing pristine partially reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and chemically functionalized rGO (FrGO) with silane, and silane grafted with 1,12-dodecanediamine and 1,12-dodecanediol were studied. The effects of the chemical treatments on structure and thermal stability of rGO were first thoroughly investigated. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy analyses of FrGO evidenced the existence of functional groups on rGO after each chemical treatment, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the effectiveness of the interlayer grafting process through shifting of the basal spacings as witnessed by increased d₀₀₂ values. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the functionalization of rGO resulted in improved thermal stability of rGO demonstrated by its increased thermal degradation temperature. The PP/PB-1 blends and their rGO and FrGO based nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending masterbatch process in the presence of an acrylic acid modified polypropylene compatibilizer (PP-g-AA). Mechanical testing showed that Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the PP/PB-1 blends significantly improved after co-addition of FrGO and PP-g-AA to form the nanocomposites, but it also endowed a drastic decrease in their elongation at break and especially in their impact strength. XRD analyses attested the successful formation of intercalated nanocomposites, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations disclosed a two-phase morphology consisting of PB-1 dispersed droplets in the PP matrix. SEM also indicated that the incorporation of PP-g-AA into the blends and the nanocomposites contributed to enhanced adhesion and dispersion of PB-1 phase and FrGO nanoparticles within the polymer matrix.