压平缝焊工艺对IF钢焊接接头抗拉强度的影响

研究了焊轮压力和焊接电流对无间隙原子钢压平缝焊接头抗拉强度的影响。结果发现：对于１．５ｍｍ厚的ＩＦ钢，选取７．５ｋＮ焊轮压力和１８５００Ａ焊接电流时，焊接接头的性能较好；当焊接电流偏低或偏高时，适当增加焊轮压力可以提高接头的性能。     

注射成型聚苯乙烯的取向和残余应力

设计带压力传感器和热电偶的矩形模具,进行聚苯乙烯不同工艺条件注射成型实验,通过测试双折射３个热直方向的分量,分析工艺条件对制品性能的影响。最后讨论注射成型制品中的取向分布和残余应力。     

FATIGUE STRENGTH OF NON-LOAD-CARRYING FILLET WELDED JOINTS: EFFECTS OF WELD RESIDUAL STRESSES AND STRESS CONCENTRATION

The fatigue strength of non-load-carrying fillet welded joints of KE36(TMCP) steel was studied. Both residual stress measurements and fatigue tests were carried out, with the plate thickness, the plate width and the heat input being varied. Specimens given a Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) were also prepared. The plate width had no effect on the fatigue strength, because it hardly affected the transverse residual stresses at the weld toe. However, the heat input influenced the transverse residual stress distribution, and a significant difference in fatigue strength due to the heat input was observed, especially when N≥ 10⁶ cycles. It was also found that PWHT removed almost all the residual stresses at the weld toe, improving the fatigue strength drastically. In this study, the values of stress concentration factor K₂ were estimated by Machida's method and it was concluded that the thickness effect resulted from a combination of both stress concentration and residual stresses with the contribution of the latter being particularly significant for N≥ 10⁶ cycles.     

陶瓷/金属钎焊接头内残余应力计算

用有限元法计算了陶瓷/金属钎焊接头内的残余应力,结果表明,在陶瓷一侧轴向残余应力的最大值位置在靠近连接界面的陶瓷表面,而不在连接界面上.最大主应力在接头内的变化规律与σzz的变化规律相似.σyy在陶瓷一侧表现为较大的压应力,在金属一侧表现为较大的拉应力.给出了接头最可能断裂的轮廓线.     

CONSIDERATIONS OF THE EFFECT OF RESIDUAL STRESSES ON FATIGUE OF WELDED ALUMINIUM ALLOY STRUCTURES

A new class of large, high-speed seagoing ferry-boat is under development for service around the world. The ships, which are built entirely of aluminium-alloy plate and stiffeners, show a propensity for fatigue cracking of the welded structure. Cracks may occur in both the hulls and the superstructure early in their 20-year service life. Early appearance of fatigue cracks is shown to result from the combined stress and strain fields set up in weld zones by the static residual stresses and cyclic loads, beyond the effects of weld and detail geometry.  A numerical example demonstrates that conventional methods of fatigue analysis overestimate the lifetime of the welded aluminium structure, while damage tolerance analysis based on fracture mechanics leads to improved prediction.     

THE EFFECT OF UNDERCUT, MISALIGNMENT AND RESIDUAL STRESSES ON THE FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF BUTT WELDED JOINTS

Abstract— A mathematical model is developed to predict the effect of weld toe undercut, misalignment and residual stresses on the fatigue behaviour of butt welded joints subjected to zero-to-tensile loading. Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM), Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and superposition approaches have been used for the modelling. It has been found that an undercut at the toes of welded joints is one of the most important weld geometry parameters. The reduction of fatigue strength of welded joints with a weld toe undercut is at least twice that of joints without an undercut in comparison with flush-ground welded plate. A misalignment of 5% of plate thickness and an undercut of 2% of plate thickness are fairly representative for the lower boundary of S-N curves of butt joints. The improvement of fatigue limits by means of surface treatments is shown to be effective for both undercut and misaligned joints. This approach is practical for a "Fitness-for-Purpose" assessment of welded joints subject to fatigue conditions.     

热喷涂涂层和基体中残余应力预报与控制研究

分析研究了热喷涂涂层和基体中残余应力产生的原因并发展建立了相应的理论模型.依据该模型,不但可以计算骤冷过程和冷却过程在涂层/基体结构内引发的残余应力,而且首次分析了沉积过程中,基体/涂层因喷射冲击(即喷涂粒子高速撞击基体及形成的涂层表面)而产生的残余应力,以及因基体/涂层热膨胀系数不匹配产生的残余应力.理论计算结果与实验结果基本吻合.通过理论计算,可以预报涂层/基体中残余应力的大小,并根据需要控制涂层/基体中残余应力的分布.对即将进行的热喷涂工艺具有一定的指导意义.     

RELAXATION OF RESIDUAL STRESSES AT COLD-WORKED FASTENER HOLES DUE TO FATIGUE LOADING

Abstract— Cold-expansion of fastener holes is now commonly used within the aerospace industry to increase the fatigue endurance of airframes. Although a number of methods of cold expansion are possible, the split-sleeve cold-expansion process is the most widely accepted and is frequently used in the repair and manufacture stages of both military and civil aircraft. In the present work, the redistribution of residual hoop stresses due to the application of constant amplitude fatigue loading at 4% cold-expanded holes has been studied. A modified Sachs method was adopted to evaluate the residual stress profiles and a replication technique was used to quantify crack growth. It was found that the decay of the residual hoop stress profile near the bore of the hole was due to the initiation and growth of small fatigue cracks. Cracks were found to initiate both near and below the fatigue limit, but subsequently arrested so stabilising the overall residual stress profile.     

一般应力比时焊接结构S－N曲线的预测方法

本文考虑了焊接结构的几何形状、受载形式、应力比、残余应力、尺寸效应以及材料等因素对疲劳寿命的影响，利用Ｐｅｔｅｒｓｏｎ公式和极值疲劳切口系数概念，建立了一般应力比时焊接结构Ｓ－Ｎ曲线的预估模型．文中对几类典型的焊接结构的Ｓ－Ｎ曲线进行了预测，预测值与实验结果符合较好．本文方法可以大量减少疲劳实验，具有一定的工程实用价值．     

不同强度匹配的焊接接头裂纹扩展特性

对由ＬＢ５２ＮＳ焊条施焊的Ａ１３１和Ａ５３７钢的焊接接头进行了动态撕裂试验，以研究焊缝金属强度区配对裂纹扩展特性的影响，结果表明，在接近ＮＤＴ温度时，两种接头的动态撕裂能没有显著差别；但在较高的温度，较高强度匹配的焊缝是有利的。对试验数据的统计分析表明，动态撕裂能ＥＤＴ和剪切面积百分比Ｓａ均服从正态分布规律。     

非均布荷载作用下震后地下拱结构抗动载能力评估

为评估非均布荷载作用下震后地下防护结构的抗动载能力,针对震前震后三种结构型式,给出了动荷载动力系数的确定方法,推导出了非均布荷载作用下地下拱形结构的弯矩和拱脚推力的计算公式。针对工程实例,计算了不同损伤型式的拱结构承受非均布动载时的结构内力,从而给出了非均布荷载作用下震后结构的抗动载能力评估方法。研究表明:抗弯设计条件下震后拱结构抗非均布动载能力将降低约13%,而在抗剪设计条件下由于裂缝的穿透震后拱结构抗非均布动载能力将降低50%以上。     

ANAND粘塑性本构模型在热处理消除焊接残余应力效果定量评价中的应用

将ANAND粘塑性本构关系引入列焊后热处理消除残余应力的有限元计算中。计算结果表明，ANAND本构关系可以较好的模拟焊接件在热处理条件下的力学行为，采用该本构关系所计算出来的残余应力消除效果明显，Y方向的残余应力减小幅度在30％以上，而且表面的残余应力还由处理前的拉应力变为压应力。此外，该本构关系还可以进一步应用到热处理条件的优化中。     

A CRACK GROWTH APPROACH TO LIFE PREDICTION OF SPOT-WELDED LAP JOINTS

Fatigue behaviour of spot-welded lap joints is modelled as a single-degree-of-freedom crack growth problem. Although such a model involves simplification of a complicated problem, predictions are in good agreement with experimental results. The model developed here allows a design engineer to analyse the fatigue behaviour of spot-welded steel sheets, which are commonly used in structures, without knowledge of metallurgical and fine geometric details of spot-welds. Only fatigue properties of the sheet metal are needed, so no laboratory facilities are required to generate fatigue data specific to spot-welds or weld metal.     

短纤维增强金属基复合材料的热残留应力及在拉伸和压缩载荷作用下的应力分布

发展了文献[1]中提出的变形模型, 研究了短纤维增强金属基复合材料热残留应力的分布及其对拉伸和压缩载荷下应力分布的影响。研究表明, 在拉伸和压缩载荷下, 热残留应力可导致不对称的应力分布和基体塑性, 热残留应力降低拉伸时的应力传递, 加强压缩时的应力传递。      

焊接构件焊接质量及疲劳强度分析

通过对典型焊接构件焊缝的宏观、微观组织分析及力学性能测试,确定该构件的疲劳强度不足主要是焊接中存在的未焊透,起弧处、熄弧处缺陷较多造成的,热影响区并非薄弱点。     

浦东国际机场钢屋架上弦主梁的残余应力测定与分析

利用X射线应力测定技术对浦东国际机场钢屋架上弦主梁的残余应力进行现场测定。简要阐明了造成不同焊缝应力分布的原因及火工校弯成形工艺对构件残余应力分布的影响。     

管节点表面裂纹疲劳扩展的数值模拟

本文采用线弹簧单元与ＡＤＩＮＡ程序结合计算了表面裂纹在交变载荷作用下的应力强度因子，首次提出了预埋线弹簧单元法模拟表面裂纹疲劳扩展，并发展了相应的技术和软件。     

THE EFFECT OF MISALIGNMENT ON THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF WELDED CRUCIFORM JOINTS

Abstract— The effect of axial misalignment on the fatigue strength of load-carrying transverse cruciform welded joints was investigated using experimental and fracture mechanics methods. Where failure occurred by cracking from the weld toe, misalignment significantly reduced the fatigue strength. The reduction could be predicted using a nominal stress concentration factor (SCF). Misalignment had less effect where failure was due to cracking through the weld metal; an expression was deduced for the SCF in this case. For fracture mechanics assessments, an expression for an effective stress intensity factor using the SCF and stress intensity factors for aligned welds was shown to agree with the finite element (FE) results. Predictions of the effect of misalignment using the FE results agreed with experimental data. Misaligned transverse load-carrying cruciform joints should be assessed for fatigue failure from the toe using the same SCF as for a butt weld with the same misalignment. For failure through the throat, an alternative expression for the SCF is recommended. Fracture mechanics assessments of misaligned joints should be carried out using an effective stress intensity factor derived from the SCF and stress intensity factors for aligned joints. These recommendations are now incorporated in British Standard PD 6493:1991.     

残余应力场中疲劳裂纹的闭合作用

疲劳裂纹在残余压应力场中的扩展可藉助于裂纹闭合力来描述。采用板状试样相变温度下急冷以获得长程残余压应力场。应用动态测定法可同时测得裂纹闭合力和扩展速率。结果表明,残余压应力的最大值位置与扩展速率的最低值和闭合力的峰值所对应的裂纹长度基本相同。可以认为残余压应力提高了裂纹的闭合力,它使最小有效应力强度因子 K_(eff min)升高,从而减小了裂纹的扩展驱动力△K_(eff),这是裂纹扩展速率降低的主要原因。     

考虑应变率影响的厚壁筒残余应力场分析

本文针对弹塑性拉压循环加卸载条件下，不同的应变率（１０－４－１０－２ｓ－１）变化，对高强钢（ＰＣｒＮｉ３ＭｏＶ）材料的屈服应力、应变硬化参数和反向屈服应力等参量的影响进行了实验研究，提出了便于理论计算的简化弹塑性本构模型，并假设拉屈服应力与压屈服应力的差值不随应变率的不同而发生变化，这一假定与实验结果相符合，且便于工程计算。针对厚壁筒自紧加工工艺的残余应力场分析问题，用本文提出的模型对厚壁筒在四种不同的应变率条件下进行自紧加工时残余应力场的变化及不同的自紧效果进行了详细的分析和比较，并提出了改进工艺过程和提高自紧效果的建设性意见。