Multiple resources and their sustainable development in Urban Underground Space

Traffic congestion and ground space scarcity are increasing the need to find more space in the urban underground. The demand-driven “top-down” planning of Urban Underground Space (UUS) is common worldwide. As natural resource, the endowments of UUS are different in different regions. Consideration of UUS resource endowments, which can be called “bottom-up” thinking, should be integrated into planning. The evaluation method of UUS resource and investigation results in typical cases are being presented in the paper. It is important for urban development to utilize the underground space. Meanwhile, we should also be aware that there are multiple valuable resources in urban underground. Besides space, there are also water, energy and geo-materials. The paper will discuss how to consider these different resources in urban development. There might be conflicts between the developments of different urban underground resources. The paper investigated the interactions between these developments, revealed some serious impacts and typical conflict modes. The identification of conflicts is a basis for the coordination and synergy of these developments. For sustainable development of city, it is needed to understand and scientifically evaluate the multiple urban underground resources, then holistically plan and manage the developments. Structure and properties of urban underground geological body determine the engineering conditions of UUS and resource attributes of urban underground. Since 2003, China has been conducting pilot projects of Urban Geological Investigation (UGI) programs in some large cities. The paper will also show how to consider the influence of geological conditions in urban underground resource evaluation and UUS planning.     

Advances in master planning of urban underground space (UUS) in China

Following economic growth and urban development in China in the past two decades, rapid urbanization have incurred many pronounced problems to many Chinese cities. Since 2000, key areas in many Chinese cities, drawing on valuable urban development experience from America and European countries, flock to conduct master planning of urban underground space (UUS) development. The compiling practice is conducive to the orderly development of urban space and alleviation of increasing human-land conflicts. Through selecting and analyzing the master planning UUS in Qingdao, this paper first investigates the current problems of UUS development and utilization in China, and then analyzes the planning methods and general thoughts of overall underground space layout. In general, the paper presents some current advanced research findings in the master planning of UUS development in China.     

城市地下空间开发强度预测模型研究

城市地下空间属于城市空间资源的一个重要组成部分,伴随城市人口密度的不断增长和社会经济水平的逐渐提高,为了拓展城市空间以改善城市生活环境,开发利用地下空间成为城市发展的必然趋势。笔者以国内10个城市(北京、上海、武汉、南京等)的地下空间开发作为研究对象,分析了地下空间开发强度和表征城市地下空间需求的人口密度及表征地下空间开发能力的地均GDP之间的相关性,并在此基础上提出了城市地下空间开发强度预测模型,揭示了不同条件下影响城市地下空间开发强度的决定性因素。本研究有助于不同城市根据自身的发展情况因地制宜,确定合理的地下空间开发强度和地下空间利用规划。     

城市地下空间智慧规划研究综述

合理规划城市地下空间是确保其高质量发展的关键。近年来,随着大数据、云计算、人工智能等技术与实体经济的深度融合,城市地下空间正在走向“智慧化”,但针对城市地下空间智慧规划的研究还较少。文献数据分析发现,我国城市地下空间智慧规划领域起步晚、发展慢,亟需进一步研究。笔者总结了国内外现有的研究内容,将城市地下空间智慧规划所需的技术分为基础技术和智慧规划技术。基础技术包括辅助规划系统架构、数据管理、建模仿真、资源评价、规模预测、协同规划技术,智慧规划技术包括动态模拟、智能交互、CIM平台技术,分别梳理了各类技术的研究现状。最后分析了现有研究中存在的问题,提出了未来该领域可能的发展方向。     

地下空间开发与社会经济指标的相关性研究

地下空间是一种重要的资源。本文通过对比研究地下空间开发数据,将中国城市地下空间发展水平进行了分级,并分析不同等级下社会经济的特点,然后分别从不同角度对地下空间指标与人口密度、地均GDP、人均汽车保有量等指标进行了相关性分析。结果表明,不同城市的地下空间开发强度与其地均GDP、人口密度具有高度的线性相关性。以上海市为例研究发现,同一城市不同时期的地下空间开发强度与人口、GDP、汽车保有量等指标可能存在多元线性关系。研究结果一方面验证了地下空间开发对社会经济发展的依赖性,即较高的地均GDP是所须具备的外部条件,较高的人口密度则是内在驱动力。另一方面也表明某些社会经济指标对地下空间发展阶段具有重要的指示作用。     

Factors influencing the development potential of urban underground space: Structural equation model approach

To ensure the sustainable exploitation of underground space, it is necessary to investigate factors influencing the development potential of urban underground space (DPUUS) before excavation and construction. Despite its significance, only few researches have been conducted to explore influence factors for DPUUS up to now. To fill this gap, this paper proposes the model of DPUUS, and investigates key factors affecting DPUUS using Gulou District in Nanjing for a case study. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) indicates that: (1) Geological features, land price and location condition, economic development level, development advantages of underground space, and ‘compatibility with urban planning’ are proved to be the five key influence factors for and have positive effect on DPUUS. (2) Among the five influence factors for DPUUS, ‘development advantages of underground space’ exerts the strongest effect on DPUUS, followed by ‘land price and location condition’, ‘economic development level’, ‘geological features’ and ‘compatibility with urban planning’. Finally, both favorable and unfavorable factors influencing DPUUS of different sub-districts in Gulou District are discussed.     

城市地下空间开发与可持续发展

从我国城市可持续发展的需要出发，指出了城市地下空间是城市发展的巨大空间资源，论证了城市地下空间的资源优势，阐明了做好城市地下空间开发利用规划是城市现代化发展的必然要求，进一步指出了做好城市地下空间开发利用规划应注意的几个问题，以促进城市现代化建设进程。     

Underground space in the Alexanderplatz area,Berlin: Research into the quantification of urban underground space use

The paper presents a case study of urban underground space (UUS) use in an area of Alexanderplatz in Berlin, Germany. The study analyses data on underground structures, as well as water supply, communications and sewerage. The focus of the study is quantification of UUS: volumes and depth of underground infrastructure, as well as functional use of underground structures. Data on UUS and land use has been collected in two case study areas, both of them include Alexanderplatz. The big case study area covers about half of a square kilometer and has about 700 thousand cubic meters of developed UUS. Main results are presented as diagrams: UUS use by function, distribution of underground infrastructure by depth, and volume of developed underground space per land area. Transport is the main function of underground structures in the area, and accounts for about 60% of UUS volume. Density of underground structures in the area is about 2–3 m.     

城市地下空间复合净化装置设计方法探讨

城市地下空间通风空调系统设计应兼顾热舒适性及空气质量.为有效去除地下空间的污染物,提出了城市地下空间各组分污染物的净化效率确定方法,以采用一次回风全空气系统的某地下商场为例,给出了所需复合净化装置的净化效率的计算步骤,总结出复合净化装置的一次净化效率的确定原则;探讨了复合净化装置的设计原则,研发了适用于地下空间的复合净化装置样机,并检测了其净化性能.在此基础上,对样机作为地下商场回风段净化装置的净化效果进行了模拟分析,结果表明,复合净化装置能较好地保障地下空间工作区的空气品质.     

大型带形城市地下空间的集约化开发策略

在快速城镇化的宏观背景下,以兰州为代表的大型带形城市显现出严峻的城市问题,集中体现在:城市建设用地极度紧张;交通问题严重;生态环境恶劣;市政设施效率低等方面。研究基于大型带形城市的突出城市问题,以兰州市为研究落脚点,结合兰州市轨道交通建设机遇,探讨了开发城市地下空间对解决此类型城市的城市问题的作用,宏观分析了地下空间开发策略,其中,以可持续性、集约化为基本原则,重点从调整城市功能角度研究了城市地下空间开发策略,主要内容包括三方面:1)选择可持续的模式,有节制的开发地下空间资源;2)结合整体功能布局,实现地上地下空间的协调发展;3)城市功能空间地下化。     

An integrated strategy for sustainable development of the urban underground: From strategic,economic and societal aspects

Underground urbanization aids sustainability by contributing to the optimization of land use plans, diversification of urban functions, safeguarding of utility supplies and enrichment of social life. Underground space as a valuable land resource can be integrated into a general urban resources management scheme and development policy, by rationalizing resource supply according to economic demand, and by coordinating stakeholders from the public administration, private developers and users. After benchmarking best practices in administration and management, from seven cities (Helsinki, Singapore, Hong Kong, Minneapolis, Tokyo, Shanghai and Montreal), critical success factors are extracted to guide a pilot project implementation.The way to incorporate underground space planning into conventional urban planning process is exemplified by a pilot project of Suzhou City in China, which investigated thoroughly the supply potential of its underground space resource as well as the demand potential of the urban economy on underground space development. The core value of the case study in Suzhou City is based on active involvement of provincial and municipal governments, who supported territorial data collection, administrative consultation and the development of GIS-based decision-making tools. The typicality of the present case study refers to an old Chinese city with a modern Central Business District owning important economic functions for the Yangtze region. Underground Space in Suzhou City is considered as a new land resource manageable with a quantitative and spatial inventory for future allocation. An economic model putting forward a “3D land value” index will be illustrated for underground building projects. This index helps to regulate underground space development according to the resource supply potential and economic demand potential.This strategic framework including potential analysis, local implementation and instrumental innovation was developed from an international cooperation program named “Deep City project” between Switzerland and China. Further discussions on considering societal impacts affected by underground space use indicate future research directions for underground space operations management.     

牡丹江市中心城区浅层地下空间开发适宜性评价

地下空间是城市实现可持续发展的重要资源。地质环境条件影响着地下空间资源的质量特征与发展难度,开发利用地下空间资源之前,需要对其进行科学评价。牡丹江市中心城区地下空间开发利用受区内地形地貌、岩土体工程地质、水文地质、环境地质问题和场地稳定性等多种因素影响。基于牡丹江市城市地质调查成果,建立了牡丹江市中心城区浅层地下空间(0~10 m)开发适宜性评价指标体系,按各指标的地质环境条件对研究区进行了分区,利用层次分析法(AHP)确定了各指标权重,最后通过ArcGIS空间分析功能对各指标分区图进行叠加,得出研究区浅层地下空间开发适宜性分区图。评价结果表明:牡丹江市中心城区浅层地下空间开发适宜性可划分为适宜性优区、适宜性良区和适宜性中区3个质量区。其中,适宜性优区和适宜性良区约占全区总面积的42.4%,分布于高平原地貌单元上;适宜性中区约占全区总面积的57.6%,主要分布于高漫滩地貌单元上。在该区开发利用地下空间时,建议提前做好该区的洪涝等灾害的防治工作。研究成果可为牡丹江市中心城区地下空间科学规划和合理开发提供参考。     

上海日月光中心地下综合体工程实践

上海地区结合轨道交通车站开发的地下综合体是一种能充分利用轨道交通资源的地下空间开发模式。在系统分析城市地下综合体开发的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的基础上,结合地铁车站、隧道与地块开发建筑共建的上海日月光中心这一地下综合体工程的成功实践,对软土地区建造大型地下综合体所面临的岩土工程问题及工程技术对策进行了分析总结,可为软土地基中结合轨道交通建设大力发展城市地下空间开发的区域综合工程提供工程借鉴和交流。     

论城市地下空间规划与发展

从城市地下空间的开发利用对实施中国城市可持续化的重要性出发,概述了现代城市地下空间开发的评价、规划的原则与内容、应解决的问题,提出应进行统一规划与统一建设,保证城市的可持续发展.     

城市大深度地下防洪排水体系构想及策略

城市地上与地下空间应是一个有机联系的整体,不能分割和孤立。近年来周而复始的城市内涝灾害不断侵袭我国各大中城市,造成了严重的经济损失。其根源在于城市发展过程中对于地上地下整体发展缺乏充分的思想认识和规划引导,导致地下防洪排水体系建设远远滞后于城市地面发展。本文总结了近几年城市内涝影响,借鉴国外城市发展经验,通过综合分析和探讨提出了城市大深度防洪排水体系的构想,并结合我国实际给出了一些可行性建议,对于我国城市综合排水体系建设具有一定的指导意义。     

城市地下空间与地上空间多重耦合理论研究

当前对城市空间的研究往往侧重于城市中的可见要素,过分强调物质实体,自然对地下空间这个不易被直观发现的重要组成部分有所忽略,从而导致发展缺乏整体而系统的视角。研究通过挖掘各类城市发展内在因素的复杂性、关联性和系统性,策略化的探索地下空间对于地面空间调整和优化的途径,从而解决城市发展过程中形成的地下与地上分离倾向。研究结果表明,地上与地下空间耦合的过程体现在使其各要素之间形成不同层次的整合关系,即功能的耦合、形态的耦合和场所的整体。由此,地上地下空间多重耦合就需要两者在各个层面上相互融合、协调发展,并由此逐步产生精神层面及社会层面的良性互动。     

基于激光点云数据绘制城市地下民防工程平面图

地下空间平面图对于地下空间的开发利用具有重大意义,可以直观显示出城市地下空间的范围和大小。采用徕卡C10三维激光扫描仪获取某地下民防工程的激光点云数据,使用Cyclone软件完成对激光点云数据的预处理,基于CoSurvey2016软件绘制地下民防工程平面图,通过激光测距仪量测距离对比验证其精度。试验结果表明:利用激光点云数据绘制城市地下民防工程平面图可以满足工程精度要求。     

浅析中等城市地下空间开发的利用

通过讲述城市地下空间的发展史,介绍了城市地下空间利用的几个方面,归纳了中等城市地下空间开发利用的原则,同时探讨了地下空间开发利用的途径和措施,以实现城市的可持续发展。     

城市发展背景下日本地下街的空间设计

从建筑空间出发,以城市发展为宏观背景,尝试建立起日本地下街空间的研究结构。通过对实际案例、统计数据与图文资料的总结,得出地下街空间设计演变的重要推力因素——城市发展中提出的功能需求,在此基础上尝试提炼出地下街与城市发展、更新之间的相互关系。同时,以建筑学为理论平台,结合天神地下街、八重洲地下街等典型案例,采用定性结合定量的混合性研究方法分析地下街的空间组成、空间形式(量、形、质、分隔、界面和色彩质感),从而总结出日本地下街比较共性的4点空间设计特征,以期为未来中国的地下街空间设计策略提供一些可参考的思路。