毫米波雷达前端芯片关键技术探讨

毫米波雷达的距离分辨率和最大可工作距离通常受雷达射频信号带宽和发射功率的限制,具有宽工作带宽、高输出功率、高灵敏度、高精度相位控制的毫米波雷达芯片是实现高性能毫米波雷达系统的关键.毫米波雷达芯片的设计难点主要集中在阻抗匹配、噪声降低、功率提升、相位控制等方面.因此,该文针对毫米波雷达前端芯片设计难点的关键解决技术进行探讨和综述.     

基于AD9914的新型全数字宽带毫米波相参信号源设计

为满足宽带毫米波雷达对信号源的较高需求,设计了一种适用于宽带毫米波相参雷达的任意波形产生器。该信号源的核心器件为ADI公司最新的AD9914芯片,控制芯片为常用的Spartan3 FGPA芯片。该信号源能产生简单脉冲信号,幅度、相位、频率调制信号和线性调频信号等。测试了信号源的相参性,同时验证了信号的脉压性能,测试结果表明,该信号源具有很好的频率稳定性和相参性能,在加海明窗的情况下,脉冲压缩的副瓣可达-44 d B。经上变频,可输出带宽为800 MHz,中心频率为34.15 GHz的毫米波信号。     

应用于智能驾驶的77GHz毫米波汽车雷达收发机芯片

针对未来智能驾驶和无人驾驶对毫米波传感器多模式、多场景感知需求,设计并实现了一种77GHz多模毫米波雷达收发机芯片。芯片采用65nm CMOS工艺,集成了3路雷达发射机和4路接收机、调频连续波（FMCW）波形发生器、模数转换器以及高速数据接口等电路。利用交叉耦合中和电容技术提升了CMOS工艺上毫米波低噪声放大器、毫米波片上功放等电路性能,采用两点调制锁相环技术提升了FMCW信号带宽和调制速率。收发机的发射功率、波形样式、接收增益和带宽等参数具有较好的可配置性,满足未来多模式、小型化和低成本汽车雷达传感器需求。芯片测试结果显示,在76～81GHz频率范围内,接收机实现50dB的增益控制,最小噪声系数11dB,FMCW信号调频带宽达4.2GHz,调制速率达233MHz/μs,线性度优于0.1%,－45～+125℃全温范围内发射机典型输出功率大于13dBm。     

宽带毫米波矢量调制器MMIC 设计

矢量调制器由于在毫米波频段内具有的多级幅度和360^o相位控制的特点,在毫米波直接载波调制和相控阵雷达系统应用中具有十分重要的作用。文中采用平衡式矢量调制器结构,对影响该调制器宽带平衡响应的关键参数进行了分析。通过研究Lange 耦合器的耦合系数和均效应管开关管的尺寸对宽带平衡性能的影响,提出了一种宽带矢量调制器的设计方法。基于该设计方法,采用单片电路的实现方式,利用商用砷化镓70 nm mHEMT 工艺设计了一款工作在40 GHz ~80 GHz 的宽带毫米波矢量调制器微波单片集成电路。结果表明:在整个40 GHz 的带宽范围内,所设计的矢量调制器具有优于正负4^o的相位偏差和优于正负0. 4 dB 的幅度偏差。     

效应实验用的Ka波段正交解调接收机的研制

针对毫米波雷达的复杂电磁环境效应实验研究需求,采用超外差和模拟零中频变频级联的结构,研制了一套Ka波段正交解调接收机。该接收机由低噪声放大器、混频器、中频放大器、正交相位检波器等部分组成。测试表明:该接收机具有大于256 MHz的工作带宽,在整个工作频带内具有1 MHz的瞬时正交解调带宽,可用于开展复杂电磁环境对毫米波雷达接收信号链路影响效应实验的研究。     

77GHz毫米波汽车防撞雷达抗干扰射频编码方法

随着77GHz车载毫米波雷达的大范围使用,随之而来的是雷达相互间的干扰问题。雷达射频编码是重要的抗干扰手段,根据车载毫米波雷达的工作特点,提出了一种射频编码方式来解决雷达相互干扰问题。该编码方式基于毫米波射频芯片的二相调制功能,在发射时对每个周期的相位进行二相编码,在接收时按照已知的规则对信号解码,以此来达到抑制干扰的目的。具体的编码规则不但能对雷达进行序号设定,还预留了车联网扩展应用空间,为将来实现联网通信、交通管理控制、安全急救等扩展应用打好基础。     

美国TRW公司率先研制出毫米波芯片雷达

<正>据《Microwave＆RF》1991年7月报道,美国TRW公司设计制造了在一个芯片上组成的毫米波雷达.这种器件是工作在40GHz的FMCW(调频连续波)雷达收发组件,芯片尺寸为4.35×7.00mm.该公司宣布这是首枚功能最多的毫米波芯片雷达,它有可能代替目前应用于灵巧武器中的微波混合集成电路雷达.     

毫米波相控阵雷达及其应用发展

概述了毫米波相控阵雷达的特点,介绍了电扫原理和主要毫米波电扫技术,以及相位控制扫描和多种移相器技术。针对毫米波相控阵雷达的特点,叙述了其主要应用领域,结合雷达和半导体技术对毫米波相控阵雷达的发展进行了展望。     

D频段雷达传感器测距装置

针对其他各类传感器在极限条件下测距的局限性及微波雷达的全天候工作特点,提出了一种基于调频连续波(FMCW)工作方式的低功耗雷达测距装置。该装置功耗为500 mW,以120 GHz毫米波雷达传感器芯片为核心,使用STM32芯片进行控制及信号处理,基于ADF4169芯片完成所需的调频源输出。在对弱差频信号作滤波、放大、采集及频域处理后,通过上位机进行距离显示。实验结果表明:在1.5 m的单目标距离测试范围内,测距精度为3 cm。该系统的研究对推进D频段雷达传感器的实际应用具有重要价值。     

毫米波有源干扰技术

根据毫米波雷达的特点，对毫米波雷达实施有源干扰的可行性进行了分析.提出了实施有源干扰的一些方法和技术.介绍了毫米波有源干扰机设计中的一些关键技术难点，提出了解决方法。     

基于MEMS技术的射频移相器

微波与毫米波移相器是通讯和雷达应用上相控阵天线的基本单元，MEMS技术的引入提供了一个在移相器设计中用最小损耗的开关来大量减少移相器插入损耗的方法，该方法可以降低器件的功耗，改善插入损耗、隔离度、频带宽度等性能。相比于GaAs移相器，基于MEMS开关的射频移相器，无论是开关线型、分布式或是反射型，都有很好的RF性能。     

Through-the-Wall Surveillance With Millimeter-Wave LFMCW Radars

The use of millimeter-wave radars allows a weight and size reduction of circuits and antennas, which is an important characteristic for Through-the-Wall Surveillance (TWS) applications. Furthermore, when using the millimeter-wave band, a large amount of bandwidth can be easily transmitted, given that the relative bandwidth is smaller. This leads to a high range resolution that allows for the discrimination of several targets that are very close in range, e.g., inside a room. The azimuth resolution is also improved due to the availability in this band of directive antennas with small dimensions. This paper studies the feasibility of using a millimeter-wave linear frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar in a TWS application. A TWS experiment in a real scenario has been done to demonstrate the validity of the theoretical analysis.      

基于PC104的汽车防碰预警系统的设计

毫米波雷达硬件体积小、探测精度高和全天候工作等特点,不仅具有很高的隐蔽性和很好的抗干扰性能,同时兼有微波和红外探测的优点,近年来受到了广泛重视。文中提出一种基于线性频率调制连续波雷达的汽车防碰预警系统,给出了系统的基本结构,并对前端数据采集、数据缓存和PCI04数据引入3部分进行分析设计,最后通过系统联调实现了汽车防碰预警等功能。     

Application of Reconfigurable Computing to a High Performance Front-End Radar Signal Processor

Many radar sensor systems demand high performance front-end signal processing. The high processing throughput is driven by the fast analog-to-digital conversion sampling rate, the large number of sensor channels, and stringent requirements on the filter design leading to a large number of filter taps. The computational demands range from tens to hundreds of billion operations per second (GOPS). Fortunately, this processing is very regular, highly parallel, and well suited to VLSI hardware. We recently fielded a system consisting of 100 GOPS designed using custom VLSI chips. The system can adapt to different filter coefficients as a function of changes in the transmitted radar pulse. Although the computation is performed on custom VLSI chips, there are important reasons to attempt to solve this problem using adaptive computing devices. As feature size shrinks and field programmable gate arrays become more capable, the same filtering operation will be feasible using reconfigurable electronics. In this paper we describe the hardware architecture of this high performance radar signal processor, technology trends in reconfigurable computing, and present an alternate implementation using emerging reconfigurable technologies. We investigate the suitability of a Xilinx Virtex chip (XCV1000) to this application. Results of simulating and implementing the application on the Xilinx chip is also discussed.     

一种机载超宽带相控阵雷达T/R组件设计

针对机载有源相控阵雷达小型化、多功能、高功率的要求,研制了一款应用于C、X、Ku波段的双通道超宽带T/R砖块组件,外观尺寸为30.0 mm×70.0 mm×8.5 mm.组件在工作频带内可以实现6位移相、6位衰减,工作带宽达到12 GHz,发射输出功率≥ 37 dBm,接收增益达到22 dB.通过对电路中无源结构进行仿真,并利用得到的仿真结果和射频芯片实现链路仿真,解决了超宽带T/R组件端口驻波较差和接收增益平坦度差且难以预估的难题.最终制造的T/R组件具有超宽带、低噪声、高功率以及良好的幅相性能.     

Ka 波段主动成像宽带收发前端的研制

以毫米波成像应用为背景,研制了一种用于Ka波段主动成像系统的宽带收发前端。采用结构紧凑的自差式结构,降低系统成本并使其具有较高的可靠性;分析影响成像系统的动态范围和分辨率的因素,选择并设计宽频带毫米波源、低插损带通滤波器和平面缝隙天线等关键电路,使前端具有足够的输出功率和良好的杂散抑制,在31～36GHz的频带内,收发前端的输出功率大于10.4dBm,杂散抑制大于25dBc。对金属目标的成像实验结果表明,前端的方位向和距离向的分辨能力小于8cm,初步满足了主动成像的要求。     

毫米波雷达四元微带双天线阵的研制

本文介绍了一种应用于收发分离体制毫米波雷达前端的小型微带阵列双天线.双天线包含两个四元并馈微带天线阵,共置于直径为18.6毫米的圆形衬底上,分别作为雷达前端的接收和发射天线.前端电路采用自行研制的毫米波雷达MMIC套片,利用MCM技术集成在与天线共型的圆形衬底上,与天线以背对背方式连接,采用小孔耦合技术进行场耦合.经过对天线和整个前端的测试,收发天线提供了10.5dB的增益,两天线问的隔离度优于-34dB,雷达前端具备良好的收发性能.     

CMOS mm-wave transceivers for Gbps wireless communication

The challenges in the design of CMOS millimeter-wave (mm-wave) transceiver for Gbps wireless communication are discussed. To support the Gbps data rate, the link bandwidth of the receiver/transmitter must be wide enough, which puts a lot of pressure on the mm-wave front-end as well as on the baseband circuit. This paper discusses the effects of the limited link bandwidth on the transceiver system performance and overviews the bandwidth expansion techniques for mm-wave amplifiers and IF programmable gain amplifier. Furthermore, dual-mode power amplifier (PA) and self-healing technique are introduced to improve the PA''s average efficiency and to deal with the process, voltage, and temperature variation issue, respectively. Several fully-integrated CMOS mm-wave transceivers are also presented to give a short overview on the state-of-the-art mm-wave transceivers.     

A SiGe BiCMOS 24-GHz receiver front-end for automotive short-range radar

This paper presents a fully integrated SiGe BiCMOS 24-GHz receiver front-end implemented for a ultra-wideband automotive short-range radar sensor. The circuit consists of a homodyne I/Q down-converter and a 24-GHz synthesizer. The receiver front-end is able to achieve a power conversion gain as high as 30 dB and a 6-dB noise figure, while preserving high linearity performance thanks to a 1-bit gain control. The frequency synthesizer, which also includes an on-chip loop filter, guarantees a phase noise of −104 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset from the 24.125-GHz carrier and a 4.7-GHz tuning range from 20.4 to 25.1 GHz.     

Metamorphic HEMT MMICs and Modules for Use in a High-Bandwidth 210 GHz Radar

In this paper, we present the development of advanced W-band and G-band millimeter-wave monolithic integrated circuits (MMICs) and modules for use in a high-resolution radar system operating at 210 GHz. A W-band frequency multiplier by six as well as a subharmonically pumped 210 GHz dual-gate field-effect transistor (FET) mixer and a 105 GHz power amplifier circuit have been successfully realized using our 0.1 mum InAlAs/InGaAs based depletion-type metamorphic high electron mobility transistor (mHEMT) technology in combination with grounded coplanar circuit topology (GCPW). Additionally, a 210 GHz low-noise amplifier MMIC was fabricated using our advanced 0.05 mum mHEMT technology. To package the circuits, a set of waveguide-to-microstrip transitions has been realized on 50 mum thick quartz substrates, covering the frequency range between 75 and 220 GHz. The presented millimeter-wave components were developed for use in a novel 210 GHz radar demonstrator COBRA-210, which delivers an instantaneous bandwidth of 8 GHz and an outstanding spatial resolution of 1.8 cm.