桥梁拉索损伤声发射监测及其临界损伤判断

通过拉伸试验,得到了钢绞线整个损伤过程的声发射特征参数,测试结果表明：采用计数、能量、持续时间、幅值和时间的相关点图来综合表征损伤,不但可以跟踪全过程损伤,而且还可以准确判断出断丝信号和非断丝信号以及断丝位置,并发现钢绞线在屈服变形之前,声发射特征参数并不明显,屈服阶段之后,声发射的特征参数逐渐增大,在临近断裂时,声发射特征参数迅速增大。最后采用声发射特征参数时间序列分形理论研究了钢绞线的损伤演化规律,在加载初中期,分形维数变化不大,当钢绞线裂纹进入快速扩展阶段,分形维数出现“最大-最小”变化模式,运用此模式可为钢绞线临界损伤破坏提供一个新的判据。     

基于声发射速率过程理论的混凝土损伤评估研究综述

混凝土内部裂缝开展状况与声发射活跃状态是紧密相关的,而声发射速率过程理论是对声发射活性的具体描述.在对国内外相关文献进行研究分析的基础上,分析了声发射速率过程理论的原理,总结了基于声发射速率过程理论和Loand模型的损伤力学方程的定量损伤评估方法.从混凝土、岩石等材料的工程应用方面阐述了基于上述声发射速率过程理论的损伤评估方法的有效性和准确性,并总结了目前该领域的研究重点和不足.     

岩石微破裂损伤演化诱致突变的数值模拟

基于岩石变形过程中损伤局域化现象，根据岩石材料随机性的特点，通过二维网络系统损伤演化的有限元数值模拟发现：岩石微破裂在损伤演化过程中显示出从均匀随机的无序逐渐向局域化的有序转化特征，不论微破裂如何演化，最终都诱致岩石网络系统产生突变破裂现象。用岩石微破裂与声发射具有一致性的假设，模拟出岩石破裂过程中声发射空间分布的规律。     

高温后混凝土损伤评估的声发射试验研究

为研究高温后混凝土的损伤特征,对25~900℃范围10种温度水平的混凝土立方体试块进行单轴压缩和变幅循环加卸载试验,同步进行声发射采集。试验结果表明高温后试块表观特征、受压破坏形态、力学性能、加载过程中的Kaiser效应和声发射速率过程参数均能有效表征高温对混凝土的损伤作用;以声发射速率过程理论和损伤力学建立的高温后混凝土损伤模型,实现了利用初始损伤因子D0对高温后混凝土损伤程度进行定量评估。     

冲击荷载作用下灰岩的能量耗散及损伤演化规律研究

利用改进后的直径50 mm的分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)试验装置,对灰岩试件施加不同加载速率的冲击压缩试验,分析了试验中灰岩试件的能量耗散特征;通过基于Weibull分布的动态统计损伤理论并结合试验曲线分析了灰岩的损伤演化规律,并探讨了最大损伤变量与能量耗散密度的关系。研究结果表明:透射、吸收、反射能量受入射能量的影响显著,并且透射能的相关性最显著;能量耗散密度随应变率的增加而显著增加,呈现较好的线性正比关系,能量耗散密度为零时的临界应变率为62.56 s^-1;动态抗压强度与应变率呈指数函数关系;灰岩试件的能量吸收率随应变率的提高而显著减小。基于Weibull分布的动态损伤本构模型的计算曲线与试验曲线较为一致,损伤变量D随应变的增加而逐渐增加,在应力应变曲线峰值处,损伤变量D存在一个明显的拐点,损伤在此处开始急剧增大;灰岩的最大损伤变量D_max与能量耗散密度呈较强的对数函数关系,存在D_max为零时的临界能量耗散密度值。     

岩石基复合材料支护采空区动力失稳声发射特征统计分析

基于声发射智能监测技术 ,对玲珑金矿 2 5 5m水平坚硬岩石复合材料支护的主运巷采空区结构失稳过程进行了实时监测 ,利用固体断裂非平衡统计理论进行统计推断 ,分析采空区围岩断裂失稳过程中微破裂的时空演化规律以及变形与声发射间的内在联系 ,同时在统计分析过程中考虑了不同因素对围岩破裂过程与失稳模式的影响 ,这对于工程安全监测与评价有很大的现实意义。     

Lateral response of pile foundations in liquefiable soils

Liquefaction has been a main cause of damage to civil engineering structures in seismically active areas.The effects of damage of liquefaction on deep foundations are very destructive. Seismic behavior of pile foundations is widely discussed by many researchers for safer and more economic design purposes. This paper presents a pseudo-static method for analysis of piles in liquefiable soil under seismic loads. A freefield site response analysis using three-dimensional(3D) numerical modeling was performed to determine kinematic loads from lateral ground displacements and inertial loads from vibration of the superstructure. The effects of various parameters, such as soil layering, kinematic and inertial forces,boundary condition of pile head and ground slope, on pile response were studied. By comparing the numerical results with the centrifuge test results, it can be concluded that the use of the p-y curves with various degradation factors in liquefiable sand gives reasonable results.     

基于能量耗散和声发射的岩石损伤本构模型

为了更好地研究单向受载下岩石的本构关系和损伤演化规律,利用泥岩的单向压缩和声发射试验,分析了岩石的变形特点、能量转化和声发射特征,在此基础上,分别建立考虑能量耗散和声发射的损伤演化方程,提出初始损伤和临界损伤的定义,构建了能够反映岩石压密过程和残余强度阶段的损伤本构模型,并通过单向压缩试验结果对比分析了两种损伤演化规律及理论损伤本构关系。研究结果表明,两种损伤演化规律基本一致,都经历损伤缓慢增加、加速增加和残余损伤3个阶段;材料参数分别影响应力强化、软化和整体应力-应变曲线;两种理论损伤本构关系均较好地反映了岩石的单向受载变形特征,从而证明了所建损伤本构模型符合实际。     

Building damage associated with geotechnical problems in the 2011 Tohoku Pacific Earthquake

An overview of the geotechnical aspects of the building damage due to the 2011 Tohoku Pacific Earthquake is presented, based on field reconnaissance made after the earthquake. It is shown that (1) Extensive soil liquefaction occurred along the coast of Tokyo Bay and around the floodplain of the Tonegawa River. Liquefaction was primarily found within the relatively newly reclaimed area, with numerous sand boils and large ground settlements up to 60 cm, accompanied by the settlement/tilting of wooden and reinforced concrete buildings supported by spread foundations. The extent and the distribution of the damage were significantly affected by the local soil conditions, including the thickness and the age of the reclaimed fills, the depth to the bedrock or the natural site period, and whether remedial measures had been taken against soil liquefaction, as well as the effects of structure–soil–structure interaction. (2) Numerous houses in Sendai's hilly residential areas constructed with the cut-and fill method were badly damaged not only by the simple collapse of retaining walls, but also by slope failures in the fills. It was found that most of the slope failures occurred on earth fills. (3) Several pile-supported buildings tilted and settled not only in the Tohoku region, but also on the Kanto plain, implying damage to pile foundations. Ground subsidence with sand boils around those buildings suggests that soil liquefaction might have played a significant role in intensifying the damage. (4) Within Onagawa and Rikuzen-Takata, several steel and reinforced concrete structures were knocked over by tsunami surges, probably after having suffered damage to their pile foundations. Much of the pile damage was concentrated (a) at the joints between pile caps and the piles themselves and (b) near the pile heads. The buildings suffering such damage were old; apparently their pile foundations were not designed to withstand earthquakes.     

基于三轴压缩声发射试验的岩石损伤特征研究

 利用MTS815岩石伺服试验系统和AE21C声发射监测仪,对灰岩进行三轴压缩声发射试验,利用声发射参数,分析三轴压缩条件下岩石的损伤演化特征。试验结果表明：(1) 相同试验条件下,检波器置于三轴室内时的声发射振铃计数和能量的最大值分别比置于室外时高27%和32%,表明,声发射检波器置于三轴室内能够接收到更全面、真实的声发射信号。(2) 围压使岩石压密阶段声发射活动降低,同时声发射振铃计数最大值稍滞后于岩样宏观破坏时间,说明围压提高了岩石的剪切强度和峰后承载能力。(3) 建立基于声发射累计振铃计数的岩石三轴压缩损伤演化模型,岩石的损伤演化过程可划分为初始损伤阶段、损伤稳定发展阶段、损伤加速发展阶段和损伤破坏阶段。初始损伤阶段,声发射参数较小;损伤稳定发展阶段,声发射活动明显活跃,振铃计数和能量逐渐增加;损伤加速发展阶段,声发射活动异常活跃,宏观破坏后不久声发射振铃计数和能量达到峰值;损伤破坏阶段,岩石仍具有相当的承载能力,在破坏过程中仍有声发射活动出现。     

基于中主应力的岩石统计损伤软化模型参数研究

岩石本构关系问题一直是岩石力学研究的重点问题,基于损伤力学理论,假设岩石的损伤变量分别服从幂函数分布与正态分布,建立考虑中主应力影响的模型,总结参数规律。通过两种分布函数所建立的岩石统计损伤软化本构模型与试验结果对比,以及分析损伤变量D的数值变化探讨模型适用性,研究表明:建立的模型曲线均能够较为理想地与实验曲线吻合,与岩石材料的力学性质基本吻合。而正态分布函数模型较幂函数分布模型的损伤变量D演化趋势更为合理。     

不同围压下页岩声发射及破裂前兆信息研究

对页岩进行常规三轴压缩下的声发射试验,并以时间为参考变量,得到力学与声发射参数之间的耦合关系,对其进行分析,以研究常规三轴压缩下页岩声发射特征的围压效应及其破裂前兆信息,并进一步揭示岩石破坏的微观机制,结果表明:(1)页岩声发射信号可分为4个阶段,即:原生裂纹压密阶段、平静阶段、爆发阶段、破坏阶段。(2)随着围压的升高,页岩的峰值强度随之升高,损伤强度σcd也随之升高,并且其数值约为峰值强度的91%。(3)随着围压的升高,由于破裂后的岩块之间的破裂面在凹凸处存在相互啮合啃断,岩样声发射信号在峰后残余强度阶段出现多个峰值。(4)页岩声发射RA值在主破裂发生前都有突然增大,并达到峰值的现象,预示着主破裂即将发生,因此可以将声发射RA值的突然增加作为页岩主破裂前兆信息。     

A wavelet-based technique for damage quantification via mode shape decomposition

In this study, a neuro-wavelet technique was proposed for damage identification of cantilever structure. At first, damage localisation was accomplished through mode shape decomposition using discrete wavelet transforms. Subsequently, a damage indicator was defined based on the detail coefficients of the decomposed signals. It was found that distinct patterns relate the damage indicators to damage locations. Considering this property, a neural network ensemble was developed for damage quantification. Damage indicators and damage locations were selected as input parameters for the neural networks. Three individual neural networks were trained by input samples obtained from different combinations of decomposed mode shapes. Then, the outcomes of the individual neural networks were fed to the ensemble neural network for damage quantification. The proposed method was tested on a cantilever structure both experimentally and numerically. Six different damage scenarios including three different damage locations and three different damage severities were introduced to the structure. The results revealed that the proposed method was able to quantify different damage levels with a good precision.     

岩石单轴压缩下损伤表征及演化规律对比研究

采用声波、声发射一体化装置同步测试单轴压缩下花岗岩应力应变、超声波及声发射(AE)特征演化规律,分析岩石特征应力对应的宏–细观表征,通过裂纹体积应变、声发射及声波特征等共同量化岩石损伤演化过程。结果表明:裂纹体积应变和波速对应的损伤起始应力吻合较好,AE事件、幅值分布、b值对应的应力特征值基本一致,但AE事件表征的损伤累积开始早于宏观变形和声波;初始加载阶段波速及各项异性系数K均逐渐增加,之后变化趋缓,起裂应力后侧向波速开始减小,而K逐渐增大;峰值应力前裂纹的快速聚结引起AE信号幅值大幅增加,伴随的是b值的快速下降和AE累积能量的陡增;基于起裂应力后损伤才开始累积的假定,量化并对比了裂纹体应变、AE事件等多参量表征的损伤演化规律,发现花岗岩损伤累积绝大部分发生在损伤应力之后。裂纹体应变表征的损伤具有明确物理意义,但裂纹体应变计算中泊松比选取存在一定主观性,裂纹体应变、AE能量、模量等参数表征的损伤在接近峰值应力前均出现大幅增加,与b值的快速下降对应。综合对比分析,AE能量表征的损伤具有更好的可靠性,反映了岩石损伤破裂的本质特征。     

Ground and Pile-Group Responses Due to Tunnelling

In urban areas, where many of the high-rise buildings are supported by pile foundations, the number of soft- ground tunnels has increased rapidly during recent years. To minimize the risk of damage as a result of tunnel construction the engineer who designs a tunnel needs to be able to make reliable predictions of the ground deformations induced by tunnelling and their effects on any adjacent pile foundations. In this paper, a closed form solution, developed by the authors, is used to assess the displacement field around the tunnel. The displacements estimated are then imposed on single piles and pile groups in simplified boundary element analyses to compute pile and pile group responses. The analytical method presented in this paper was verified with a case history and with numerical results obtained using FLAC^3D computer software. Comparisons are made to evaluate the group action for various pile group configurations. The influence of various pile lengths and pile locations from the tunnel is also presented.     

既有桥梁基础附近的低桩承台深水基础施工

南京市秦虹大桥的部分低桩承台深水基础位于泄洪河道中,并处于既有市政桥梁基础附近。为减小深水基础开挖施工对既有桥梁基础扰动、减少桥梁基础施工对防洪河道堵塞与降低施工成本,工程中采用了双薄壁钢—钢筋混凝土组合围堰与不同地点采用不同围堰形式等一系列技术措施。介绍了相关工程实践过程与结果,证明达到了目的,可为类似工程提供借鉴。     

通用频率指纹库在固接梁损伤定位中的应用

从理论上推导了基于梁的自振频率数据进行损伤定位的基本原理，得出了一些梁的基于频率数据定义的动力参数（任意两阶频率变化比）仅是损伤位置的函数，而与损伤的程度无关的结论。随后在理论推导的基础上，重点研究了利用任意两阶频率变化比作为损伤定位的参数，建立了两端固接梁损伤定位通用频率指纹库，建立的过程中还考虑了损伤程度对指纹库的影响。最后通过两个数值算例，验证了该指纹库用于固接梁损伤定位的有效性和通用性，从而为工程中任意固接梁的损伤定位找到了一个标尺。     

混凝土材料损伤的声发射动态检测试验研究

在实验基础上,给出了定量描述声发射活性的特征函数,导出了声发射参数同损伤参量之间的关系及用声发射参数表示的损伤演化方程和本构方程,并通过实验,验证了深化方程的正确性。探讨了根据混凝土受载后的声发射特征来动态评价和估计混凝土材料的损伤程度问题,为混凝土损伤的研究和损伤因子的测试提供了一种新的方法和新的途径。     

建筑钢材GTN损伤模型参数识别

对Q345B热轧无缝钢管加工的光滑和缺口圆棒试件进行单调加载试验,获取其应力-应变关系、载荷-位移曲线及基本材料参数,研究GTN损伤模型参数取值范围,采用逆推法识别GTN参数,在ABAQUS中利用自编GTN损伤模型UMAT用户子程序实现圆棒试件试验过程的数值模拟,依据数值分析结果比较孔洞的初始体积分数f₀、形核孔洞体积分数f_n和表征材料失效时的孔洞破坏体积分数f _F三个损伤参数对断裂预测结果的影响。结果表明：试件失效点位置随着f₀和f_n的增大提前出现,而f _F越大,试件断裂后下降段斜率则越小,并据此确定Q345B热轧无缝钢管材GTN损伤模型参数,所识别参数可以较准确预测钢试件的断裂点。     

崩塌体失稳关键区岩石损伤特性试验研究

针对导致大型高陡危岩失稳的底部关键区域损伤劣化问题,通过声发射试验以及数值模拟试验获取关键区岩石试样在三轴压缩过程中的应力应变及声发射特征参数,利用损伤理论对试样的损伤特性与演化规律进行分析。研究结果表明:试样呈现出典型的脆性岩石破坏特征,伴随能量集中释放,在主破裂出现时刻声发射计数骤增;随着围压升高,声发射活跃频度增大,沉寂期缩短;不同围压下累计声发射计数曲线均呈现出初期平缓—中期缓增—后期陡升的阶段性特点,并与应力应变曲线具有良好对应关系;数值模拟试验所得到的力学及声发射数据能够合理反映并补充声发射试验结果,两种试验方法获取的岩石损伤性质参数及其趋势规律基本一致;基于累计声发射计数构建损伤变量,据此可定量化分析试样及危岩失稳关键区的损伤演化状态。本研究对具有相同失稳模式的高陡危岩损伤特性分析具有重要参考。