BER Performance of FSO Links over Strong Atmospheric Turbulence Channels with Pointing Errors

In this letter, we investigate the error rate performance of free-space optical (FSO) links over strong turbulence fading channels together with misalignment (pointing error) effects. First, we present a novel closed-form expression for the distribution of a stochastic FSO channel model which takes into account both atmospheric turbulence-induced fading and misalignment-induced fading. Then, we evaluate the average bit-error rate in closed form of a FSO system operating in this channel environment, assuming intensity modulation/direct detection with on-off keying. Numerical examples are further provided to collaborate on the derived analytical expressions.     

Performance analysis of a variable‐gain amplify‐and‐forward relayed mixed RF‐FSO system

In this work, an amplify‐and‐forward variable‐gain relayed mixed RF‐FSO system is studied. The considered dual‐hop system consists of a radio frequency (RF) link followed by a free space optical (FSO) channel. The RF link is affected by short‐term multipath fading and long‐term shadowing effects and is assumed to follow the generalized‐K fading distribution that approximates accurately several important distributions often used to model communication channels. The FSO channel experiences fading caused by atmospheric turbulence that is modeled by the gamma‐gamma distribution characterizing moderate and strong turbulence conditions. The FSO channel also suffers path loss and pointing error induced misalignment fading. The performance of the considered system is analyzed under the collective influence of distribution shaping parameters, pointing errors that result in misalignment fading, atmospheric turbulence, and path loss. The moment‐generating function of the Signal power to noise power ratio measured end‐to‐end for this system is derived. The cumulative distribution function for the Signal power to noise power ratio present between the source and destination receiver is also evaluated. Further, we investigate the error and outage performance and the average channel capacity for this system. The analytical expressions in closed form for the outage probability, symbol and bit error rate considering different modulation schemes and channel capacity are also derived. The mathematical expressions obtained are also demonstrated by numerical plots.     

Outage performance of multihop free-space optical communication system over exponentiated Weibull fading channels with nonzero boresight pointing errors

The outage performance of the multihop free-space optical (FSO) communication system with decode-and-forward (DF) protocol is studied by considering the joint effects of nonzero boresight pointing errors and atmospheric turbulence modeled by exponentiated Weibull (EW) distribution. The closed-form analytical expression of outage probability is derived, and the results are validated through Monte Carlo simulation. Furthermore, the detailed analysis is provided to evaluate the impacts of turbulence strength, receiver aperture size, boresight displacement, beamwidth and number of relays on the outage performance for the studied system.     

移动平台上空间光通信系统性能研究

针对移动平台空间光通信信道的大气湍流随机性强、指向误差大和链路高动态性等问题,建立适合于移动平台的大气信道模型,并进一步推导出采用脉冲调制(PPM)调制的通信系统端到端信道容量和中断概率的解析表达式。仿真分析了在大气弱湍流、中强湍流两种情况下,信噪比、系统分集、指向误差及通信距离等对通信系统中断概率的影响。结果表明,指向误差不宜超过1mrad;通信距离每增加1km,中断概率上升8~11dB。     

Error rate performance of coded free-space optical links over strong turbulence channels

Error control coding can be used over free-space optical (FSO) links to mitigate turbulence-induced fading. We present error rate performance bounds for coded FSO communication systems operating over atmospheric turbulence channels, which are modeled as a correlated K distribution under strong turbulence conditions. We derive an upper bound on the pairwise error probability (PEP) and then apply the union-bound technique in conjunction with the derived PEP to obtain upper bounds on the bit error rate. Simulation results are further demonstrated to verify the analytical results.     

Error rate performance analysis of coded free-space optical links over gamma-gamma atmospheric turbulence channels

Error control coding can be used over free-space optical (FSO) links to mitigate turbulence-induced fading. In this paper, we derive error performance bounds for coded FSO communication systems operating over atmospheric turbulence channels, considering the recently introduced gamma-gamma turbulence model. We derive a pairwise error probability (PEP) expression and then apply the transfer function technique in conjunction with the derived PEP to obtain upper bounds on the bit error rate. Simulation results are further demonstrated to confirm the analytical results.     

BPSK Subcarrier Intensity Modulated Free-Space Optical Communications in Atmospheric Turbulence

Free-space optical communications (FSO) propagated over a clear atmosphere suffers from irradiance fluctuation caused by small but random atmospheric temperature fluctuations. This results in decreased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and consequently impaired performance. In this paper, the error performance of the FSO using a subcarrier intensity modulation (SIM) based on a binary phase shift keying (BPSK) scheme in a clear but turbulent atmosphere is presented. To evaluate the system error performance in turbulence regimes from weak to strong, the probability density function (pdf) of the received irradiance after traversing the atmosphere is modelled using the gamma-gamma distribution while the negative exponential distribution is used to model turbulence in the saturation region and beyond. The effect of turbulence induced irradiance fluctuation is mitigated using spatial diversity at the receiver. With reference to the single photodetector case, up to 12 dB gain in the electrical SNR is predicted with two direct detection PIN photodetectors in strong atmospheric turbulence.     

Performance analysis of MIMO FSO link with Alamouti coding and switch-and-examine combining

Atmospheric turbulence is one of the main causes of degrading the quality of service in free-space optical (FSO) systems. The use of diversity techniques in an FSO system can minimize the fading effect which is caused by atmospheric turbulence. When diversity combining is applied at both the transmitter and the receiver ends, the system can mitigate the degradation more effectively. In this paper, we consider a \(2\times L\) multiple-input multiple-output FSO system with on–off keying modulation where the link is affected by gamma–gamma fading. Alamouti space–time coding is implemented at the transmitter, while the receiver employs switch-and-examine combining. Analytical expressions for different performance metrics such as outage probability, average bit error rate and average capacity are derived using a moment-generating function-based approach. Numerical results are provided and are compared with Monte Carlo simulations.     

Effect of clear atmospheric turbulence on quality of free space optical communications in Yemen

Free space optical (FSO) communication is one of the most recently developed modes of wireless communication.FSO is a technique used to convey data carried by a laser beam through the atmosphere.While FSO offers a broadband service,it requires a line of sight communication between the transmitter and receiver.The atmosphere has effects on the laser beam passing through it.For instance,the quality of data received is affected by the scattering and atmospheric turbulence.The atmospheric turbulence is caused by both temporary and special random fluctuations of the refractive index along the optical propagation path.Clear air turbulence impairs the performance of the FSO due to the fluctuation in the intensity of the laser beam.By referring to the two criteria,namely bit error rate (BER) and signal to noise ratio (SNR),this work includes analysis of the effect of atmospheric turbulence on FSO systems in Yemen by using an appropriate model.     

Impact of Temporary Link Blockage on Ergodic Capacity of FSO System

Free-space optical (FSO) systems have attracted much attention from both research and application perspectives owing to their many benefits, such as license-free operation, low-cost, and high data rates. This paper investigates the ergodic capacity of FSO systems, which is an important metric of system performance. The stochastic temporary laser-beam blockage, pointing errors, and atmospheric turbulence are simultaneously considered. The results illustrate that the link blockage causes a decreased ergodic capacity. We show that to maximize the ergodic capacity, there is an optimal value of the laser-beam radius at the waist, which largely depends on pointing errors; however, it is independent of the atmospheric turbulence and the probability of link blockage.     

Performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing based M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation in asymmetrical dual-hop mixed RF-FSO transmission system

This paper investigates the performance of a dual-hop mixed relay system with radio frequency (RF) and free-space optics (FSO) communication under the effect of pointing error (PE) and atmospheric turbulence (AT). This paper considers a system where RF and FSO links are cascaded. The RF link is modeled by Nakagami-m fading, and the FSO link is modeled as gamma–gamma (G-G) fading channel. Both the channel models use orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The expressions for probability density function, cumulative distribution function, signal-to-noise ratio, and ergodic capacity are derived. The moment generating function (MGF) of fading and the bit error rate (BER) of the OFDM-based M-ary QAM scheme is derived in terms of Meijer's G-function. It has been observed that, in fixed gain relay systems, the modulation scheme's BER is dominated by the SNR of the RF link. While in a variable gain relay system, the turbulence conditions of the FSO system affect the SNR and the BER of the modulation method. The feasibility of heterodyne detection and intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) is analyzed in terms of outage probability and ergodic capacity. The results can be used to choose the optimal modulation order and relay system for QAM-OFDM-based optical wireless systems.     

Optimization Models for Misalignment Fading Mitigation in Optical Wireless Links

We consider a free-space optical (FSO) channel model affected by misalignment fading (pointing error) effects. Assuming intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) with on-off keying (OOK), new closed form expressions for the bit-error rate (BER) and the outage probability are presented. Furthermore, four optimization models are formulated and solved taking into account various metrics such as the beamwidth, the electrical signal-to-noise ratio, the normalized jitter, the BER, and the outage probability. The results obtained can be a useful outcome for FSO system designers in order to limit pointing error effects and achieve, thus, an optimum performance.     

自由空间光通信中相干OFDM系统性能分析

结合正交频分复用（OFDM）技术和相干探测的优势,研究了相干OFDM自由空间光通信（FSO）系统的误码性能,考虑了OFDM映射方式以及映射阶数对系统误码性能的影响。在Gamma-Gamma大气湍流信道下,分别从平均信噪比和所需平均接受光功率的角度考虑了系统在弱、中和强湍流三种情况下的误码性能。在此基础上,推导了系统误符号率的闭合表达式。仿真结果表明,相干探测下OFDM FSO系统可以较好地克服大气湍流效应,在弱、中湍流情况下,QAM映射方式下系统的误码性能明显优于PSK方式,在强湍流下这种优势不明显,此外随着映射阶数的增加,系统误符号率增加,因此在实际应用中可以通过降低映射阶数来提高系统误码性能。     

Analysis of effective capacity for free-space optical communication systems over gamma-gamma turbulence channels with pointing errors

To facilitate the efficient support of quality-of-service (QoS) for promising free-space optical (FSO) communication systems, it is essential to model and analyze FSO channels in terms of delay QoS. However, most existing works focus on the average capacity and outage capacity for FSO, which are not enough to characterize the effective transmission data rate when delay-sensitive service is applied. In this paper, the effective capacity of FSO communication systems under statistical QoS provisioning constraints is investigated to meet heterogeneous traffic demands. A novel closed-form expression for effective capacity is derived under the combined effects of atmospheric turbulence conditions, pointing errors, beam widths, detector sizes and QoS exponents. The obtained results reveal the effects of some significant parameters on effective capacity, which can be used for the design of FSO systems carrying a wide range of services with diverse QoS requirements.     

BER Performance of Free-Space Optical Transmission with Spatial Diversity

Free space optical (FSO) communications is a cost-effective and high bandwidth access technique, which has been receiving growing attention with recent commercialization successes. A major impairment in FSO links is the turbulence- induced fading which severely degrades the link performance. To mitigate turbulence-induced fading and, therefore, to improve the error rate performance, spatial diversity can be used over FSO links which involves the deployment of multiple laser transmitters/receivers. In this paper, we investigate the bit error rate (BER) performance of FSO links with spatial diversity over log- normal atmospheric turbulence fading channels, assuming both independent and correlated channels among transmitter/receiver apertures. Our analytical derivations build upon an approximation to the sum of correlated log-normal random variables. The derived BER expressions quantify the effect of spatial diversity and possible spatial correlations in a log-normal channel.     

Error rate performance for STBC in free-space optical communications through strong atmospheric turbulence

In this letter, error rate performance for space-time block coding (STBC) in free-space optical (FSO) communication systems with direct detection operating over strong atmospheric turbulence channels is analyzed. Based on the modification of the Alamouti code presented by Simon and Vilnrotter, a generalized approach is adopted to consider space-time coded on-off keying (OOK) formats with any pulse shape and reduced duty cycle, allowing the increase of the peak-to-average optical power ratio (PAOPR) and, hence, a relevant improvement in error rate performance. Simulation results are further demonstrated to confirm the analytical results     

瞄准误差和Gamma-Gamma大气湍流下信号束散角的优化分析

在自由空间激光通信(FSO)系统中,瞄准误差和大气湍流严重影响系统通信链路,是链路性能恶化的两大主要因素.通过对联合信道的理论分析,建立了信道模型,并利用Meijer G函数推导出了直接探测系统和相干探测系统平均信道容量的表达式.通过在Matlab中的仿真结果可知,在给定瞄准误差和大气湍流的条件下,信号光的光束束散角并非越小越好,而是存在最优束散角,该束散角不仅可以保证系统性能良好,而且使得发射系统功率取得最小值,并且采用相干探测系统可以抑制大气湍流对系统的影响,有效提高系统的性能.     

自由空间光通信中LT码的编码技术研究

为了克服大气湍流对自由空间光通信(FSO)链路的影响,将LT码应用到FSO系统中,并结合基于部分信息LT码的修正转移鲁棒孤子分布(ISRSD),模拟了不同大气湍流强度信道,采用不同的编码方案进行模拟比较,结果表明:与RS码相比,误码率为10-4时,LT码获得大约2 dB的编码增益;相比于RSD,ISRSD能使译码开销降低1％～2％,且LT码采用ISRSD后,误码率为10-7时,系统获得0.2～0.5 dB的编码增益.     

Enhancing spectral efficiency of FSO system using adaptive SIM/M‐PSK and SIMO in the presence of atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors

This paper proposes an adaptive transmission modulation (ATM) technique for free‐space optical (FSO) links over gamma‐gamma turbulence channels.The ATM technique provides efficient utilization of the FSO channel capacity for improving spectral efficiency, by adapting the order of the phase‐shift keying modulation scheme, according to the channel conditions and the required bit error rate (BER). To overcome the channel degradation resulting from the turbulence effects as well as the pointing errors (PEs), single‐input multiple‐output (SIMO) system with maximal ratio combining (MRC) is proposed. Exact closed‐form expressions of BER and upper bound of the capacity are derived and verified by Monte Carlo simulations. The numerical results show that the proposed adaptive technique improves the spectral efficiency (SE) five times higher than the nonadaptive technique at the same BER threshold (10^?3).This improvement is achieved at signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) equals 27 and 42  dB in the case of atmospheric turbulence without and with PE, respectively. Furthermore, this SE could be obtained while the SNR = 30  dB by using ( 1 × 4 ) SIMO scheme with MRC and PE and having the same transmitting optical power.     

Impact of transmission techniques in asymmetric RF/FSO system over Nakagami‐m and gamma‐gamma fading channels with pointing errors

In this paper, the performance of transmission techniques on the fixed‐gain amplify‐and‐forward–based asymmetric radio frequency/free space optical (RF/FSO) communication system is studied. The RF link and FSO link are, respectively, modeled by the Nakagami‐m and Gamma‐Gamma fading channels under the effect of zero boresight and non‐zero boresight pointing errors subject to heterodyne detection. Maximum ratio transmission (MRT) and orthogonal space‐time block coding (OSTBC) techniques are the transmission scenarios considered at the system source while selection combining is used for reception at the relay and destination for the signal detection. Moreover, a unified cumulative density distribution (CDF) of end‐to‐end signal‐to‐noise ratio is derived for the system. By utilizing this channel statistical CDF, the closed‐form expressions for the outage probability and average bit error rate for the M‐ary phase shift keying modulation are then obtained for the system. The analysis presented illustrates that both the atmospheric turbulence and pointing error significantly degrade the system performance. Based on this, the MRT transmission technique offers a better performance compared with the OSTBC techniques under the same system conditions. The accuracy of the analytical results is verified by Monte‐Carlo simulations.