表面处理玄武岩纤维增强水泥基复合材料力学性能

为提高玄武岩纤维(BF)与水泥基体的界面结合力和桥接作用,分别采用HCl溶液(0~2.0mol/L)和NaOH溶液(0~2.0mol/L)对BF表面进行刻蚀糙化处理,研究纤维表面处理对BF增强水泥基复合材料的力学性能影响规律。结果表明:随着HCl溶液浓度增加,BF/水泥复合材料抗折强度与弯曲强度均先增加后降低,挠度呈现缓慢增加趋势,而抗压强度变化幅度较小;当HCl溶液浓度为1mol/L时,BF/水泥复合材料的强度与韧性最佳;碱处理BF后,BF/水泥复合材料的力学性能随NaOH浓度增加而显著降低,且复合材料韧性无明显改善;BF经HCl溶液腐蚀后的质量保留率变化规律与NaOH溶液腐蚀后的变化规律接近,而经HCl溶液腐蚀后BF强度保留率大于NaOH溶液腐蚀后的BF强度保留率。     

苎麻纤维水泥基材料的力学性能与自收缩试验研究

通过在水泥基材料中掺入苎麻纤维,并对比掺入钢纤维和聚丙烯纤维,研究苎麻纤维对水泥基材料抗压强度、抗折强度、自收缩及电阻率的影响。结果表明,当苎麻纤维掺量分别为0.4%,0.9%时,水泥基材料7 d自收缩降低13.4%,30.8%,28 d抗压强度分别提高2.2%和8.2%,抗折强度则提高9.6%,13.4%;钢纤维与聚丙烯纤维显著提高了水泥基材料7与28 d的抗压和抗折强度,而苎麻纤维更有利于水泥基材料早期自收缩的降低;随着苎麻纤维掺量的增加,水泥基材料的7 d自收缩与3 d电阻率显著减小,二者呈线性相关。     

水泥基复合材料中倾斜钢纤维细观桥联模型

主要从细观尺度研究水泥基复合材料中倾斜钢纤维的桥联行为.对纤维在基体中的埋入部分采用杆元近似,基体之外的部分,根据其弹性或塑性状态分别作悬臂梁或塑性铰近似,从而简化为两种构形.结合这两种构形和杆元近似,并采用经典的描述轴向行为的Naaman剪滞模型,同时引入纤维的侧向有效承载面积来描述基体局部失效效应,推导了描述高模量倾斜钢纤维桥联行为全过程的解析模型.模型预测的桥联行为与实验有较好的一致性.     

A pullout model for inclined carbon nanotube

The mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced composites would mainly depend on the pullout behavior of carbon nanotubes which are randomly distributed in matrix. In this paper, an analytical pullout model is developed for an inclined CNT embedded into matrix to study the mechanisms for improving mechanical properties of inclined CNTs reinforced composites. In this model, by employing the assumptions of constant compression stress as well as the punch strength of matrix and a perfect plastic matrix near exit point, the maximum pullout load can be predicted analytically and the entire pullout process can be characterized. Moreover, by extending the definition for inclination angle this model can be fit to more complicated loading situations. Due to all the derivations are based on assumption of continuum mechanics, this model can be used for various inclined fibers besides CNTs.     

Predicting the pullout response of inclined straight steel fibers

Fiber pullout tests have been used for decades to characterize and optimize bond strength on fiber reinforced concretes. However most of the investigations focus on the behavior of fibers aligned with load direction whose pullout mechanisms are not representative of the ones existing in real applications, where random orientation of fibers is likely to occur. In this paper a new predictive model for the pullout response of steel fibers embedded in cement matrices with any inclination respect to loading direction is provided. Comparisons with experimental results highlight the capacity of the model on describing appropriately the entire load–crack width behavior. The procedure differentiates itself from previous works by introducing clear and comprehensive concepts within a straightforward approach.     

Structural build-up of rigid fiber reinforced cement-based materials

The structural build-up of rigid fiber reinforced cement-based materials is studied. It has recently been shown that the behaviour of fiber reinforced concrete depends on the orientation of the fibers that has to be optimized during casting. As a result, there is a great interest to study the rheology of fiber reinforced concrete. One of the most important characteristics of modern fresh concretes is the structural build-up which is involved in many recent issues of concrete casting. This characteristic depends on the cement pastes chemical activity. This present work shows that structural build-up modelling used for common concretes can be generalized to fiber reinforced concretes. It can be shown that, if the inclusions percolation threshold is not reached, the structural build-up rate A _thix is amplified by the addition of fibers and aggregates. Finally, this amplification of the structuration is estimated using modelling initially developed for spherical inclusions and aggregates.     

Framework for a generalized four-stage fracture model of cement-based materials

In cement-based materials the full range from brittle to ductile fracture can be achieved by changing the material structure, the loading conditions, the specimen size and/or the boundary conditions. Considering just the material, at one side of the spectrum hardened cement paste behaves brittle, whereas at the other side, new fibre reinforced cements may behave ductile. Structural conditions affect the brittleness/ductility as well, and by simply changing the loading (uniaxial tension, uniaxial and confined compression, etc.), the specimen/structure size or by changing the boundary conditions the full range from brittle to ductile response can be observed. Basically there is no difference in behaviour between the various loading cases and the same four-stage fracture process can always be identified. The four ‘universal’ stages are the linear elastic regime, the microcrack regime (before the maximum load is reached), the macrocrack regime (viz. the first, usually steep part of the softening curve), and the bridging stage. Microcracks are defined as cracks that can be arrested by elements in the material structure, whereas macrocracks can only be delayed/ arrested by means or structural measures at a larger scale than the material structure. In this paper it is tried to develop a unified view on fracture of materials belonging to this broad class, which may be seen as conceptual framework for an all encompassing fracture model for cementitious materials.     

Mechanical behavior of cement-based materials reinforced with sisal fibers

Fiber-reinforced cement composites were produced in Brazil using blast furnace slag cement reinforced with pulped fibers of sisal originated from agricultural by-products. Thin pads were produced by slurring the raw materials in water, followed by de-watering and pressing stages. Studies of mechanical behavior included observations of stable crack growth behavior under monotonic loading (resistance-curve behavior), followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the fracture surfaces. Reinforcement with cellulose fibers resulted in improved fracture toughness, even after 9 months in laboratory environment. Microscopic analysis indicated a considerable incidence of crack bridging and fiber pull-out in the composite. The shielding contributions from crack bridging are estimated using a fracture mechanics model, before comparing with the measured resistance-curve behavior.     

耦合离子与水化产物间相互作用的水泥基材料氯离子传输模型

钢筋混凝土结构为土木工程领域应用最广泛的结构形式,而氯离子诱发的钢筋锈蚀为降低混凝土结构耐久性的主要原因之一。在以往的研究中,基于Nernst-Planck方程的数值模型通常被用来模拟混凝土中离子的传输,进一步预测混凝土结构的服役寿命,然而这些数值模型并未考虑传输过程中离子与水化产物之间的热力学作用。因此,本文基于离子传输的物理化学作用的本质过程,建立了饱水状态下水泥基材料中多离子传输的数值模型。首先,采用表面络合模型和相平衡模型,建立了孔溶液中离子与水化产物间的热力学数值模型;然后,借助于算子分裂算法,求解了耦合热力学作用的Nernst-Planck方程多离子传输的有限元模型,得到了水化产物中各相成分、孔隙率及孔溶液中各自由离子浓度的演化规律。最后,通过已有文献的试验研究验证了本文建立的数值模型的准确性。     

玄武岩-聚乙烯醇混杂纤维水泥基材料的耐久性研究

确定了玄武岩-聚乙烯醇混杂纤维水泥基材料的最优配合比,将玄武岩-聚乙烯醇混杂纤维水泥基材料与普通C40混凝土在相同条件下进行耐久性对比实验。结果表明,玄武岩-聚乙烯醇混杂纤维水泥基材料在300次冻融循环后,质量损失不到1.5%,而在不到150次冻融循环中,普通C40混凝土的质量损失已接近5%;混杂纤维水泥基材料28和56 d的渗透系数为普通C40混凝土的53%和26%,混杂纤维水泥基材料具有较强的抗渗透能力,抗渗性随着龄期增长逐渐增强;碳化时间<28 d时,混杂纤维水泥基材料的碳化深度大于普通C40混凝土,但碳化时间56 d时,混杂纤维水泥基材料的碳化深度为普通C40混凝土的90%;混杂纤维水泥基材料28和56 d的电通量分别为普通C40混凝土的65%和49%,混杂纤维水泥基材料的抗氯离子性能明显高于普通C40混凝土。玄武岩-聚乙烯醇混杂纤维水泥基材料的各项耐久性指标均优于普通C40混凝土。     

Microscopic physical basis of the poromechanical behavior of cement-based materials

Contrary to other porous materials such as sandstones, bricks or porous glas, the inter-atomic bonding continuity of cement-based materials is far from obvious. When scrutinized at very microscopic level, continuity of the ionic-covalent bonding in the solid phase is almost everywhere interrupted by water molecules or liquid water films of variable thickness. Yet, concrete and cement pastes are able to withstand stresses of the same magnitude as rocks. The purpose of this paper to explore the possible reasons for such a high cohesion, in terms of inter-particle forces using general arguments and molecular simulation computations includingab initio quantum chemical methods applied toC-S-H. As it will be discussed, molecular simulation studies provide strong arguments for predicting that short-and medium-range attractive electrostatic forces are the essential components of the cohesion, ofC-S-H with, at short distance (sub-nm), a significant iono-covalent contribution involving strongly localized calcium ions and water molecules and, at larger distance (a few nm), ionic correlation forces involving hydrated and mobile calcium ions in liquid water films. Only a marginal contribution is expected from van der Waals attraction whereas capillary forces might contribute at a level comparable to that of correlation forces in unsaturated conditions. The parallel with clay-based earthen construction materials is part of the clue of this rationale.

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Résumé Contrairement à d'autres matériaux poreux comme les grès, les briques ou certains verres, les matériaux cimentaires ne possèdent pas un schéma simple de liaisons interatomiques. La continuité du réseau de liaisons iono-covalentes y est presque partout interrompue par des molécules d'eau ou des films d'eau d'épaisseur variable. Pourtant, le béton et les pates de ciment sont capables de supporter des contraintes du même ordre de grandeur que celles que supportent les roches. Nous avons analysé, les mécanismes de cette cohésion élevée en termes de forces interparticulaires, d'abord à l'aide d'arguments généraux, puis à l'aide de calculs de modélisation moléculaire, y compris des calculs de chimie quantique ab initio, appliqués aux C-S-H. Les résultats fournissent des arguments sérieux en faveur d'une cohésion principalement de type électrostatique avec, à très courte distance (sub-nm), une contribution iono-covalente impliquant des ions calcium et des molécules d'eau fortement localisées et, à plus grande distance (quelques nm), des forces de corrélation ionique dues à des ions calcium mobiles au sein de films d'eau liquide. Les forces de van der Waals n'auraient qu'une contribution marginale tandis que les forces capillaires pourraient avoir, en conditions fortement insaturées, une contribution comparable à celle des forces de corrélation ionique. La comparaison avec les argiles fournit un fil conducteur utile à cette analyse.

     

Influence of silica fume content on microstructure development and bond to steel fiber in ultra-high strength cement-based materials (UHSC)

The use of silica fume can significantly enhance mechanical properties of concrete given its beneficial filling and pozzolanic effects. In this study, a simple and effective double-side pullout testing method was adopted to characterize the interfacial bond properties, which include pullout load-slip relationship, bond strength, and pullout energy, of steel fiber-matrix in ultra-high strength cement-based material (UHSC) with 0–25% silica fume by the mass of binder. The effects of silica fume content on flowability, heat of hydration, compressive and flexural strengths, hydration products, and pore structure of matrix at different curing time were evaluated as well. Backscatter scanning electron microscopy (BSEM) and micro-hardness measurement were used to examine the quality of interfacial transition zone (ITZ) around the fiber. In terms of the results, the optimal silica fume content could be in the range of 15%–25%. UHSC mixtures with these dosages of silica fume showed significant improvement in pullout behavior. Its bond strength and pullout energy at 28 d could increase by 170% and 250% compared to the reference samples without any silica fume. The microstructural observation verified the findings on the macro-properties development. Formation of more and higher strength of hydration products and refinement of ITZ around the fiber ensured higher micro-hardness, and thus improved the bond to fiber.