超声振荡对多壁碳纳米管/VARTM用环氧树脂复合材料导电性能的影响

借助超声振荡工艺促进了多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)在VARTM用环氧树脂(EP)中的分散,通过真空辅助树脂传递模塑成型(VARTM)工艺制备了MWNTs/EP复合材料试样并研究试样的导电性能。结果表明,随着超声振荡时间、功率和频率的增大,不同MWNTs添加量的试样导电性能均呈现出先升高后降低的趋势。在超声振荡时间90min、功率80 W和频率45kHz附近分别达到了阈值,MWNTs的添加量仅1%就可以达到降低纯EP表面电阻率(1012Ω·cm)近4个数量级的要求。实验还运用扫描电镜(SEM)证实了MWNTs在EP中的分散情况。     

多壁碳纳米管/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯复合材料的结构与导电性能

采用超声波辅助溶液共混的方式制备多壁碳纳米管/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯复合材料,采用扫描电镜及广角X衍射仪对复合材料的微观相态结构进行了分析,对复合材料的物理机械性能及导电性能进行了测试.结果表明:采用溶液混合并用超声辅助分散的方法可使纳米多壁碳纳米管在PMMA基体中分散良好,在碳纳米管含量较低的情况下就可以获得导电性能及物理机械性能良好的复合材料.     

多壁碳纳米管增强炭黑/聚丙烯导电复合材料导电行为

为了充分利用不同导电粒子的导电作用,在炭黑(CB)/聚丙烯(PP)导电复合体系中引入了多壁碳纳米管(CNTs)。研究发现：引入的CNTs分散在CB粒子间起到“桥梁”作用,使体系的导电性能得到明显改善,并且CB∶CNTs为19∶1时其协同导电效果最好,该复合体系出现逾渗现象,对应的导电填料体积分数明显降低。在导电填料总体积分数为4.76%时,少量CNTs的引入就可使复合体系的体积电阻率从109Ω·cm下降到105Ω·cm;同时少量的CNTs能明显抑制炭黑/聚丙烯导电复合材料的正温度效应(PTC),使PTC强度从6.10降低到1.48,PTC转变峰温度从166℃升高到174℃。少量的 CNTs可以使PP的结晶温度提高12℃,对PP结晶的成核作用比CB更加明显。复合体系力学性能随导电填料体积分数增加而明显降低,但因为体积电阻率一定时CB-CNTs/PP体系所需导电填料体积分数较CB/PP体系明显降低,因此少量CNTs的引入能够使复合体系的力学性能得到更大程度的保持。     

多壁碳纳米管-聚氨酯/聚丙烯复合材料导电网络结构的演变与性能调控

为研究多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)和热塑性弹性对MWCNTs-聚氨酯/聚丙烯(MWCNTs-TPU/PP)复合材料结晶性能、导电性能、拉伸性能及外场响应行为,通过溶液-熔融法制备了MWCNTs-TPU/PP复合材料.MWCNTs的引入能够提高MWCNTs-TPU/PP复合材料的导电性能和结晶性能,导电逾渗值质量分数约为...     

TEMPO氧化纤维素纳米纤丝对多壁碳纳米管分散性的影响

以竹粉为原料,采用2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基（TEMPO）氧化法通过改变NaClO的添加量制备出不同羧基含量及形态的纤维素纳米纤丝（CNFs）,并将制备的CNFs作为分散剂对多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）进行分散处理,得到不同分散浓度的CNFs/MWCNTs悬浮液,采用Beer-Lambert定律对MWCNTs的分散量进行测定,并采用原子力显微镜（AFM）、激光粒度分析仪（LPSA）等手段评价了不同羧基含量及形态的CNFs对MWCNTs的分散效果。结果表明:随着NaClO添加量的增加,CNFs的横截面直径逐渐变小,羧基含量逐渐增加,同时,CNFs对MWCNTs的分散量逐渐增大;当CNFs的羧基含量从0.635 mmol/g增加到1.646 mmol/g时,对MWCNTs的分散量从19%增加到39%;不同CNFs/MWCNTs悬浮液中的粒度分布系数（PDI）值均小于0.3,且不同悬浮液的Zeta电位绝对值均高于30 mV,表明不同羧基含量的CNFs均能对MWCNTs有较好的分散效果;同时,随着羧基含量的增加,CNFs对MWCNTs的分散效果越好,CNFs/MWCNTs复合薄膜的抗拉应力逐渐增大,而且电阻率逐渐降低,当CNFs羧基含量为1.646 mmol/L时,CNFs/MWCNTs复合薄膜抗拉应力达到了91 MPa,薄膜电阻率低至0.1460 Ωcm。      

纤维素纳米纤丝-碳纳米管/聚乙烯醇-硼酸盐复合导电水凝胶

利用纤维素纳米纤丝(Cellulose nanofibers,CNFs)搭载碳纳米管(Carbon nanotubes,CNTs),在水相中将CNF-CNT复合物均匀分散于聚乙烯醇-硼酸盐(PVA-B)基体中,制备具有立体网络结构的CNF-CNT/PVA-B复合导电水凝胶,旨在提高其动态黏弹性、力学强度和导电性能。结果表明:CNF-CNT/PVA-B内部呈现微米级蜂窝状多孔结构,CNFs与CNTs组成的立体网络在显著提高CNF-CNT/PVA-B力学强度和黏弹性的同时还赋予其导电功能。CNTs含量由0增至0.5wt%时,CNF-CNT/PVA-B的抗压强度和弹性模量分别达到24kPa和53kPa,最大和高频稳态剪切模量分别达到7 028Pa和6 945Pa,电导率达到0.8×10-1 S·cm-1。     

多壁碳纳米管对SiO电极电化学性能的影响

以多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)作负极材料导电剂制备了SiO/MWNTs复合电极. 采用恒流充放电测试对比考察了不同含量及类型的导电剂对SiO电极电化学性能的影响. 乙炔黑(AB)的SiO电极首次可逆比容量仅为582.3mAh·g^-1, 而20%MWNTs的电极比容量高达1463.9mAh·g^-1, 且SiO的循环性能得到显著改善. SEM、EIS测试结果表明: 多次循环后SiO/MWNTs电极仍能较好地保持活性颗粒的导电网络, 而脆性乙炔黑所形成的桥连作用遭到破坏, 导致活性颗粒间的接触电阻增大.     

多壁碳纳米管的辐照处理及其对多壁碳纳米管/环氧树脂复合材料热性能的影响

在空气中用高频高压电子加速器辐照多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs),采用红外光谱、能谱分析、拉曼光谱和透射电镜表征分析辐照处理对碳纳米管结构的影响;通过原位复合法制备MWCNT/环氧树脂(EP)复合材料.采用场发射扫描电镜、热失重分析和动态力学分析研究辐照处理MWCNTs对环氧树脂热稳定性的影响.结果表明:电子束辐照处理使MWCNTs表面接入了少量的含氧基团,同时破坏了MWCNTs的完整结构,当辐照剂量为170 kGy时,接枝含氧基团的量最多(约为4％),且结构破坏程度较小.与原始MWCNT/EP体系相比,经电子束辐照处理后的MWCNTs在EP中分散得更均匀,并能使材料的最大热分解温度和玻璃化转变温度较纯EP有所提高,在EP中加入质量分数0.5％的经170kGy辐照处理后的MWCNTs,能够使材料的最大热分解温度和玻璃化转变温度分别提高约14℃和8℃.     

多壁碳纳米管/聚苯乙烯-聚氯乙烯复合材料的导电特性

用溶液共混法制得了MWNTs/PS-PVC复合材料,进行了电导率的测试分析.通过对载流子浓度、迁 移率的测量以及电导活化能的计算等分析研究了影响MWNTs/PS-PVC复合材料电导率的因素和导电机制.结 果表明:当PS与PVC的质量比为1∶1时,MWNTs/PS-PVC复合材料的导电阈值最低;当MWNTs的质量分 数为1.5％,PS在PS-PVC基体中的质量分数为50％时,MWNTs/PS-PVC复合材料的电导率比MWNTs/PVC单一聚合物复合材料的提高了4个数量级.在导电网络的形成过程中,MWNTs/PS-PVC复合材料中形成的与无机化合物超晶格结构类似的n-i-p-i结构,降低了MWNTs/PS-PVC复合材料的电导活化能,增加了载流子浓度,使MWNTs/PS-PVC复合材料电导率显著提高.     

Lyocell/多壁碳纳米管复合纤维的制备及性能

将多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)水悬浮液、N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)溶液及纤维素共混得到纺丝液,通过干湿法制备了Lyocell/MWCNT复合纤维。采用X-衍射仪(WAXD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、强度仪等分析了所得纤维的结构和性能。WAXD图谱显示复合纤维仍然具有纤维素II晶型的结构,同时还保留了MWCNTs的特征衍射峰;二维X衍射结果表明:MWCNTs质量分数为5%的复合纤维中,MWCNTs与纤维轴的取向角为±15.2°,说明复合纤维中MWCNTs基本沿着纤维轴取向。SEM结果显示复合纤维中MWCNTs在Lyocell基体中分布均匀。对纤维的力学性能分析进一步表明:添加适量的MWCNTs可使复合纤维的力学性能提高,MWCNTs质量分数为1%的复合纤维的初始模量和强度分别比Lyocell纤维增加49.4%和15.7%。     

Effect of fabrication process on electrical properties of polymer/multi-wall carbon nanotube nanocomposites

Polymer/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites were fabricated by an in situ polymerization process using multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) as filler in an epoxy polymer. Effects of curing process, mixing speed, mixing time, addition of ethanol, timing of hardener addition, etc., in the fabrication process on the electrical properties of nanocomposites have been investigated. In the fabrication process, the effective formation of macroscopic conducting network in matrix is most important to enhance the electrical properties of nanocomposites. It was found that the curing temperature and the mixing conditions are key factors in the fabrication process, which influence the formation of conducting network significantly. Therefore, careful design of these factors in the fabrication process is required to achieve high electrical performances of nanocomposites. The experimental percolation threshold of the resultant nanocomposites was around 0.1 wt%. Moreover, a statistical percolation model was built up to numerically investigate the percolation threshold. The experimental electrical conductivity increases from the percolation threshold following a percolation-like power law with the identified critical exponent t as 1.75.     

Highly strong and conductive carbon nanotube/cellulose composite paper

Carbon nanotube (CNT)/cellulose composite materials were fabricated in a paper making process optimized for a CNT network to form on the cellulose fibers. The measured electric conductivity was from 0.05 to 671 S/m for 0.5–16.7 wt.% CNT content, higher than that for other polymer composites. The real permittivities were the highest in the microwave region. The unique CNT network structure is thought to be the reason for these high conductivity and permittivity values. Compared to other carbon materials, our carbon CNT/cellulose composite material had improved parameters without decreased mechanical strength. The near-field electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) measured by a microstrip line method depended on the sheet conductivity and qualitatively matched the results of electromagnetic field simulations using a finite-difference time-domain simulator. A high near-field EMI SE of 50-dB was achieved in the 5–10 GHz frequency region with 4.8 wt.% composite paper. The far-field EMI SE was measured by a free space method. Fairly good agreement was obtained between the measured and calculated results. Approximately 10 wt.% CNT is required to achieve composite paper with 20-dB far-field EMI SE.     

Effect of compressive strain on electric resistance of multi-wall carbon nanotube networks

The network of entangled multi-wall carbon nanotubes is shown as a conductor whose resistance is sensitive to compressive strain, both in the course of strain growth and when loading/unloading cycles are imposed. If the compression is applied, the resistance decrease is up to 25% at the maximum applied deformation. The experimental data are analysed using the Weibull distribution model and a contact network model to get an estimate of the contact resistance between carbon nanotubes and the formation of contacts in the course of compression.     

Silicide-induced multi-wall carbon nanotube growth on silicon nanowires

A novel multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) growth process is reported based on carbon incorporation in a nickel catalyst layer deposited via plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) on silicon nanowires and silicon wafer substrates. As-deposited PEALD Ni films containing relatively high amounts of carbon (>18?at.%) were observed to promote the growth of MWNTs upon post-deposition rapid thermal annealing. For these films the carbon originated from the ALD precursor ligand and MWNT growth occurred in the absence of a vapor-phase carbon feedstock. MWNT growth relied on the formation of nickel silicide at the PEALD Ni/Si interface which increased the local carbon concentration in the Ni film sufficiently to promote carbon saturation/precipitation at Ni catalyst grains and nucleate MWNT growth. Similar MWNT growth from annealed PEALD Ni films was not observed on SiO(2)-coated Si wafer substrates, consistent with the role of silicidation in the observed Ni-catalyzed MWNT growth on Si. This MWNT growth mode requires neither the catalytic decomposition of a gaseous hydrocarbon source nor the high-temperature pyrolysis of metallocene materials and purposely avoids a catalyst diffusion barrier at the Si substrate, commonly used in MWNT growth processes on Si.     

A multi-wall carbon nanotube tower electrochemical actuator

Patterned multiwall carbon nanotube arrays up to four millimeters long were synthesized using chemical vapor deposition. Electrochemical actuation of a nanotube array tower was demonstrated in a 2 M NaCl solution at frequencies up to 10 Hz with 0.15% strain using a 2 V square wave excitation. The synthesis and electrochemical modeling approach outlined in the paper provide a foundation for the design of nanotube smart materials that actuate and are load bearing.     

Isotactic and syndiotactic polypropylene/multi-wall carbon nanotube composites: synthesis and properties

Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) nanocomposites containing 0.1–3.5 wt.% multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been synthesized via in situ polymerization method with the use of C₂- and C_s- symmetry zirconocenes activated by methylaluminoxane (MAO) in liquid propylene medium. Fracture morphology studies by SEM reveal different MWCNT dispersion efficiency in various polymer matrices, which arises from the catalytic peculiarities of the composite synthesis. Considerable Young’s modulus enhancement of iPP and sPP (25–66%) takes place even at low MWCNT loadings (below 0.5 wt.%). The obtained nanocomposites can find use as efficient electromagnetic shielding materials and microwave absorbing filters due to relatively low permittivity values and considerable dielectric losses in microwave range. Calorimetry data demonstrate that MWCNTs exert evident influence as nucleating agents causing the rise of iPP and sPP crystallization temperature. Considerable retardation effect on iPP thermal oxidative degradation has been observed: the temperature of maximal weight loss rate rises by ~52 °C upon incorporating only 1.4 wt.% MWCNTs.     

Effect of multi-wall carbon nanotubes on the mechanical properties of natural rubber

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were used to prepare natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites. Our first effort to achieve nanostructures in MWNTs/NR nanocomposites were formed by incorporating carbonnanotubes in a polymer solution and subsequently evaporating the solvent. Using this technique, nanotubess can be dispersed homogeneously in the NR matrix in an attempt to increase the mechanical properties of these nanocomposites. The properties of the nanocomposites such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, tear strength, elongation at break and hardness were studied. Mechanical test results show an increase in the initial modulus for up to 12 times in relation to pure NR. In addition to mechanical testing, the dispersion state of the MWNTs into NR was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in order to understand the morphology of the resulting system. According to the present study, application of the physical and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes to NR can result in rubber products which have improved mechanical, physical and chemical properties, compared with existing rubber products reinforced with carbon black or silicone.     

Study on the infrared property of polyaniline/multi-wall carbon nanotube composite

Composites of polyaniline (PANI) and multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWNT) were synthesized by in situ polymerization with different MWNT content. The composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The SEM photos indicated that a mass of MWNT was enchased into PANI matrix when the content of MWNT was low. With the MWNT content increases, the surface of MWNT was covered with PANI and formed the core-shell structure. From the FT-IR spectroscopy of the composites, it can be confirmed that there was interaction between PANI and multi-wall carbon nanotube. The composites had better thermal stability than pure PANI. Infrared emission property of the composites was analyzed by an IR-II infrared emissivity instrument and an infrared camera. It was found that infrared emission of the composites was lower than pure PANI in all wavelength range and infrared emissivity value was related to the content of MWNT in the composites.     

Electrically conductive carbon nanotube/polypropylene nanocomposite with improved mechanical properties

Conductive polymer nanocomposites based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have wide range of applications in the electronics and energy sectors. For many of these applications, such as the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, high nanofiller loading is typically needed to achieve the desired properties. The high nanofiller concentration deteriorates the composite's tensile strength due to the increase in nanofiller aggregation. In this work, highly conductive CNT/polypropylene (PP) nanocomposite with improved tensile strength was prepared by melt mixing. The effects of CNT content on the processing behavior, microstructure, mechanical and electrical properties of the nanocomposite were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the composite microstructure. Good level of CNT dispersion with remarkable adhesion at the CNT/PP interface was observed. Based on a theoretical model, the interfacial strength was estimated to be in the range of 36–58 MPa. As a result of this microstructure, significant enhancement in ultimate tensile strength was reported with the increase of CNT content. The tensile strength of the 20 wt.% CNT/PP nanocomposite was 80% higher than that of the unfilled PP. Moreover, and due to the good dispersion of CNT particles, an electrical percolation threshold concentration of 0.93 wt.% (0.5 vol.%) was obtained.     

碳纳米管加载量对复合材料吸波性能的影响

将不同质量分数的碳纳米管和环氧树脂充分混合，制成复合吸波涂料并涂覆在铝板上制成吸波涂层。采用TEM对碳纳米管的形貌进行观察。使用反射率扫频测量系统HP8757E标量网络分析仪检测复合材料的吸波性能。结果表明，复合材料在2GHz～18GHz均有良好的吸波性能。碳纳米管加载质量分数为8％和10％时，复合材料吸波性能最佳。8％碳纳米管加载量，峰值最大，达到～22．55dB，波峰出现在12．32GHz，带宽分别为2．56GHz（R〈-8dB）和4．00GHz（R〈-5dB）。10％碳纳米管添加量，带宽最大，分别达到2．80GHz（R〈-8dB）和7．00GHz（R〈-5dB），波峰出现在13．67GHz，峰值为-14．59dB。