铺层方式对织物渗透率的影响

增强材料的渗透率是研究和模拟RTM工艺的关键参数。采用单向玻璃纤维织物,在恒定的注射压力下,通过记录树脂在织物内流动前缘椭圆长、短轴随时间的变化,利用Darcy定律测定了不同铺层方式下织物的渗透率,研究了铺层方式对织物渗透率的影响。实验证明,铺层方式改变时,织物的渗透率大小和主轴方向发生改变,其关系符合椭圆的叠加原理。      

复合材料带筋壁板预成型体压缩性与渗透性对树脂流动的影响

以航空碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料典型结构件带筋壁板为研究对象,通过对U3160单向织物的组织结构进行分析,根据纤维束的受压变形状态对其压缩响应进行理论建模,然后以纤维束压缩模型为基础,预测了U3160单向织物按0°/45°/90°/-45°铺层时预成型体在压缩应力作用下厚度变化的响应行为。建立了压缩应力作用下纤维预成型体的渗透率解析模型:在织物压缩模型的基础上,建立了纤维束等效渗透率模型;根据张量理论,分别建立了0°、±45°和90°铺层织物等效渗透率模型;运用渗透介质串并联关系,建立了带筋壁板各特征区域渗透率综合表征模型。基于PAM-RTM流动模拟软件,进行分区渗透率定义,在充模过程中对树脂在带筋壁板预成型体中的流动行为进行模拟,优化工艺参数,确定出最终充模方案,并制作带筋壁板实验缩比件进行成型实验,验证了充模方案的合理性。研究结果为制件的成功制作提供理论依据,从而指导生产实践。      

层间纳米纤维膜对玻纤预制体渗流特性的影响

为了研究层间纳米纤维膜对玻纤织物渗流特性的影响,使用超景深三维显微镜表征了纳米纤维含量对玻纤织物微观结构的影响,采用径向法测量了纳米纤维膜夹层玻纤织物预制体的渗透率,重点分析了纳米纤维含量对玻纤织物预制体渗流模式的影响。结果表明:玻璃纤维束间的毫米尺度区域被纳米纤维膜填充而离散成微米尺度区域;预制体孔隙率及渗透率值均随着纳米纤维含量的增加而减小;随着纳米纤维含量的增加,复合预制体表现出的各向异性程度逐渐减小;树脂宏观流动前沿内部分饱和区域面积比例随纳米纤维含量的增加而增大;相同纳米纤维含量预制体的部分饱和区域面积比例随注入时间的增加呈先增大后减小趋势。     

织物预成型体厚度方向渗透特性研究

以达西定律为基础,研究了不同类型织物的织物层数、定型剂质量分数以及铺层角度对织物预成型体厚度方向上渗透性能的影响.实验结果表明,在一定的定型剂质量分数下,测试流体在垂直方向上的流动基本为稳态流动,大体受Darcy定律控制.随着织物层数的增加,流体流速减小,预成型体厚度方向渗透率逐渐增加.随定型剂质量分数的增加,厚度方向渗透率表现出先增大而后又减小的趋势,而且织物的铺层角度对预成型织物厚度方向渗透率也具有较大影响.     

无弯曲纤维织物面内渗透率的结构相关性

建立无弯曲纤维织物(Non-crimped fabrics, NCF)的几何结构单胞, 应用树脂在纤维束内与束间耦合流动的模型, 数值模拟树脂的细观流动行为, 结合Darcy定律, 计算单胞的面内等效渗透率, 并对计算方案进行验证。在此基础上, 探讨织物的纤维束间距离、纤维束高度以及束内渗透率等细观结构参数与单胞面内等效渗透率之间的关系。结果表明: 单胞面内等效渗透率随纤维束间距离的增大而增大, 其倒数的对数之间呈正的线性关系; 纤维束高度对单胞面内等效渗透率的影响类似于纤维束间距离对其的影响; 单胞面内等效渗透率随纤维束内渗透率的增加而线性增加。      

变厚度复合材料热压罐工艺层板厚度控制的实验研究

针对2种碳纤维织物/环氧预浸料,采用热压罐工艺在不同条件下制备了变厚度层板,并通过层板内部形貌、层板厚度、纤维含量、吸胶量、织物渗透率的测试分析,研究了变厚度层板的密实过程和纤维分布的影响因素。结果表明：密实过程中树脂的二维流动导致2种织物变厚度层板厚板区的纤维含量高于薄板区;G0827单向织物的面内渗透率与厚度方向渗透率比值大于G0803缎纹织物,造成G0827织物变厚度层板的纤维分布不均匀性更大;无吸胶材料的条件下层板内纤维分布均匀,说明吸胶材料内树脂的面内流动对层板的纤维分布有很大影响。     

不同纤维堆积状态下饱和渗透率实验研究

通过调节压力控制纤维体积分数, 用单向饱和流动法对纤维层厚度方向的饱和渗透率进行了测定。考察了纤维体积分数随压力的变化规律, 并分别研究了纤维体积分数、纤维层数、铺层方式和纤维种类对渗透率的影响。结果表明, 当纤维体积分数超过某临界值后其值随压力增大的幅度减小。单向和正交铺层时层数变化对渗透率没有影响, 而平纹布渗透率随着纤维层数的增加而减小。此外, 纤维种类的改变对渗透率有明显影响。      

树脂传递模塑成型工艺中嵌套效应引起渗透率变异的实验与数值模拟

树脂传递模塑成型工艺(RTM)中最重要的变形模式之一是厚度方向压缩。厚度方向压缩减小了织物预成型体的厚度,使织物预成型体局部结构形式发生改变从而引起嵌套效应。嵌套效应不仅会减少织物预成型体的厚度,增加纤维的体积分数并改变孔隙率,而且相邻织物层嵌套效应具有一定的空间分散性,从而使得织物预成型体渗透率具有变异性。本文针对低黏度树脂设计了一种实验装置用以测量局部渗透率的空间分散性,随后建立了随机嵌套单胞模型,利用ANSYS/CFX有限元软件实现了单胞填充浸润的数值模拟,通过流量分析获得局部渗透率,并研究了渗透率的统计分布。通过实验结果与数值模拟结果相对比,验证数值模拟结果的可靠性。最后,基于渗透率的统计分布建立了随机渗透率场,并进行填充浸润的数值模拟,通过与传统恒定渗透率的方法进行比较,证明该方法具有更高的先进性。研究结果可以对未来RTM工艺的稳健性优化提供依据。      

传感监测LCM成型厚铺层结构增强体内部渗透性能研究

采用传感监测系统辅助对厚铺层结构纤维增强体内部流动情况进行了实验研究.结果表明:渗透率随铺层厚度的增加逐渐减小,并趋于平缓;测试液在铺层厚度增强体顶层和底层渗透存在一定量的差异,并随铺层厚度的增加而增大.在不影响结构要求的前提下,导流布与长丝毡的配合使用是改善厚铺层结构渗透性能的有效方法.     

传感监测LCM成型厚铺层结构增强体内部渗透性能研究EI

采用传感监测系统辅助对厚铺层结构纤维增强体内部流动情况进行了实验研究.结果表明:渗透率随铺层厚度的增加逐渐减小,并趋于平缓;测试液在铺层厚度增强体顶层和底层渗透存在一定量的差异,并随铺层厚度的增加而增大.在不影响结构要求的前提下,导流布与长丝毡的配合使用是改善厚铺层结构渗透性能的有效方法.     

Characterization of textile permeability as a function of fiber volume content with a single unidirectional injection experiment

Textile permeability is a fundamental property to describe preform impregnation in Liquid Composite Molding (LCM) processes. It depends on textile architecture and fiber volume content (FVC). Conventional methods to measure in-plane permeability are based on radial or unidirectional injection experiments performed at fixed FVC. A complete characterization involves a series of tests and requires several material samples. This study presents a novel approach to characterize permeability as a function of FVC through a unique unidirectional injection experiment with a preform containing different FVC sections. The same experimental set-up as in conventional unidirectional unsaturated permeability measurements is used with a second pressure transducer embedded in the mold in addition to the one located at the inlet gate. A fast algorithm is developed to exploit the data from the two sensors and automatically derive the permeability distribution without any need of visual flow front observations. The methodology is validated with a random fiber mat and a woven fabric. Results show that accurate permeability characterization can be achieved for both kinds of textiles.     

In-plane permeability characterization of the vacuum infusion processes with fiber relaxation

In vacuum infusion processes fiber preforms are placed onto the single molding surface and enveloped with a non-rigid polymer bag which is sealed to the molding surface. The flexible bagging film does deform during the resin infusion process thus changing the compaction of the fabric. However, one can also relax the preform by drawing a partial vacuum in a rigid chamber placed on top of the flexible bag which will increase the permeability of the fabric under the chamber. A numerical model is presented to characterize the change in permeability and describe the mold filling for such processes in which the fabrics undergo controlled relaxation by external stimuli. The predictions from the simplified model agreed reasonably well with the experiments. This characterization and resin flow front prediction with time method should prove useful in processes such as Vacuum Induced Preform Relaxation (VIPR) process which can be used to actively manipulate flow in a vacuum infusion process.     

单向碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸料叠层的面内变形行为

为了充分了解热隔膜成型过程中预浸料的变形行为，通过偏轴拉伸测试探索了热固性单向碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸料在高温条件下的面内变形机制。研究参数包括试验温度、拉伸速率、预热时间和铺层顺序等。利用数字图像相关技术，在测试过程中监测单向碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸料的变形和纤维的旋转情况。结果表明，提高试验温度或降低拉伸速率均有利于促进单向碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸料的变形。铺层顺序对单向碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸料铺层的变形行为有很大影响，[45/–45/90]_S铺层方式比 [45/90/–45]_S铺层方式更有利于纤维旋转，且[45/–45/90]_S铺层方式变形阻力更小。采用铰链连接网(Pin-joined net, PJN) 理论对单向碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸料铺层变形过程中纤维角度变化进行预测并与实验结果进行对比，结果表明，用PJN理论预测的纤维旋转角度值与测试值存在较大偏差，说明其并不适用于预测热固性单向碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸料变形过程中纤维角的变化。同时，80℃预加热可以提高单向碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸料的变形阻力。      

真空导入模塑工艺中织物预成型体的可压缩性

采用真空加载方法研究了循环加载、织物形态、纤维种类、织物层数、铺层方式和混杂方式等参数对真空导入模塑工艺(VIMP)中纤维织物预成型体压缩行为的影响。结果表明: 预成型体纤维体积分数随着压缩循环加载次数的增加而逐渐增大, 但增幅呈现逐渐减小的趋势; 在相同的压缩载荷下, 预成型体的纤维体积分数随着织物层数的增加而增大, 但增幅很小, 对于VIMP制备复合材料构件基本可以忽略; 纤维预成型体在压缩载荷下的响应方式与织物形态、纤维种类、铺层方式和混杂方式等因素密切相关, 单向铺层比正交铺层更容易压缩而获得较高的纤维体积分数, 夹芯混杂比层间混杂方式更容易压缩。      

Efficient Permeability Measurement and Numerical Simulation of the Resin Flow in Low Permeability Preform Fabricated by Automated Dry Fiber Placement

We propose a new experimental method using a Hassler cell and air injection to measure the permeability of fiber preform while avoiding a race tracking effect. This method was proven to be particularly efficient to measure very low through-thickness permeability of preform fabricated by automated dry fiber placement. To validate the reliability of the permeability measurement, the experiments of viscous liquid infusion into the preform with or without a distribution medium were performed. The experimental data of flow front advancement was compared with the numerical simulation result using the permeability values obtained by the Hassler cell permeability measurement set-up as well as by the liquid infusion experiments. To address the computational cost issue, the model for the equivalent permeability of distribution medium was employed in the numerical simulation of liquid flow. The new concept using air injection and Hassler cell for the fiber preform permeability measurement was shown to be reliable and efficient.     

液体模塑成型工艺二维径向非饱和流动数值模拟

通过引入沉浸函数建立了双尺度多孔介质非饱和流动模型,并采用有限元/控制体积法实现了恒压及恒流注射条件下液体模塑成型（LCM）工艺二维径向非饱和流动的数值模拟,得到了不同注射条件下纤维织物内的压力场分布及半饱和区域长度随时间的变化规律,并将双尺度非饱和理论结果与单尺度饱和理论结果进行对比。结果表明：非饱和流动过程中,半饱和区域内的压力和压力梯度明显下降;半饱和区域长度随时间逐渐增加随后保持稳定,当流动前沿到达出口后半饱和区域长度开始逐渐减小;当两个主方向渗透率不同时,沿主方向半饱和区域长度也不同,渗透率越大该方向的半饱和区域长度也越大,纤维织物完全浸润时间取决于较小的渗透率。研究结果对合理预测树脂填充过程中压力分布及纤维预制件的浸润具有指导意义。     

Experimental determination of the permeability of engineering textiles: Benchmark II

In this second international permeability benchmark, the in-plane permeability values of a carbon fabric were studied by twelve research groups worldwide. One participant also investigated the deformation of the tested carbon fabric. The aim of this work was to obtain comparable results in order to make a step toward standardization of permeability measurements. Unidirectional injections were thus conducted to determine the unsaturated in-plane permeability tensor of the fabric. Procedures used by participants were specified in the guidelines defined for this benchmark. Participants were asked to use the same values for parameters such as fiber volume fraction, injection pressure and fluid viscosity to minimize sources of scatter. The comparison of the results from each participant was encouraging. The scatter between data obtained while respecting the guidelines was below 25%. However, a higher dispersion was observed when some parameters differed from the recommendations of this exercise.     

Three-dimensional reconstruction of resin flow using capacitance sensor data assimilation during a liquid composite molding process: A numerical study

Liquid composite molding (LCM) is a method to manufacture fiber-reinforced composites, where dry fabric reinforcement is impregnated with a resin in a molding apparatus. However, the inherent process variability changes resin flow patterns during mold filling, which in turn may cause void formation. We propose a method to reconstruct three-dimensional resin flow in LCM, without embedding sensors into the composite structure. Capacitance measured from pairs of electrodes on molding tools and the stochastic simulation of resin flow during an LCM process are integrated by a sequential data assimilation method based on the ensemble Kalman filter; then, three-dimensional resin flow and permeability distribution are estimated simultaneously. The applicability of this method is investigated by numerical experiments, characterized by different spatial distributions of permeability. We confirmed that changes in resin flow caused by spatial permeability variations could be captured and the spatial distribution of permeability could be estimated by the proposed method.     

A numerical study of filling process through multilayer preforms in resin injection/compression molding

In resin injection/compression molding (RI/CM), a preform often comprises layers of different fiber reinforcements. Each fiber reinforcement has unique through thickness and in-plane permeabilities as well as compressibility, creating a heterogeneous porous medium in the mold cavity. In the present article, numerical simulation is utilized to investigate the filling process of RI/CM in such a heterogeneous porous medium. The filling stage is simulated in a full three-dimensional space by using control volume/finite element method and based upon an appropriate filling algorithm. The flow in the open gap which may be present in the mold cavity is modeled by Darcy’s law using an equivalent permeability. Numerical simulations of filling process for preforms containing two and three layers of different reinforcements in various stacking sequences are conducted with the aid of computer code developed in this study. Results show that the injection time as well as flow front progression depends on fiber types in the whole preform, fiber stacking sequence and open gap provided in the mold cavity. Simulated results also suggest that the presence of open gap at top of reinforcement can lead to both low injection time and uniform flow pattern.