软黏土中劲性复合桩水平承载特性p-y曲线研究

劲性复合桩(SC桩)是一种将高强度混凝土桩与水泥土桩相结合的新型桩基。为研究软黏土中SC桩水平承载力理论计算方法,将水泥土视为硬黏土,基于现有软黏土和硬黏土中桩基的p-y曲线形式,考虑水平荷载作用下桩周水泥土和软黏土的土抗力分担比例,推导了p-y曲线中两个重要参数p_u和y₅₀的修正因子,进而建立了软黏土中SC桩水平承载特性p-y曲线计算方法。通过与3个现场试验的实测结果的对比分析,验证所建立的p-y曲线法的准确性与可靠性,继而开展SC桩水平受荷性能影响因素分析。结果表明:所建立的理论计算方法可以有效预测SC桩的水平承载特性,且当桩身变形较大时应考虑混凝土芯桩的非线性影响。水泥土桩桩径(D)对SC桩水平承载性能影响显著,当水泥土桩与混凝土芯桩的桩径比(D/d)从1.0增至3.0时,120 kN水平荷载下的桩头位移从25.8 mm减至5.1 mm,且桩身最大弯矩值减小51.0%;桩身水平承载性能受水泥土桩桩长(L)的影响较大,但当长径比(L/d)超过10后,桩身内力位移趋于稳定值;适当地增加水泥土桩强度与混凝土芯桩弹性模量也可提高SC桩的水平承载性能。     

Modeling oblique load carrying capacity of batter pile groups using neural network,random forest regression and M5 model tree

M5 model tree, random forest regression (RF) and neural network (NN) based modelling approaches were used to predict oblique load carrying capacity of batter pile groups using 247 laboratory experiments with smooth and rough pile groups. Pile length (L), angle of oblique load (α), sand density (ρ), number of batter piles (B), and number of vertical piles (V) as input and oblique load (Q) as output was used. Results suggest improved performance by RF regression for both pile groups. M5 model tree provides simple linear relation which can be used for the prediction of oblique load for field data also. Model developed using RF regression approach with smooth pile group data was found to be in good agreement for rough piles data. NN based approach was found performing equally well with both smooth and rough piles. Sensitivity analysis using all three modelling approaches suggest angle of oblique load (α) and number of batter pile (B) affect the oblique load capacity for both smooth and rough pile groups.     

基于极限载荷试验的扩底抗拔桩承载变形特性的分析

结合天津于家堡南、北地下车库项目开展了2组各3根扩底抗拔桩的极限承载力试验,其中一组试桩有效桩长19 m,另一组试桩有效桩长30 m,试桩均加载至极限破坏状态。载荷试验过程中,两组试桩均对桩顶、有效桩长桩顶以及桩端位置进行了位移测试;其中有效桩长为19 m的试桩还开展了桩身轴力测试。对2组试桩成果从荷载位移曲线、桩身轴力分布、桩侧摩阻力分布规律等方面进行了分析。结合有限元数值模拟分析表明,扩底抗拔桩的承载力由等截面段桩侧摩阻力与扩大头抗力共同组成,首先由等截面段桩土侧摩阻力提供抗拔力;当上拔荷载进一步增大后,扩大头开始逐渐发挥作用,并且扩大头抗力占总承载力的比例逐步上升。极限状态下,有效桩长为19,30 m的试桩,扩大头提供的抗力占总抗拔承载力的比例分别约为50%和35%。扩大头的存在对于等截面段桩侧摩阻力的发挥影响较小。扩大头受周边土体法向力的竖向分量是扩大头抗力的主要组成部分,极限状态下,其可占扩大头抗力的70%左右。     

深厚软土中大直径灌注扩底桩受力性状试验研究

通过对深厚软土地基中大直径深长灌注桩及扩底桩的桩孔孔径的实测及静载荷试验下桩身埋设钢筋计的测量,得到了桩身轴力实测资料和静载荷试验数据。基于以上实测资料研究了软土中持力层为粉质黏土、粉砂的大直径深长灌注桩及扩底桩的承载特性和荷载传递机理,重点分析了大直径深长灌注扩底桩与普通灌注桩承载特性及荷载传递的不同点,并得到了扩底桩桩端阻力、桩侧摩阻力发挥规律。研究表明,深厚软土地区大直径深长钻孔灌注扩底桩的侧阻先于端阻发挥,同时其荷载传递与一般的灌注桩不同,扩底桩的桩端扩大部分对承载能力影响较大,不仅影响到桩端阻力的发挥,还影响到桩侧阻力的发挥。这都为今后大直径灌注扩底桩的理论研究和设计应用提供了重要的参考作用。     

砂岩单轴压缩本构数值模拟影响因素研究

基于虚内键模型,提出虚内键密度演化函数,将虚内键思想引入到砂岩单轴压缩本构研究中;并选用Weibull分布赋予岩石内部细观单元非均质性,研究了模型特征参数c₁、c₂、模型单元数量以及非均质系数m对模拟结果的影响。研究表明:c₁、c₂不会改变岩石模型的弹性模量,c₁越小应力-应变曲线越“高大”,c₂越大应力峰值越大,且峰后曲线更加陡峭;单元数量越多,模型破坏特征与试验值越接近;非均质系数m越大,模型弹性模量越大,且应力峰值越大。通过对影响因素的合理控制,虚内键模型可以很好地模拟砂岩单轴压缩应力-应变过程。     

嵌岩扩底抗拔桩承载特性研究

近年来扩底桩用于建筑物抵抗上拔荷载作用的情况日趋增多,而对扩底抗拔桩的理论研究远跟不上工程实践的发展。分析了扩底抗拔桩的抗拔机理和常用的破坏模式,在合理假定的基础上给出了一种扩底嵌岩桩极限抗拔承载力的计算模式,该模式包含侧摩阻力、桩自重以及扩大头抗拔力对总抗拔承载力的贡献。结合南京绿地广场紫峰大厦工程中两根扩底嵌岩抗拔桩的自平衡法极限抗拔承载力试验结果,进行了该模式计算值与实测值的对比分析,吻合程度较好。     

桩侧注浆与扩底抗拔桩的极限载荷试验研究

相比于传统等截面抗拔桩,桩侧注浆抗拔桩和扩底抗拔桩能大幅提高抗拔承载力,具有较高的工程应用前景。笔者开展了有效桩长19 m的桩侧注浆抗拔桩和扩底抗拔桩的极限载荷对比试验,各3根试桩,均加载至极限破坏状态,同时开展桩身轴力与变形量测。从荷载位移曲线、桩身轴力分布规律、桩侧摩阻力发挥特性等方面对两种桩型进行了对比分析。试验表明,两种桩型相比于等截面抗拔桩的承载力提高机理不同:桩侧注浆使得有效桩长范围内各层土桩侧摩阻力普遍得到增强,实测桩侧摩阻力比勘察建议值提高33%~73%。扩底抗拔桩中等截面段侧摩阻力的发挥与勘察报告建议值相当,扩大头提供的抗拔承载力随加载值的增大而逐步发挥,在最大加载值时,扩大头承载力达到总加载的55%,超过等截面段桩侧摩阻力,扩大头的存在对于提高抗拔承载力作用明显。     

Influence of site conditions on seismic design parameters for foundations as determined via nonlinear site response analysis

Site conditions, including geotechnical properties and the geological setting, influence the near-surface response of strata subjected to seismic excitation. The geotechnical parameters required for the design of foundations include mass density (ρ), damping ratio (β_s), shear wave velocity (V_s), and soil shear modulus (G_s). The values of the last three parameters are sensitive to the level of nonlinear strain induced in the strata due to seismic ground motion. In this study, the effect of variations in soil properties, such as plasticity index (PI), effective stress (σ′), over consolidation ratio (OCR), impedance contrast ratio (ICR) between the bedrock and the overlying strata, and depth of soil strata over bedrock (H), on seismic design parameters (β_s, V_s, and G_s) was investigated for National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) site classes C and D, through 1D nonlinear seismic site response analysis. The Morris one-at-a-time (OAT) sensitivity analysis indicated that β_s, V_s, and G_s were significantly influenced by variations in PI, while ICR affected β_s more than it affected V_s and G_s. However, the influence of H on these parameters was less significant. It was also found that variations in soil properties influenced seismic design parameters in soil type D more significantly than in soil type C. Predictive relationships for β_s, V_s, and G_s were derived based on the 1D seismic site response analysis and sensitivity analysis results. The β_s, V_s, and G_s values obtained from the analysis were compared with the corresponding values in NEHRP to determine the similarities and differences between the two sets of values. The need to incorporate PI and ICR in the metrics for determining β_s, V_s, and G_s for the seismic design of foundations was highlighted.     

Effect of interface adhesion factor on the bearing capacity of strip footing placed on cohesive soil overlying rock mass

The problem related to bearing capacity of footing either on pure soil or on pure rock mass has been investigated over the years. Currently, no study deals with the bearing capacity of strip footing on a cohesive soil layer overlying rock mass. Therefore, by implementing the lower bound finite element limit analysis in conjunction with the second-order cone programming and the power cone programming, the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip footing located on a cohesive soil overlying rock mass is determined in this study. By considering the different values of interface adhesion factor (α_cr) between the cohesive soil and rock mass, the ultimate bearing capacity of strip footing is expressed in terms of influence factor (I_f) for different values of cohesive soil layer cover ratio (T_cs/B). The failure of cohesive soil is modeled by using Mohr−Coulomb yield criterion, whereas Generalized Hoek−Brown yield criterion is utilized to model the rock mass at failure. The variations ofI_f with different magnitudes of α_cr are studied by considering the influence of the rock mass strength parameters of beneath rock mass layer. To examine stress distribution at different depths, failure patterns are also plotted.     

深埋纯地下建筑不同抗拔桩型承载性状试验研究

通过对某沿海城市500 kV深埋地下变电站不同抗拔桩型的现场试验研究,对扩底抗拔桩和桩侧压浆等截面抗拔桩两种不同抗拔桩型的承载力性状进行了分析,研究了两种不同桩型的荷载传递规律和承载力提高机理。本文认为,对于含砂丰富地层且单桩承载力要求较高的长桩,宜优先选用压浆桩,而且在技术经济条件相当的情况下,选择桩侧压浆方案可以节省工期;对于以软土或黏土为主的地层或桩长较短的情况,扩底桩则比压浆桩更具优势。     

饱和软黏土中开孔防沉板基础上拔特性研究

在软黏土地基中,开孔能有效降低防沉板基础上拔阻力,减小防沉板基础回收难度。对6种具有不同开孔形式的防沉板模型进行了饱和软黏土中的上拔试验,测定了上拔过程中防沉板与土体接触面间的吸附力,揭示了上拔阻力的构成与发展规律,阐明了开孔率和有效宽度对上拔阻力和接触面间吸附力的影响规律。采用有限元方法模拟了防沉板基础的上拔过程,建立了上拔力作用下饱和软黏土地基的破坏模式,构建了采用极限分析法计算防沉板上拔阻力的机动场,推导了上拔阻力的上限解,得到了可以同时考虑防沉板开孔率和有效宽度的上拔阻力系数Nc的计算公式。对比验证结果表明:与Skempton公式不同,求解的上拔阻力随开孔率的增加呈非线性降低规律。     

深厚软基超长桩工程性状试验研究

通过温州软土地基中超长钻孔灌注桩静载荷试验和桩身轴力的测试 ,探讨了软土地基中超长钻孔灌注桩的承载力性状和荷载传递机理。超长桩桩身轴力的传递规律和侧摩阻力的发挥性状对软土地基中超长桩的理论研究和工程应用具有重要的参考价值。     

Effect of undercut on the lower bound stability of vertical rock escarpment using finite element and power cone programming

In the present study, the stability of a vertical rock escarpment is determined by considering the influence of undercut. Lower bound finite element limit analysis in association with Power Cone Programming (PCP) is applied to incorporate the failure of rock mass with the help of the Generalized Hoek-Brown yield criterion. The change in stability due to the presence of undercut is expressed in terms of a non-dimensional stability number (σ_ci/γH). The variations of the magnitude of σ_ci/γH are presented as design charts by considering the different magnitudes of undercut offset (H/v_u and w_u/v_u) from the vertical edge and different magnitudes of Hoek-Brown rock mass strength parameters (Geological Strength Index (GSI), rock parameter (m_i,), Disturbance factor (D)). The obtained results indicate that undercut can cause a severe stability problem in rock mass having poor strength. With the help of regression analysis of the computed results, a simplified design equation is proposed for obtaining σ_ci/γH. By performing sensitivity analysis for an undisturbed vertical rock escarpment, we have found that the undercut height ratio (H/v_u) is the most sensitive parameter followed by GSI, undercut shape ratio (w_u/v_u), and m_i. The developed design equation as well as design charts can be useful for practicing engineers to determine the stability of the vertical rock escarpment in the presence of undercut. Failure patterns are also presented to understand type of failure and extent of plastic state during collapse.     

平面变形超固结软黏土蠕变特征

通过对原状软土进行平面变形蠕变试验,研究超固结软土平面变形条件下的蠕变特征。研究表明,正常固结软土平面变形蠕变的体变过程,和一维变形条件下正常固结软土的次固结过程具有相同的规律,在主应力比与K₀状态相同时,相对于一维变形平面变形情况具有较小的轴向变形;平面变形条件下,采用土体受到的不同时期的体积球应力定义超固结比,能够全面地反映超固结软土的超固结特征;平面变形条件下,超固结软土蠕变的体积变形较正常固结状态明显减小,超固结比越大减小程度越明显,由超固结比确定体积蠕变系数具有合理性;平面变形在主应力比为K₀的状态下,超固结软土蠕变的轴向蠕变系数与超固结比负相关,由超固结比直接确定轴向蠕变系数是可行的;平面变形条件下土体的超固结应力历史,使超固结软土相对于正常固结状态具有较大的泊松比,在限制水平变形方向具有较大的主应力。     

超固结软黏土一维蠕变次固结系数与侧压力系数

通过K₀固结原状试样一维蠕变试验,模拟软土地基超载预压卸荷再加荷过程,研究超固结软黏土蠕变过程的次固结系数C_α和侧压力系数K_0r与应力历史的关系。研究结果表明,超固结软黏土的主固结过程相对于正常固结状态有明显缩短,次固结系数C_α与荷载相关,随着 增大而减小,超载预压时间延长导致 增大次固结系数减小。超固结软黏土蠕变过程的侧压力系数K_0r随时间近似恒定,受应力状态和应力历史影响,随再加荷压力增大而减小,随前期固结压力的增大而增大,与 近似成线性关系。依据试验和假定建立的K_0r理论模型,反应了相关条件的影响,无需专用参数,与试验结果具有较高的一致性。一维变形条件下,超固结软黏土的次固结系数C_α与广义剪应力和球应力的比值 具有本质上的联系,符合双曲线规律。     

Interaction between a plant virus and colloidal hematite

Colloidal phenomena have been shown to be important in the association of dispersed virus particles with metal oxides which are also dispersed as colloid-sized particles. In the work reported here, cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and hematite (-Fe₂O₃) were mixed together in order to determine the virus-to-hematite particle ratio under (heterocoagulation) conditions where self-aggregation (homocoagulation) of either the virus or the hematite was absent. Solution pH had a major influence on the heterocoagulation product. At pH 6, where hematite bears a net positive surface charge and CPMV bears a net negative charge, the product was found to be FC₄ (F = one 50 nm hematite particle, C = one 28 nm virus particle). At pH 3 where both colloid-size particles are positively charged, the product was F₃C. These products, expressed as CPMV mass per unit hematite surface area, compare closely with the adsorptive uptake of proteins by this metal oxide. Measurements were also made of the heterocoagulation of poliovirus 1 and colloidal hematite in the absence of self-aggregation. Comparisons of protein, CPMV, poliovirus and MS-2 bacteriophage uptake by the two iron oxides, hematite and magnetite, show wide differences that probably reflect differences in the way biocolloid (protein or virus particles) concentrations are determined, the method of protein or virus preparation, as well as intrinsic differences between the oxide surfaces and the biocolloids.     

Probabilistic analysis of secant piles with random geometric imperfections

The failure to achieve minimum design overlap between secant piles compromises the ability of a structure to perform as designed, resulting in water leakage or even ground collapse. To establish a more realistic simulation and provide guidelines for designing a safe and cost-effective secant-pile wall, a three-dimensional model of a secant pile, considering the geometric imperfections of the diameter and direction of the borehole, is introduced. An ultrasonic cross-hole test was performed during the construction of secant piles in a launching shaft in Beijing, China. Based on the test results, the statistical characteristics of the pile diameters and orientation parameters were obtained. By taking the pile diameter D, inclination angle β, and azimuth angle α as random variables, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to discuss the influence of different design parameters on the probability density functions of the overlap of secant piles. The obtained results show that the randomness of the inclination angle and pile diameter can be well described by a normal distribution, whereas the azimuth angle is more consistent with a uniform distribution. The integrity of the secant-pile wall can be overestimated without considering the uncertainty of geometric imperfections. The failure of the secant-pile wall increases substantially with increasing spatial variability in drilling inclination and diameter. A design flowchart for pile spacing under the target safety level is proposed to help engineers design a safe and economical pile wall.     

内蒙NBZK电厂三节和四节DX挤扩灌注桩的试验研究

通过现场静荷载试验,对以硬塑黏土和坚硬黏土为承力盘和桩端持力层的三节和四节DX挤扩灌注桩以及以砾砂为桩端持力层的直孔灌注桩的极限承载力进行判定,分析荷载传递机理,并对桩侧阻力、盘端阻力和桩端阻力的分配及发展规律进行研究。     

基于有限元极限分析的双孔隧道稳定性分析

为进一步探讨在考虑土体内摩擦角情况下,双孔隧道在支护反力及地面超载共同作用下的相互作用规律及稳定性分析,首先,基于有限元极限分析法,采用MATLAB平台编制了相关计算程序;此外,为减少各参数之间的交叉影响,引入无量纲分析方法;然后,将本文模型的计算结果与已有成果进行对比,验证了本文分析方法的合理性;最后,在此基础上求得各影响因素下的隧道稳定性参数(N_s),并绘制了无量纲分析图表。结果表明:(1)N_s随φ的增大逐渐增大,且当φ较大时,在N_s未达到稳定值之前,对其产生显著影响;(2)N_s随S/B的增大而增大并趋于稳定;(3)φ的存在与否对N_s随着γB/c的变化产生相反的规律,且随φ的增大,γB/c的变化对临界间距比(S/B)的值影响减弱;(4)临界间距比随H/B的增大不断增大;(5)S/B和φ是影响隧道破坏模式的关键因素。     

Modeling limit force capacities of high force to volume lead extrusion dampers

Lead extrusion dampers are supplemental energy-dissipation devices that are used to mitigate seismic structural damage. Small volumetric sizes and high force capacities define high-force-to-volume (HF2V) devices, which can absorb significant response energy without sacrificial damage. However, the design of such devices for specific force capacities has proven difficult based on the complexities of their internal reaction mechanisms, leading to the adoption of empirical approaches. This study developed upper- and lower-bound force capacity estimates from analytical mechanics based on direct and indirect metal extrusion for guiding design. The derived equations are strictly functions of HF2V device geometric parameters, lead material properties, and extrusion mechanics. The upper-bound estimates from direct and indirect extrusion are denoted as (F_UB,1, F_UB,2) and (F_UB,3, F_UB,4), respectively, and the lower-bound estimates are denoted as (F_LB, F_LB,1) based on the combination of extrusion and friction forces. The proposed models were validated by comparing the predicted bounds to experimental force capacity data from 15 experimental HF2V device tests. The experimental device forces all lie above the lower-bound estimates (F_LB, F_LB,1) and below the upper-bound estimates (F_UB,1, F_UB,2, F_UB,4). Overall, the (F_LB, F_UB,2) pair provides wider bounds and the (F_LB,1, F_UB,4/F_UB,1) pair provides narrower bounds. The (F_LB,1, F_UB,1) pair has a mean lower-bound gap of 36%, meaning the lower bound was 74% of the actual device force on average. The mean upper-bound gap was 33%. The bulge area and cylinder diameter of HF2V devices are key parameters affecting device forces. These relatively tight bounds provide useful mechanics-based predictive design guides for ensuring that device forces are within the targeted design range after manufacturing.