Reliability analysis of intermediate crack-induced debonding failure in FRP-strengthened concrete members

This paper presents a study on the reliability analysis of intermediate crack-induced (IC) debonding failure, which is a dominant failure mode in concrete members strengthened with externally bonded fibre-reinforced polymer composites. First, the probabilistic characteristics of the model uncertainties for several typical IC debonding models are evaluated and presented, based on a comprehensive test database that contained 217 specimens that experienced IC debonding failure. Second, a Monte Carlo simulation analysis is performed to examine the variability in the IC debonding resistance considering the scatterness of different design variables. Subsequently, the reliability index is estimated by utilising the reliability analysis method, first-order reliability method, for each design case. The effect of each design variable on the average reliability index is examined. Finally, reduction factors for the investigated IC debonding models are calibrated based on the reliability analysis with the aim of meeting a target reliability index of 3.5.     

Factors governing the shear response of prestressed concrete hollowcore slabs under fire conditions

This paper presents results from numerical studies on the effect of critical factors governing the shear response on prestressed concrete (PC) hollowcore slabs exposed to fire. A validated three dimensional finite element model is applied for evaluating failure of fire exposed prestressed concrete (PC) hollowcore slabs under different limiting states, including through shear. This model accounts for temperature induced property degradation in concrete and prestressing strands, cracking in concrete, varying fire exposure, loading and restraint conditions. The factors varied in the parametric study include, slab depth, load level, loading pattern, axial restraint, level of prestressing, and fire scenario. Results from parametric studies show that slab depth, load level, loading pattern, axial restraint, level of prestressing and fire scenario have significant influence on the fire response of PC hollowcore slabs, and failure under these conditions can occur through shear limiting state prior to reaching flexural limiting state. Results from parametric studies are further utilized to propose a simplified approach for evaluating shear capacity PC hollowcore slabs under fire conditions.     

预应力FRP加固混凝土受弯构件研究进展

由于普通黏结FRP加固混凝土受弯构件存在一些不足,预应力FRP加固法研究已成为工程结构领域的一个热点.对预应力FRP片材加固的研究现状进行了分类,指出了现有研究尚未开展的方向,可供加固研究参考.     

预应力FRP筋混凝土梁受弯性能试验研究

对5根以FRP筋为有粘结预应力筋、以普通钢筋为非预应力筋的预应力混凝土梁受弯性能进行试验研究。根据试验结果对预应力FRP筋混凝土梁受力过程、破坏模式及裂缝情况进行了较为详细的研究。测定了梁的极限承载力、变形发展及裂缝分布等情况。试验研究结果表明：与预应钢绞线混凝土梁相比，预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁具有很好的变形能力而极限承载力相差不多，但是预应力AFRP筋混凝土梁承载力较低。通过计算得到的极限承载力、挠度与试验结果吻合较好。     

Strengthening of lightweight reinforced concrete slabs using different techniques

The present study examines the potential of using four different techniques in repairing and strengthening of preloaded, cracked, lightweight, reinforced concrete one-way solid slabs. Nineteen lightweight reinforced concrete (LWRC) slabs specimens were casted with one-third scale dimensions from prototype structure in buildings. The slabs dimensions were 1.2 m in length and cross section of (70 × 500) mm in depth and width. The slabs were reinforced with 3φ10 for the main reinforcement and tested under a four-point loading system. The tested slabs were divided into two groups according to preloading level to study the effect of cracking level. Two preloadings were selected, i.e. 60% and 80% from the ultimate load. The strengthening techniques used were ferrocement layer, steel plate, carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) sheets and CFRP strips. The slabs were loaded up to failure and the structural response of each slab specimen was predicted in terms of the onset of cracking, deflection, collapse load and failure mode. The efficiency of different repair and strengthening techniques and their effects on the structural behaviour of cracked concrete slab had been analysed. It was observed that the type of strengthening technique used affect the load carrying capacity, deflection, stiffness and toughness of the slab. All repair techniques were found to be able to restore and enhance the structural capacity of cracked concrete slabs. The enhancement ratio is found to be affected by the preloading or the cracking level.     

Modelling of unbonded post-tensioned concrete slabs under fire conditions

This paper investigates the structural behaviour of unbonded post-tensioned one-way spanning concrete slabs in fire conditions. The slabs were simply supported and reinforced with 15.7 mm nominal diameter seven-wire mono-strand tendons. A nonlinear finite element model for the analysis of post-tensioned unbonded concrete slabs at elevated temperatures was developed. The mechanical and thermal material nonlinearities of the concrete, prestressing tendon and anchorages have been carefully inserted into the model. The interface between the tendon and surrounding concrete was also modelled, allowing the tendon to retain its profile shape during the deformation of the slab. The temperature distribution throughout the slab, time–deflection behaviour, time–longitudinal expansion, time–stress behaviour in the tendon, and the failure modes were predicted by the model and verified against test data. The study has shown that the coefficients of thermal expansion currently used in the European Code for calcareous and siliceous concrete can lead to inaccurate predictions of the structural behaviour. A parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects on the global structural behaviour due to the change in the aggregate type, load ratio and boundary conditions. It was shown that by varying the boundary conditions the fire resistance was greatly affected. Although changing the aggregate type and load ratio affected the time-displacement response, the fire resistance defined by failure of the slab was not affected due to the splitting mode of failure above the tendon locations not being affected by these parameters. Comparison with the codes shows that the UK code BS8110 is generally unconservative, whereas the Eurocode EN1992-1-2 provides reasonable design rules.     

Design equation for predicting fire resistance of reinforced concrete beams

An approach for evaluating the fire resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams is presented in this paper. A macroscopic finite element model is applied to study the influence of various parameters on the fire resistance of RC beams. Data from parametric studies is utilized to develop a simplified expression for evaluating the fire resistance of an RC beam as a function of influencing parameters. The validity of the proposed approach is established by comparing the fire resistance predictions with those obtained from finite element studies as well as from fire resistance tests. Predictions from the proposed equation are also compared with fire resistance estimates from current codes of practice. The applicability of the approach to design situations is illustrated through a numerical example. The proposed rational approach expresses fire resistance in terms of conventional structural and material design parameters, and thus facilitates easy evaluation of fire resistance. The proposed approach provides better estimates than those from current codes of practice and thus can be used to evaluate the fire resistance of RC beams with an accuracy that is adequate for design purposes.     

Enhancement of flexural behaviour of CFRP-strengthened reinforced concrete beams using engineered cementitious composites transition layer

This paper aimed to develop and evaluate an efficient strengthening method for reinforced concrete beams, based on engineered cementitious composites (ECC) to be applied as a transition layer prior to the application of the carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthening sheet. The role of the proposed transition layer is to control the cracking of concrete and detain or even avoid premature de-bonding of the strengthening CFRP sheets. As the ability of the transition layer to exhibit a strain hardening behaviour is mainly dependent on the used fibre volumetric ratio, three ECC mixes with three different polypropylene fibre volumetric ratios were used (fibre volumetric ratio of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%). The experimental results showed that while the used CFRP strengthening sheet can increase the ultimate load by about 28.8% compared with the control un-strengthened beam, this increase can reach about 48.5% by applying the same CFRP sheet to the proposed ECC transition layer that contains a fibre volumetric ratio of 1.5%. Moreover, this layer integrated with the mention ratio of the fibre content enabled the CFRP sheet to be in a complete contact with the strengthened beam without any de-bonding up the rupture of the CFRP sheet at failure.     

火灾后混凝土结构的检测与修复探讨

介绍了目前国内外火灾后混凝土结构火灾温度和烧损程度的检测方法 ,对火灾后建筑物的修复加固理论进行了初步探讨 ,指出应根据实际情况确定检测技术 ,并注意各种检测技术的综合应用     

Flexure strengthening of lightweight reinforced concrete beams using carbon fibre-reinforced polymers

A series of 40 lightweight reinforced concrete (LWRC) beams of 1400 mm length and a rectangular cross section of 150 × 200 mm were cast, strengthened and then tested under four-point bending test to study the effectiveness of using externally applied carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites as a method of increasing the flexural strength of under-reinforced LWRC beams. Parameters investigated include reinforcement ratio, ρ; ρ = 0.55ρ_b and ρ = 0.27ρ_b, CFRP sheet length; 600, 800 and 1000 mm, CFRP sheet width; beam width and half-beam width. Three types of strengthening schemes were used: jacketing covers the beam from bottom and two sides with total width of 500 mm, sheets at the tension side with width equal to beam width and sheets with width equal to half-beam width. Test results showed a limited increase in ultimate load-carrying capacity accompanied with some reduction in mid-span deflection for the strengthened beams. Among the strengthening schemes investigated, jacketing was the most effective for strength enhancement (about 41%) with respect to control beam; however, it reduced ductility significantly. An analytical model was proposed for predicting the ultimate load-carrying capacity of LWRC beams strengthened with CFRP composites.     

纤维编织网增强混凝土加固钢筋混凝土梁受弯性能研究

从改善纤维编织网增强混凝土(TRC)加固层中纤维束和精细混凝土的界面粘结及新老混凝土的界面特性入手,研究TRC增强钢筋混凝土(RC)梁的弯曲性能。试验结果表明:纤维编织网的表面黏砂处理能更好地发挥其有效约束能力,从而充分发挥TRC增强层的限裂和增强作用;新老混凝土的界面植入U型抗剪销钉可以提高增强后RC梁的整体受力性能,而涂抹界面剂对其几乎没有影响。此外,精细混凝土中掺加聚丙烯纤维有助于提高构件的起裂荷载;在RC梁配筋率一定的情况下,提高TRC层中的配网率可以有效地延缓结构主裂缝的发展,减小裂缝的宽度和间距,明显地提高梁的屈服荷载和极限承载力。最后,基于RC结构的抗弯设计理论,模拟TRC增强RC梁的荷载与跨中位移曲线,计算值与试验结果吻合得较好,证明了计算方法的可行性。     

火灾后钢筋混凝土受弯构件抗弯承载力

研究火灾后钢筋混凝土受弯构件的抗弯承载力统一算法,分析火灾后钢筋混凝土矩形截面梁、单向板和T形截面梁的抗弯承载力。构件受火位置包括受拉区和受压区,截面配筋方式包括单筋截面和双筋截面。考虑以上因素,给出火灾后钢筋混凝土受弯构件抗弯承载力完整的计算公式,结合数值分析和试验结果验证公式的有效性。研究结果表明,提出的计算方法可以较准确地计算火灾后钢筋混凝土受弯构件的抗弯承载力。     

混凝土柱耐火极限综述

根据混凝土柱在现代结构中的重要性,对各类型混凝土柱耐火极限研究的国内外现状进行了论述,并对混凝土柱的未来发展方向做了展望,对以后学者的研究起到一定的借鉴作用。     

预应力碳纤维布加固钢筋再生混凝土梁受弯承载力研究

试验浇筑4组再生粗骨料掺量为0%、40%、70%、100%的钢筋再生混凝土梁,根据预应力碳纤维布拉断破坏和剥离破坏的界限加固量,每组对2根钢筋再生混凝土梁进行预裂破坏后,分别进行预应力碳纤维布一层和两层加固,然后对4组钢筋再生混凝土梁进行受弯承载力试验。试验表明：随着预应力碳纤维布加固量的增大,加固梁的受弯承载力增大,梁屈服时,纯弯段受拉区横向裂缝数量增多且宽度较小;随着再生粗骨料掺量的增大,加固梁受弯承载力降低,梁屈服时,裂缝数量减少、宽度增大。最后依据试验结果与平截面假定,结合再生粗骨料掺量对钢筋再生混凝土梁受弯承载力的影响,考虑钢筋再生混凝土梁的二次受力,建立了预应力碳纤维布加固钢筋再生混凝土梁的受弯承载力计算公式。计算结果表明：受弯承载力计算值与试验值吻合较好,可以为预应力碳纤维布加固钢筋再生混凝土梁设计提供参考。     

FRP加强R/C梁防火性能调查研究

对纤维加强聚合物(FRP)材料加强钢筋混凝土梁在火灾中的防火性能进行了研究。试验结果显示,防火材料能够帮助构件达到标准防火性能,同时对不断增长的FRP应用也很重要。介绍了不同文献对FRP在高温下的性能所做的研究以及目前标准对建筑构件的耐火极限要求。对两个大型试验进行了介绍。试验材料为混凝土梁构件,外部用FRP板加强,并且三分之二用专利耐火隔热材料保护。给出了试验结果,并重点强调了曝火状态下所测得的构件温度。试验数据验证了热传导数值模型,该模型可用于预测加强并绝缘钢筋混凝土梁构件内的温度。试验结果和模型数据显示,正确设计和进行绝缘保护的FRP加强梁构件耐火极限能够达到4h或者以上。     

A simplified approach for predicting temperatures in insulated RC members exposed to standard fire

Fire resistance of concrete structural members can be enhanced through the application of external fire insulation on the surfaces of concrete member. For evaluating fire resistance of such insulated RC members, temperatures in concrete and steel reinforcement are to be known. This paper develops a simplified approach for predicting cross-sectional temperatures in an insulated RC structural member exposed to standard fire. The approach is derived by replacing the insulation layer into an equivalent concrete thickness layer and then undertaking statistical regression analysis on temperature data of modified concrete section. The effect of critical parameters, including geometry of concrete member and insulation, thermal properties of concrete and fire insulation, and duration of fire exposure is accounted for in temperature equations. The validity of the approach is established by comparing predictions from the proposed equation with data generated from fire tests and finite element analysis. These comparisons show the proposed equation gives reasonable prediction of temperatures, within a range of ±10%, in insulated concrete members. The applicability of the proposed approach in design situations is illustrated though a numerical example. The simplicity of the proposed method makes it attractive for use in design situations and for incorporation in design manuals.     

碳纤维布加固梁的计算

通过对预应力碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土梁的受力过程进行分析,结合我国现行规范,假定加固梁的截面应变符合平截面假定,通过截面极限状态分析,分别提出了界限破坏、受压破坏和受拉破坏模式下受弯承载力的理论计算公式。     

预应力混凝土结构抗火研究进展

总结了近年来预应力混凝土结构抗火研究进展,包括预应力筋高温力学性能、预应力混凝土梁板抗火试验、足尺预应力混凝土梁板抗火性能、活性粉末混凝土高温力学性能、高温下混凝土的爆裂规律、CFRP布加固混凝土梁板抗火性能、预应力混凝土梁板以及用耐高温无机胶粘贴CFRP布加固的混凝土梁板抗火设计方法等,分析了预应力混凝土结构和CFRP布加固混凝土结构抗火研究中尚存在的一些问题。分析表明：大尺度预应力混凝土梁的抗火性能优于小尺度梁,用耐高温无机胶替代环氧类有机胶粘贴CFRP布加固混凝土梁板并以此提高结构的抗火性能是可行的,大尺度预应力构件及预应力整体结构的抗火性能及其抗火设计方法等是今后一段时间预应力混凝土结构抗火研究领域值得关注的课题。     

钢纤维水泥砂浆钢筋网加固RC梁受力性能研究

对钢纤维水泥砂浆加固的抗弯足尺混凝土梁一、二次受力进行了试验研究。试验包括1根对比梁和6根用钢纤维水泥砂浆钢筋网加固的试验梁。试验梁采用三面U形加固形式,量测试验梁裂缝分布形态、荷载-挠度曲线、钢筋和混凝土及加固砂浆应变发展规律等。通过改变加固梁的加固配筋率和受力形态,研究了这种加固方法对RC梁的承载力、破坏形态、截面刚度及裂缝分布等的影响。试验结果表明,钢纤维水泥砂浆加固是一种有效的加固方法,能够显著提高钢筋混凝土梁的抗弯承载力、截面刚度以及抗裂性能。