Energy transition toward carbon-neutrality in China: Pathways,implications and uncertainties

Achieving carbon neutrality in China before 2060 requires a radical energy transition. To identify the possible transition pathways of China’s energy system, this study presents a scenario-based assessment using the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) model. China could peak the carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions before 2030 with current policies, while carbon neutrality entails a reduction of 7.8 Gt CO₂ in emissions in 2060 and requires an energy system overhaul. The assessment of the relationship between the energy transition and energy return on investment (EROI) reveals that energy transition may decrease the EROI, which would trigger increased energy investment, energy demand, and emissions. Uncertainty analysis further shows that the slow renewable energy integration policies and carbon capture and storage (CCS) penetration pace could hinder the emission mitigation, and the possible fossil fuel shortage calls for a much rapid proliferation of wind and solar power. Results suggest a continuation of the current preferential policies for renewables and further research and development on deployment of CCS. The results also indicate the need for backup capacities to enhance the energy security during the transition.     

有机相变蓄冷材料的研究进展

本文概述了有机相变蓄冷材料和有机-无机复合相变蓄冷材料的研究进展,探讨了采用公式指导低共融物相变蓄冷材料配比和提高有机相变材料导热能力的方法,介绍了相变材料在太阳能利用、电力的峰谷平衡、空调节能与冷藏运输等方面的应用研究。指出相变材料的性能特性、相变机理、传热理论模型及复合技术是有机相变蓄冷材料研究的重点内容,有机复合相变蓄冷材料是今后有机相变材料的重点发展方向。     

国外建筑节能政策及新技术的研究

我国能源消费总量位居世界前列,建筑能耗又是我国能源消费的主体之一,因而推行建筑节能刻不容缓。简述了国外发达国家在节能政策,外墙、门窗、屋面等部位的建筑保温节能新技术,旨在借鉴他们的相关政策及先进经验,推广建筑节能新技术,从而全面推进我国建筑节能的发展。     

多电压等级直流电力系统发展与挑战

随着新能源发电规模越来越大,输送距离越来越远以及大规模分布式发电和直流负荷的接入,现有的交流电力系统越来越难以满足电力系统发展的需求。由于高压直流输电（high voltage direct current,HVDC）的技术优势,交流电力系统面临的这些挑战,却给直流电力系统的发展带来了新的契机。介绍了欧美各国和我国在高压直流输电系统、中压直流配电系统和低压直流供电系统等不同电压等级直流电力技术的发展现状,分别对高压直流输电技术、中压直流配电技术和低压直流供电技术的应用场景进行了说明,并针对现有交流输电技术的不足,分析了直流电力技术在新能源远距离输电和分布式电源接入等方面的优越性。最后介绍了现有技术水平下直流电力系统发展在关键设备研发、控制保护和标准制定等方面所面临的挑战。     

我国节能环保产业发展的思考

加快发展节能环保产业是推进我国产业结构调整、转变经济发展方式的重要途径,是应对气候变化,抢占未来竞争制高点的战略选择。本文介绍了我国节能环保产业发展的现状,分析了当前节能环保产业在发展过程中面临的问题,未来发展的重点领域和技术发展方向,提出了"十三五"期间我国节能环保产业发展的主要目标、相应的重点支撑工程和对策建议。     

太阳能光解水制H2催化剂研究进展

氢气是未来人类社会可持续发展的理想能源,光解水制H2的关键是具有高性能的光催化剂.论述了光解水的机理;综述了近年来有关TiO2、过渡金属氧化物、层状金属氧化物、光生物催化剂以及其它新的复合物在光解水方面的研究进展;讨论了提高其光催化反应活性的途径;对存在的问题和前景进行了展望.     

加速器驱动次临界系统（ADS）与核能可持续发展

核废物最少化是核裂变能可持续发展的关键问题。加速器驱动次临界系统（ADS）是一种高效的核废物嬗变器（或焚烧炉）,是解决核废物的关键技术。文章主要介绍了ADS的基本原理及其对先进加速器、先进冷却性技术等方面的带动作用,并对各国ADS的研究现状进行了比较,最后提出了ADS发展必须解决的关键问题及其与国内核能发展的关系。     

现代造纸机的节能与降耗

讨论了装备控制先进、车速在准高速以上的现代造纸机实现节能降耗的几个途径,即改进各操作单元的结构、实施先进的关键技术与装备及提高其抄造率和产品成品率来提高整机效率。详细介绍了现代造纸机各操作单元的先进关键技术,以及这些关键技术对节能降耗的作用。通过分析现代造纸机在技术上仍存在的科技难题及我国的实际情况,提出研发国产现代造纸机的车速及幅宽的定位,并对我国研发及生产现代造纸机装备方面提出了合理的建议。     

我国分布式供能关键技术研究进展

分布式供能技术是我国中长期科技发展规划中能源领域的前沿技术,是实现高效、环保、可靠、智能、多元化供能的先进技术.通过对分布式供能作为我国能源战略需求的必要性和重要意义的阐述,概述了分布式供能的关键技术及其在我国的研究进展,指出微小型动力、动力余热高效利用、多能源互补等系统集成技术是当前重要的研究方向.     

我国可再生能源中长期（2030、2050）发展战略目标与途径

基于我国调整能源结构的战略方针和以煤为主要一次能源的国情,根据可再生能源在技术、产业等方面的发展形势,从可持续发展的战略高度和大能源体系的视野,分析了2030年、2050年我国可再生能源发展的战略目标、技术路线、发展重点和保障政策,指出通过重点发展可再生能源发电、大力发展可再生能源热利用和燃气技术、积极努力发展生物质交通燃料技术,使可再生能源从目前的补充能源,逐步提升到2020年的替代能源、2030年的主流能源和2050年的主导能源的战略地位。     

Practice and understanding of developing new technologies and equipment for green and low-carbon production of oilfields

The core of China’s low-carbon development includes optimization of industrial structure, clean energy technologies, emission reduction technologies, and innovation of relevant systems and institutions. China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) has always been a proactive participant in developing low-carbon economy, shouldering the responsibilities of safeguarding oil and gas supply, conserving energy, and reducing emission. Therefore, CNPC fulfills those responsibilities as a substantial part of its overall strategy. Guided by low carbon and driven by innovation, petroleum corporations have taken constant innovation of low-carbon technologies, especially the development of green and low-carbon petroleum engineering technologies and equipment, as major measures for energy conservation and emission reduction. Large-scale development mode of unconventional resource anhydrous fracturing should be innovated. And supercritical CO₂ should be used to replace water for fracturing operation, in order to achieve multiple objectives of CO₂ burying, conserve water resource, improve single well production and ultimate recovery, realizing reduced emission and efficient utilization of CO₂ resources. Artificial lifting energy-saving and efficiency-increasing technologies and injection-production technology in the same well should also be innovated. Energy consumption of high water-cut wells is reduced to support the new low-carbon operation mode of high water-cut oilfields and realize energy saving and efficiency improvement during oil production by developing the operation efficiency of the lifting system and reducing the ineffective lifting of formation water. These technologies have been widely recognized by local and international experts and have greatly enhanced CNPC’s international influence. This study expounds the key technologies and equipment with regard to the development of green and low-carbon petroleum engineering and provide relevant suggestions.     

加入敏化离子C_r~（3＋）的RE：YAG晶体中能量转移

测量了Ｃｒ３＋和ＲＥ３＋（Ｔｍ３＋，Ｈｏ３＋，Ｎｄ３＋）共掺的ＹＡＧ晶体的吸收谱、荧光谱和Ｃｒ３＋的荧光衰减曲线．计算了Ｃｒ３＋向ＲＥ３＋能量转移的效率和速率．它是依Ｈｏ３＋、Ｎｄ３＋，Ｔｍ３＋递增的，提出比较能量转移效率大小的简便方法．     

碳中和背景下氢能利用关键技术及发展现状

氢能作为一种二次能源,因其绿色、灵活、来源广泛等特点,将在可再生能源占主导的未来能源体系中发挥重要作用。决定氢能产业大规模发展的核心是实现低廉、高效的原料来源和储运。为此,从可再生能源电解水制氢和储氢运输2个方面,对实现氢能清洁和高效利用的关键技术进行了综述。总结了欧洲和日本作为氢能利用的领先国家在氢能发展方面的一些思路与进展,也对氢能的成本因素进行了讨论。分析了我国氢能发展的趋势,对于未来我国氢能产业发展的前景,提出以下建议:建立健全法规与政策体系;重视氢源供应及储运的发展;积极探索发展各类氢能利用方式。     

我国建筑节能战略研究

给出了我国建筑运行能耗现状,并按照北方城镇建筑采暖、长江流域住宅采暖、住宅用能、非住宅建筑用能以及农村民用建筑用能的分类方法,分别分析了各类建筑能耗的特点、问题和节能的主要途径,同时对比了发达国家同类建筑用能与我国的差别。在基于数据和实际现象的分析的基础上,提出我国建筑能耗显著低于发达国家的主要原因是由于不同的生活方式和建筑使用模式所致,而维持目前这种相对节约的建筑使用方式与生活模式是实现我国建筑节能目标的基础。不同的生活方式和建筑使用方式需要不同的技术措施去实现节能,因此我国一定要采用与发达国家不同的技术途径来实现建筑节能目标。     

相变储能材料的最新研究进展与应用

相变储能材料是通过自身物相变化来实现能量存储与释放的材料,可用于提高能量利用效率和开发可再生能源,是能源和材料科学领域的重要研究方向之一。本文重点介绍了相变储能材料的分类和各自存在的优缺点,对近年来国内外相变材料的研究应用进行了综述,并提出未来相变材料的研发重点。     

Renewable energy transition: a market-driven solution for the energy and environmental concerns in Chile

Chile is undergoing a remarkable energy matrix transition to renewable energy. Renewable energies are expanding extraordinarily fast, exceeding earlier predictions. As a result, the country is expected to meet its 2025 goal of generating 20% of its electricity from renewable energy sources quite before. Chile has become one of the first countries in the world with subsidy-free markets, where renewable projects compete directly with other conventional sources. Favorable market conditions and successful policy reforms were keys to fostering this renewable energy development. Although the country has achieved a substantial growth in renewable energy investment in a relatively short period of time, this optimism should be treated with caution. A successful transition requires a combination of a clear decision making, persistent and consistent government policies, and a clear commitment to tackling challenges to accommodate renewable energy in the power system. In this context, this paper analyses the Chilean renewable industry and the required government policies to succeed in this transition. For this purpose, we identify several critical factors that have attracted and that could attract investment to the renewable energy sector and propose key recommendations to effectively address the major challenges faced for the future development of the industry.     

The policy trajectory of dual-use technology integration governance in China: A sequential analysis of policy evolution

Promoting research, development, and application of dual-use technologies contributes to the coordinated achievement of national security and economic growth. Dual-use technology integration (DTI) governance is a transformation that promotes technology transfer across defense and civil systems. This study employed a policy evolution sequential analysis paradigm based on the dynamic evolution of policy mixes. The policy trajectory of DTI governance in China was examined from the perspective of socio-technical system transitions. Five main findings were identified. (1) Policy evolution has been affected by both endogenous and exogenous factors. (2) The core policy-issuing agencies have steadily transitioned from specialized to comprehensive agencies, and the complexity of the joint policy-issuing network has grown. (3) Policy targets coexist; however, the emphasis at each stage differs. (4) DTI policy mixes follow changes in key policy targets. (5) Policy topics undertake and complement previous and subsequent stages. Practical and theoretical contributions to dual-use technology, socio-technical system transition, and policy evolution are presented. Furthermore, we propose that future research be conducted to identify the common traits of policy evolution across nations or fields.     

生态文明建设与能源生产消费革命

能源是人类活动的物质基础,推动了人类文明的演进与社会的发展。化石能源消费为全球带来工业文明巨大进步的同时,也带来了环境问题加剧、气候变化显著、能源贫困突出、能源安全问题凸显等负面影响。我国以煤为主的高碳能源结构和能源消费总量持续快速增长,已成为国内包括大气、水、土壤等关系民生的重大领域环境质量恶化、生态失衡的根本原因之一。开启新的能源革命,实现能源生产、流通、消费等全过程的绿色低碳化,是解决环境和气候变化问题的关键,也是推动我国由工业文明向生态文明转变的基础。本文回顾了人类文明与能源革命的发展历史,从推动文明发展的角度出发,分析全球能源革命的总体趋势,并基于我国国情,提出了生态文明建设背景下,推动能源革命的途径与建议。     

中国能源困境与转型

中国石油和天然气资源贫乏,进口依存度超过50％,煤炭的储产比也降到了50以下。中国能源消费结构中煤炭占到七成,CO2排放超过美国。能源转型是当今世界,也是中国发展的大趋势。能源转型的方向是清洁能源,发展清洁能源的重点是可再生能源。中国清洁能源资源具有替代现能源消费总量七成以上的潜力;可再生能源中的小水电、风能和生物质能的可经济利用资源量分别是0．63亿吨,1．23亿吨和10．47亿吨（标煤）。中国生物质原料资源最丰富,而且可以立竿见影地增加农民收入,促进农村经济发展,是发展可再生能源和能源转型的战略重点。     

Bottlenecks and Countermeasures of High-Penetration Renewable Energy Development in China

China has become the world’s largest producer and consumer of energy, and ranks first in its wind and solar power installation capacity. However, serious wind and solar curtailment in China has significantly hindered the development and utilization of renewable energy. To address problems in the consumption of renewable energy, this paper analyzes four key factors affecting the capacity of power generated from renewable energy sources: power balance, power regulation performance, transmission capacity, and load level. Focusing on these bottlenecks, we propose seven solutions: centralized and distributed development of renewable energy, improving the peak-load regulation flexibility of thermal power, increasing the proportion of gas turbines and pumped-hydropower storage, construction of transmission channels and a flexible smart grid developing demand response and virtual power plants, adopting new energy active support and energy storage, and establishing appropriate policies and market mechanisms. The Chinese Government and energy authorities have issued a series of policies and measures, and in the past three years, China has had remarkable achievements in the adoption of renewable energy. The rate of idle wind capacity decreased from 17% in 2016 to 7% in 2018, and that of solar decreased from 10% in 2016 to 3% in 2018.