玻化微珠保温混凝土高温后性能劣化及微观结构

配制普通混凝土（NC）和玻化微珠保温混凝土（GHB/NC）,研究从常温升温至1 000℃高温后表观现象变化、质量、抗压强度损失等性能的劣化过程,同时讨论超声波无损检测法评判混凝土高温后性能的普适性,对比分析相对波速、损伤度与受热温度、抗压强度损失率的关系,利用SEM观察不同高温后试件微观结构变化。结果表明:采用相对波速、损伤度评价混凝土高温后性能具有良好相关性,回归公式拟合度较高;随温度升高,NC和GHB/NC混凝土内部损伤逐步加剧,水泥胶凝受热分解、水分散失等在试件表面和内部产生空隙、裂纹并相互贯通,玻化微珠、粗骨料与水泥石界面黏结力逐步减弱甚至丧失,造成宏观力学性能劣化,抗压强度损失率增大。升温至800℃后NC强度损失72.3%,GHB/NC强度损失74.6%,1 000℃时基本丧失承载能力。      

盐冻循环条件下两种沥青的微观结构及高低温性能

利用原子力显微镜(AFM)、动态剪切流变仪(DSR)和弯曲梁流变仪(BBR)对冻融循环前后的基质沥青和苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯三嵌段共聚物(SBS)改性沥青进行了微观结构观测和高低温性能测试。试验结果表明:经冻融循环后,沥青"蜂形"结构的数量和尺寸出现不同变化,基质沥青中沥青质含量增加且分散状况变差,SBS改性剂三维网状结构遭到破坏;基质沥青的高温性能有所提升,抗疲劳性能降低,SBS改性沥青的高温性能降低,抗疲劳能力提升;融雪盐浓度增大在一定程度上降低了基质沥青的低温抗裂能力,融雪盐浓度为4wt%时,SBS改性沥青的低温抗裂能力得到提高。SBS改性沥青高低温性能总体上优于基质沥青,建议北方等寒冷地区尽量选用SBS改性沥青作为路面材料。     

风积沙混凝土盐冻多尺度劣化机制

研究风积沙混凝土盐冻劣化规律,揭示劣化机制对其推广应用有重要指导意义。基于室内快速冻融试验及力学特性试验研究了风积沙混凝土盐冻劣化规律,结合SEM、NMR、XRD等表征技术及损伤力学理论从多尺度揭示了盐冻劣化机制。结果表明：风积沙影响混凝土的抗冻性,100%掺量风积沙混凝土强度低,但抗冻性最好。混凝土质量损失率及抗压强度损失率均随盐冻循环次数的增加而增大,相对动弹性模量随盐冻循环次数的增大而减小。风积沙混凝土的盐冻损伤是一个物理-化学过程,界面过渡区(ITZ)骨-浆剥离及附近砂浆基质开裂是导致其宏观物理、力学性能退化的主要原因。风积沙可以改变混凝土内部的孔隙结构及水分传输路径,进而影响孔隙饱和度及混凝土的抗盐冻性能。     

盐冻循环条件下改性沥青的微观结构及重复蠕变特性

为考察在融雪盐环境下路面材料的性能变化情况,对内蒙古寒冷地区常用的SBS(苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物)改性沥青和胶粉改性沥青利用动态剪切流变仪(DSR)进行重复蠕变试验,利用原子力显微镜(AFM)进行微观结构观测,比较分析盐冻循环前后两种沥青的微细观结构以及流变学性能的变化,为寒冷地区道路路面材料的选择和使用提供参考依据。AFM测试发现,SBS改性沥青出现"蜂形"结构,冻融循环后,"蜂形"结构出现不同变化;胶粉改性沥青未出现"蜂形"结构,冻融循环后胶粉改性沥青表面形貌相差不大;重复蠕变试验结果显示:冻融循环前后SBS改性沥青和胶粉改性沥青永久变形与卸载瞬时应变的比值(εP/εL)在加载初期均随着加载次数的增加而增加,一定次数后达到稳定状态;冻融循环后SBS改性沥青的εP/εL降低,胶粉改性沥青的εP/εL基本不变;利用Burgers模型拟合得到蠕变劲度的黏性成分G_v,冻融循环后SBS改性沥青G_v值小于原样SBS改性沥青,胶粉改性沥青G_v值大于原样胶粉改性沥青,且两种沥青水冻循环与盐冻循环G_v值差别不大。胶粉改性沥青具有更好的高温使用性能。     

粉煤灰陶粒混凝土的抗盐冻性能

为了评价桥面铺装中应用的轻骨料混凝土长期耐久性,利用R ILEM推荐混凝土抗盐冻性能试验标准(CDF)研究了粉煤灰陶粒混凝土与普通混凝土的抗盐冻性能.结果表明:相同强度等级的掺加矿物掺合料的粉煤灰陶粒混凝土的抗盐冻性能明显优于普通混凝土的抗盐冻性能.复掺矿物掺合料混凝土的抗盐冻性能优于单掺矿物掺合料混凝土的抗盐冻性能.与普通混凝土相比,通过SEM-EDXA的分析,掺与未掺矿物掺合料陶粒与水泥石之间的界面过渡区的范围明显变小,这是粉煤灰陶粒混凝土抗除冰盐性能优良的重要原因.     

盐冻循环条件下改性沥青的细观结构及低温流变性能

冬季由于低温路面经常会被冰雪覆盖,融雪盐是对路面进行融雪化冰的主要方式之一。为了研究盐冻循环前后的基质沥青、SBS（苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物）改性沥青和胶粉改性沥青的细观结构和低温流变性能变化,利用SEM和弯曲梁流变仪（BBR）对其测试。结果表明:改性剂以特定的结构形态存在于沥青中,二者具有良好的相容性,这种形态可以更好地吸附沥青,提高沥青的低温弹性或韧性,进而改善了沥青的低温性能。盐冻循环破坏了沥青的结构,影响了沥青的低温抗裂性能。经历盐冻循环后沥青的蠕变劲度模量增大、蠕变速率减小,低温抗裂和应力松弛能力降低,但改性沥青低温性能总体上优于基质沥青。因此建议北方等寒冷地区尽量选用改性沥青作为路面材料。      

盐冻循环条件下沥青高低温性能的灰关联熵分析

利用动态剪切流变仪(DSR)和弯曲梁流变仪(BBR)对冻融循环前后的三种沥青(沥青、苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SBS)改性沥青、胶粉改性沥青)进行测试,比较分析不同冰冻温度、融雪盐浓度、冻融循环次数下三种沥青的高低温性能变化规律,并对环境因素进行灰熵分析。结果表明:在盐冻循环条件下对沥青复合模量G*影响最大的因素是融雪盐溶液浓度,其次是10℃延度;对沥青相位角δ影响最大的因素是软化点,其次是25℃针入度;对沥青蠕变劲度模量S影响最大的因素是融雪盐溶液浓度,其次是10℃延度;对沥青蠕变速率m影响最大的因素是试验温度,其次是冰冻温度。     

硫酸盐侵蚀下掺稻壳灰混凝土的劣化性能及损伤模型

为证实稻壳灰(RHA)对混凝土硫酸盐侵蚀性能的改善作用,优选出掺RHA混凝土配比,并与普通混凝土(NC)对比,研究质量分数5wt%的Na2SO4溶液侵蚀270天内,表观现象、抗压、抗拉强度、有效孔隙率、动弹性模量等性能指标劣化规律,利用SEM观察硫酸盐侵蚀前后试件微观结构变化。结果表明：随侵蚀时间增加,混凝土试件逐渐局部剥落、体积膨胀;抗压、抗拉强度先提高后急剧下降,有效孔隙率先降低后提高,相对动弹性模量先提高后下降;微观分析表明混凝土水化产物与侵蚀介质反应生成钙矾石和石膏,填充内部孔隙,而随侵蚀进行膨胀性钙矾石与石膏超过内部抗拉强度产生裂隙,引起结构膨胀破坏、力学性能劣化。而RHA掺入混凝土生成水化硅酸钙凝胶,提高材料强度和耐腐蚀性,各阶段掺RHA混凝土劣化程度均优于NC。最终建立损伤本构模型,并与实测值对比,准确性较高。     

混凝土路面盐冻破坏原因及防治

针对混凝土路面的耐盐冻破坏问题,本文提出：一、研制并应用高渗透性改性有机硅防水剂对新旧混凝土路面进行内掺或喷淋处理,降低冰雪融水及除冰盐溶液在路面中的渗透性,从而改善新旧混凝土路面的耐盐冻性。二、研制新型的、环保的、含无机和有机多组分的复合除冰雪剂。三、研究耐盐冻破坏混凝土路面的设计与施工工艺。三项措施提高我国混凝土路面的耐盐冻性,达到节约资源、保护环境的目的。     

稻壳灰橡胶混凝土抗冻融性能及微观结构

为研究稻壳灰橡胶混凝土(RRC)的抗冻融性能,对比分析在氯盐环境下冻融循环后,普通混凝土(Normal concrete,NC)、橡胶混凝土(Rubber concrete,RC)和RRC的质量损失、相对动弹模量损失、强度损失及微观结构特征,同时对相对动弹模量与相对抗压强度的关系进行拟合分析。结果发现：随冻融循环次数增加,稻壳灰橡胶混凝土表面坑蚀愈明显,内部孔隙增多,微裂缝发展并贯通,宏观强度显著降低,相对动弹模量与抗压强度有良好相关性,拟合结果较优。橡胶的高弹性和稻壳灰极高的火山灰效应有效缓解了冻胀力带来的损伤,各冻融阶段RRC的损伤程度均明显优于NC,其中以稻壳灰掺量(占胶凝材料质量比)为10%、橡胶掺量(等体积取代砂)为10%时的RRC力学性能与抗冻融性能综合最优,经历120次冻融循环后,其抗压强度损失率较NC降低了18%。     

冻融循环作用下玄武岩纤维-矿渣粉-粉煤灰混凝土压拉强度试验与细观结构

对玄武岩纤维-矿渣粉-粉煤灰混凝土(BF-SP-FAC)进行了单轴抗压试验、劈裂抗拉试验、冻融循环试验、气孔结构测试试验和SEM分析.研究了不同冻融次数下BF-SP-FAC冻融损伤量、抗压强度、抗拉强度的变化,分析了气孔结构参数(含气量、气孔比表面积、气泡间距系数和气泡平均弦长)与BF-SP-FAC抗压强度、抗拉强度、...     

Laboratory investigations on the mechanical properties degradation of granite under freeze-thaw cycles

To understand the deteriorate characteristics of granite in cold regions, the influences of freeze-thaw cycles on the mechanical properties need to be investigated. The rock specimens (biotite granite from Tibet in China) were frozen and thawed in a temperature and humidity controlled container where the temperature varied from + 40 to − 40 °C and the humidity was kept at 100% continuously. The freeze-thaw tests were conducted for one cycle including 4 h of freezing and 4 h of thawing, and the number of cycles was from 0 to 150. The deterioration of the specimens was examined by the changes of strength, deformation characteristics, elastic modulus, cohesive strength and internal frictional angle in a series of uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. The experimental results show that (1) the axial strain corresponding to the peak stress increases with an increasing of confining pressure and freeze-thaw cycles; (2) The compressive strength decayed exponentially with the number of freeze-thaw cycles, as well as elastic modulus and cohesive strength; (3) the internal frictional angle remained constant in the process of freeze-thaw cycles; (4) The interrelation among compressive strength, confining pressure and number of cycles can be described by Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion.     

混凝土冻融循环下动态破损机理的试验研究

对冻融环境下混凝土试样进行了不同加载速率下的单轴压缩试验,得到了混凝土材料经历不同冻融循环次数下的质量损失及破损形态,分析了冻融循环下混凝土试样的全应力—应变曲线,并给出了其单轴极限抗压强度、峰值应变随加载速率的变化特征。通过运用CT细观试验的方法初步对经历不同加载速率下的试样进行了细观结构分析。试验结果表明:在相同加载率下,混凝土单轴动态极限抗压强度随冻融循环次数的增加而降低;在相同冻融循环次数下,混凝土单轴动态极限抗压强度随加载速率的增大而提高;冻融循环作用下,在低加载速率下,混凝土试样破坏时,裂纹数目较少,主要沿砂浆和交界面处扩展,破坏时呈现出集中式的分布;而在高加载速率下,裂纹逐渐变得分散,破坏时呈现弥散状分布式的裂纹,随着加载率的提高,裂纹穿过骨料的现象增多,骨料破坏数目呈指数形式增长。以此,通过试验系统地研究了冻融循环下混凝土动态破损机理。     

Impact of salt and freeze-thaw cycles on performance of asphalt mixtures in coastal frozen region of China

The impact of salt on asphalt binders was first studied through basal experiments of binders. The complex influence of freeze-thaw cycles and salt on strength, volume and weight of three types of asphalt mixtures was then investigated through freeze-thaw tests. Test results indicate that salt has a significant effect on the low temperature performance of asphalt binders; Freeze-thaw is a main influencing factor when the percentage of salt is less than 3%, and the erosion effect of salt accelerates the failure of asphalt mixtures when the percentage of salt is more than 3%. The damage of asphalt mixtures is initiated by ice expansion load and accelerated by the interfacial damage between asphalt and aggregate or fracture of asphalt mortar. It can therefore be concluded that different types of asphalt mixtures have fixed residual lives after a number of freeze-thaw cycles. Freeze-thaw cycles, salinity, percent air void, asphalt property and 4.75 mm percent passing are main factors having an influence on freeze-thaw strength.     

基于材性的混凝土结构及构件冻融损伤模型试验研究

基于蔡昊模型,通过理论推导并结合既有冻融材性试验数据,对模型中最大静水压力计算方法进行改进。进行9组材性试验,建立了混凝土水灰比和最大结冰速率之间的拟合关系,推导出最大静水压力的简化解析计算公式。采用ANSYS有限元软件,对构件截面温度场分布进行了模拟,得到考虑温度场修正的冻融损伤模型。最后,设计2组试件,对改进冻融损伤模型的准确性与可靠性进行试验验证,结果表明：修正后的采用动弹模损伤作为物理损伤指标的冻融损伤模型,可为RC构件与结构层面冻融损伤机理研究提供理论支撑。     

Probabilistic evaluation of concrete freeze-thaw design guidance

A novel limit-state function using Powers’ models is developed to assess current freeze-thaw exposure categories and design criteria for concrete placements established by American, Canadian, and European standards organizations. Based upon performance assessments by standardized accelerated testing, the current specifications are shown to provide sufficient levels of reliability pending an appropriate mean air-void spacing factor. Sensitivity assessments of the model demonstrate that the spacing factor, saturation state, permeability, and freezing rate significantly influence the response of the air-entrained concrete. The model is validated with a large dataset derived from standard freeze-thaw tests, and an equation is developed to probabilistically design concrete for freeze-thaw resistance.     

Thermal degradation kinetics and morphology of natural rubber/silica nanocomposites

A novel natural rubber/silica (NR/SiO2) nanocomposite with a SiO2 loading of 4 wt% is developed by incorporating latex compounding with self-assembly techniques. The SiO2 nanoparticles are homogenously distributed throughout the NR matrix as spherical nano-clusters with an average size of 75 nm. In comparison with the host NR, the thermal resistance of the nanocomposite is significantly improved. The degradation temperatures (T), reaction activation energy (E), and reaction order (n) of the nanocomposite are markedly higher than those of the pure NR, due to significant retardant effect of the SiO2 nanoparticles.     

Chloride permeability of concrete subjected to freeze-thaw damage

The effects of freezing and thawing cycling on the chloride permeability of normal weight and lightweight concretes were investigated by using the AASHTO T277 chloride permeability test method and the freeze-thaw test method similar to that recommended by ASTM C666. The results showed that the chloride permeability of the normal weight concretes having an air content of at least 5·3% changed little with the repeated cycles of freezing and thawing up to 618 cycles, irrespective of the presence and the type of mineral admixtures. It was also found that lightweight concretes made with fully-saturated expanded shale aggregates exhibited an extremely high chloride permeability at any air content, when they were subjected to a single freeze-thaw cycle. Furthermore, the type of microcracks developing in normal weight concretes exposed to the repeated freeze-thaw cycles was discussed.     

Novel in situ coordinated cerium salt/acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber composite

A novel rubber composite of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) filled with cerium salt particles was vulcanized via in situ coordination for the first time. The resulting materials exhibit good mechanical properties. Curing characteristics analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, tensile testing, and an equilibrium swelling method were used for the characterization of the composite. The results in this paper indicate that the composite is a kind of elastomer based on the in situ coordination crosslinking interactions between the nitrile groups (–CN) of NBR and cerium ions. The mechanical properties of vulcanized cerium salt/ NBR rubber are altered when changing the sorts of cerium salt. Moreover, these materials show good irradiation resistance because of the introduction of the cerium salt.