园林历史中的景观规划理念与实践初探 以德绍·沃尔利茨园林王国为例

英国自然风景园的出现是欧洲造园发展史上一次深刻的革命,伴随着风景园的产生、发展和传播,景观规划以一种全新的手法和理念作用于城市和区域中,并对此后景观规划、城市规划和区域规划的发展产生了巨大而深远的影响。以德绍·沃尔利茨园林王国的景观规划思想与实践为例,分析了德绍·沃尔利茨园林王国的构成及其所实现的区域全面发展,论证了园林历史中的景观规划理念与实践,认为这一时期的景观规划以风景园为载体,进行了经济和社会的全面改良,带动了区域的全面发展,并提出了对中国景观规划实践的启示。     

基于风景园林学科的生物多样性框架简

生态、文化和艺术是风景园林学科的3个重要平台,生态特征是风景园林空间的基本特征之一,生物多样性是将生态特征与风景园林规划设计连接起来的重要桥梁。生物多样性保护与生物多样性规划设计成为风景园林适应新时期发展的重要方向和领域。在风景园林的发展历程中,风景园林师已经为生物多样性规划设计业的理论与实践做出了重要贡献。立足风景园林空间的尺度及其嵌套特点,结合风景园林空间具有的景观构成、景观格局、景观过程和景观感知的动态体系,从城市——区域、城市公园、城市花园、微小绿地与群落4个空间尺度,建立风景园林生物多样性的“C-3P”（构成——格局、过程与感知）体系和框架,旨在构建全面和系统的风景园林生物多样性认知和评价体系。     

风景园林学中常用的数学分析方法概览

数字技术改变了风景园林师的思维方式,借助计算机将数学方法应用于风景园林规划设计实践是未来的发展趋势之一。通过分析数学方法的基本原理及其在风景园林研究中的应用实践发现,统计分析法如：时间序列分析、相关分析、回归分析、聚类分析、主成分分析等方法适用干处理各种随机现象、随机过程,进而揭示风景园林的一般规律。而对于景观空间特征的分析,常用景观指数来分析景观要素的分布形态和特征,或借助空间分析模型如地统计学分析、分形理论、小波分析等来揭示景观尺度特征;层次分析法、模糊数学法和灰色关联度分析在景观综合评价中应用广泛：对于景观过程模拟比较常见的2种方法是人工神经网络法和元胞自动机模型：遗传算法在景观格局优化中得到了初步运用。但目前,风景园林学中数学方法的应用还局限于用理想化模型验证方法本身的可行性和准确性研究,应用的领域也局限于风景园林中社会经济现象的统计学分析及区域景观格局研究为主,还需进一步增强应用的深度和广度。     

AN EVIDENCE-BASED METHODOLOGY FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN

As a design method supported by scientific knowledge and findings, evidence-based design now is widely applied in the field of architectural and landscape design. This design process makes architects and landscape designers’ decisions about built environment sound and reliable. Combining two practice cases — the Urban Ecological Corridor Planning of College Station of Texas, a regional planning project, and Landscape Design of the Yangpu Bridge Park in Shanghai, an urban public space project — this article illustrates the concept and process of key issue identification and response, a pivotal step in evidence-based design, and points out the challenges in related applications of this method.     

A DISCOURSE ON LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE: AT THE INTERSECTION OF DESIGN,ECOLOGY, RESILIENCE,AND RESEARCH

Most of the pressing challenges in the Anthropocene era are ecological, such as climate change and environmental degradation, all with profound impacts on socio-economics and equity. While ecology and resilience are among the most salient topics in contemporary landscape architecture, their inherent relationship and differences have deep implications on practice. The authors argue that ecology is all-encompassing and has a strong focus on system complexity without biasing or favoring any specific species or parts of the ecosystem. Resilience, when discussed in the context of planning and design, however, embodies a strong human-centric element. Ecocentric vs. anthropocentric perspectives provoke further discussion around an evolving relationship between ecological function and aesthetic forms that have been heavily informed by cultural and societal contexts. By translating environmental policies and social preferences, landscape architects command tremendous power to connect with the primary users of the built environment — the general public. Collaboration and integrated research are required to make significant progress on the complex environmental challenges the world faces today.     

和谐发展,创舒适宜人的人居环境——风景园林（景观）设计与地产开发

风景园林(景观)规划设计的目的是要创造一个舒适、愉悦、宜人的人居环境。通过对风景园林(景观)设计的目的、风景园林(景观)设计的风格、风景园林(景观)设计要考虑的功能因素、风景园林(景观)与建筑的关系、风景园林(景观)设计的创新、创新的方法、中国与外国风景园林(景观)设计的差异等问题的论述,探讨了风景园林(景观)设计在地产开发中提倡在早期规划阶段介入的重要性,回顾一个国际性的风景园林(景观)设计团队用“国际化的经验、地域化的实践”探索植根于基地特质的风景园林(景观)实践的相关经验和体会。     

Mapping Landscape Architects’ Expertise in Climate Adaptation With Design Research Projects Over the Past Two Decades

This article maps out landscape architects’ expertise in multidisciplinary, comprehensive climate adaptation discourse. Systemic frameworks and process-driven approaches in contemporary Landscape Architecture discipline can become a powerful tool for harnessing unprecedented solidarity for climate actions across fields. However, landscape expertise is still largely ignored or marginalized in real-life climate discourse dominated by policymakers, scientists, and engineers. This study addresses this gap in understanding landscape expertise through design research projects over the past two decades. The article theorizes a body of landscape architecture projects in the past two decades, and proposes three terms—spatialize, synthesize, and speculate—for describing the landscape expertise in multidisciplinary, comprehensive climate adaptation projects. „Spatialize” refers to landscape architects’ capacity to construct knowledge through strategically displaying „data” through critical cartography. „Synthesize” is the ability to envision multispecies entanglement by combining cultural, ecological, historical, biological, and political lenses through material practices. „Speculate” means to understand landscape design as a long-term practice with repeated operations, and, thus, to design is to deploy a speculative framework that generates knowledge through practice.     

澳大利亚景观建筑业的国际实践——趋势和在中国实践情况

国际实践能在多大程度上并用怎样的方式表现景观建筑行业的特色？国际实践反映出全球化和专业人士正在向与自身所处环境在地理和文化上迥异的地方输送服务的这一复杂现状。最近关于澳大利亚景观建筑公司的一次调查显示出,该行业如何应对国际实践的发展趋势,本次调查的重点放在1995年以来中国现代化和城市扩张阶段中不断发展的市场。     

桃花源与生存的艺术:我的治愈地球之旅

On October 8, the 2020 Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe Award of the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) was awarded to Yu Kongjian, professor of School of Architecture and Landscape of Peking University. This highest honor for landscape architects and scholars recognizes their outstanding lifelong achievements. This article is a record of his speech given in the award ceremony that summarized his academic and professional careers. Looking back, Yu held that his village landscape experiences, melded with modern concepts of landscape and urbanism, sustainability and aesthetics, enables him to deal with the common challenges faced by the landscape architecture industry today. At the moment, the global COVID-19 pandemic is a powerful reminder that this is an incredibly sobering time to contemplate the relationship between humans and the nature. He also believed that the pandemic—together with other crises such as climate change—is highlighting the importance of landscape architecture that can not only heal bodies and minds, but also the planet itself.     

TO BE ALARMED BY THE TRAP OF INTELLIGENCE TOOLS

Boeing aircraft crashes aroused the author’s thoughts on intelligence tools. He believes that they should be used to help humans solve problems, rather than put a burden on human life and work. From his own experience of measuring sites, drawing maps, and collecting information, the author is optimistic about the use of intelligence tools in human activities, especially in the field of landscape architecture — intelligence tools have undoubtedly freed designers’ hands for more creative work while acquiring more accurate data, helping humans realize the value of being designers. The author appeals the public to be alarmed by the trap of intelligence tools, and humans’ creative behaviors should not be replaced with such tools. Only in this way can we avoid being lost in the age of artificial intelligence.     

Ethics-Based Stewardship Practices and the Stewards—Case Studies on Public Landscape Stewardship From North Carolina,USA

The persistence of public landscapes is a critical approach to community resilience and sustainability. But in China’s landscape architectural field, it is neglected in both planning and design, and post-occupancy operations and maintenance. With the case studies of three public landscape sites in North Carolina, the United States this article introduces the concept of stewardship, and outlines the contemporary public landscape stewardship practice as management efforts predominantly driven by the landscape architect’s long-term duty and proactive care to create a sustainable landscape for the site. This article emphasizes that the essence of stewarding public landscapes lies in the ethics—the attachments to and the responsibilities and care of the land and the landscape; and modesty, discernment, and enthusiasm when facing the ever-changing socio-ecological systems—and the outcome of public landscape stewardship typically takes the form of developing and implementing new and futureoriented master plans for the sites. This article also summarizes a set of site-based principles and approaches to public landscape stewardship. Finally, based on the discussion about the case studies, this study points out the practical implications of public landscape stewardship for Chinese cities which are progressively entering into an era of inventory development. Recommendations for its application to the Chinese landscape architectural profession are further addressed.     

美国景观规划历程（1880-1940）

简要介绍美国19世纪80年代到20世纪40年代约60年的景观规划历程,划分了相关实践类型,讨论了景观规划的概念,总结了美国景观规划各个时期、各类实践的特点,主要集中于城市与区域方面,着重探讨了城市美化运动与景观规划、田园城市与景观规划、区域景观规划的含义、发展阶段及其影响。     

数字景观技术研究应用进展

数字景观是数字技术与风景园林 学相结合的产物,随着计算机、互联网技术 的飞速发展及其向风景园林行业的渗透, 风景园林进入到数字化时代。本文以风景 园林规划设计过程为主线,总结国内外数字 景观技术在风景园林信息采集、景观过程 模拟、可视化、分析评估、参数化设计及公 众参与等方面的应用与实践。     

论中国乡村景观及乡村景观规划

在快速发展的城市发展过程中，乡村景观研究是景观科学和景观规划研究的一个前沿领域，该文运用景观规划学，景观地理学和景观生态学的综合观点，系统探讨了乡村景观，乡村景观规划的概念，乡村景观规划的原则和意义，并在此基础上进一步探讨了现阶段我国乡村景观意象，景观适宜地带，景观功能区，田园公园与主题景观和人类聚居环境等乡村景观规划的核心。     

景观词义的演变与辨析(1)

作为一个外来语,景观在中国当前的LA学术界中被普遍地使用,导致了人们对学科核心概念的误解。在明确景观存在德、英、中3个语境的前提下,通过对中文语境景观词义的演变过程以及Landscape在LA学科中含义拓展的回顾,进行了英语Landscape（景观）与中文风景的比较,指出了中国LA学科中景观并不等同于地理学和生态学的景观概念,比较了中国LA学科的大地景物规划与国际上景观规划的异同。     

以廊道为载体的山地城市传统风貌规 划研究

随着经济和文化全球化的发展,人们越来越重视城市风貌的地域性回归。针对当前城市风貌规划面临着的人文属性丧失、载体统一性缺乏、引导性不足等问题,通过对山地城市风貌特色形成机制和城市风貌规划实践的分析,提出了以廊道为载体的风貌规划思路;并以重庆礼嘉片区风貌规划设计为例,从自然和人文廊道的构建入手,探索了山地城市传统风貌的规划方法。     

论风景园林教育中规划能力和素质的培养

从风景园林专业广度和深度的研究需求出发,提出在风景园林从业人员的教育环节中应注重规划能力和素质的培养,并从规划程序、知识体系以及系统课程建设几个方面提出如何培养风景园林规划能力和素质的思考。     

The Evolution of Landscape and Greenway Planning in the USA at the University of Massachusetts——Amherst （1970 to date）

1 IntroductionFor Landscape PlanningThis paper describes the planning aspect of landscape architecture, inthe U nited S tates, as it has been practiced during the 20th century.W hen in contrast w ith "design", "planning" gives answ ers and solutionsto the three basic questions, nam ely: "W H A T" is an appropriate use ofa parcel of land; "W H Y" is a plan or solution m ore appropriate; andthirdly, it show s the place (s) of this location, that is, "W H ER E " thevarious land use decision…     

美国马萨诸塞大学风景园林及绿脉规划的成就(1970-)

介绍了美国风景园林学科规划方面的情况,包括其起源、规划原则及其"METLAND"系统开发的风景评估方法;讨论了美国绿脉规划的发展,结合实例描述了美国绿脉规划的现状,并对美国近几年的绿脉规划作了一些重要的提议.