循环流化床锅炉的飞灰含碳量问题

循环流化床锅炉的飞灰含碳量问题近年来受到关注。对实际运行的多台燃烧各种燃料的220t／h锅炉的飞灰样品测定表明：飞灰的含碳量具有明显的不均匀性。分析了煤质、分离器及运行条件对飞灰含碳量的影响。结果表明：循环流化床锅炉燃烧过程中焦炭反应性逐渐下降;焦炭燃烧过程中发生的爆裂、磨损、失活等行为与煤种有关,对循环流化床锅炉飞灰碳燃尽有很大影响。气固混和不均匀是导致较高的飞灰含碳量的原因之一。图7表2参13     

Computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy of minerals in coal-Implications for ash deposition

The nature of mineral matter in coal determines its transformation into ash during combustion and the nature of resulting ash (e.g. chemical composition and particle size distribution), and subsequently influences the ash deposition behaviour. The behaviour of mineral matter is primarily influenced by two parameters: the mineral grain size, and whether the mineral grains are within the coal matrix or not. Computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) of coal provides such information on mineral matter in coal. CCSEM data are, therefore, processed to predict the fouling and slagging characteristics of several coals. The fraction of basic oxides in each mineral grain may be considered as an indicator of stickiness of the corresponding ash particle due to formation of low melting compounds. The cumulative mass fraction of mineral grains with certain basic oxides or viscosity of resulting ash particles from included and excluded minerals are proposed as alternative indices for ash deposition.

The excluded mineral matter is in equilibrium with the combustion flue gases at the gas temperatures, whereas the included minerals are in equilibrium with the atmosphere within char at the burning char particle temperature. It is predicted from thermodynamic calculations based on this understanding that almost all the evaporation is either from the included mineral matter or from the atomically dispersed minerals in coal. This is due to the high temperature and reducing atmosphere inside the char particle. The release of the evaporated species is controlled by diffusion through the burning char particle and, therefore, may be estimated theoretically. The amount of mineral matter that is vaporized may then be related to fouling, whereas the melt phase present on the surface of large ash particles may be related to slagging. The theoretical speculations on the physical character of ash derived from these indices are compared with the experimental data obtained from combustion of coals in a drop-tube furnace.     

Effect of temperature on Lu’an bituminous char structure evolution in pyrolysis and combustion

In the process of pyrolysis and combustion of coal particles, coal structure evolution will be affected by the ash behavior, which will further affect the char reactivity, especially in the ash melting temperature zone. Lu’an bituminous char and ash samples were prepared at the N₂ and air atmospheres respectively across ash melting temperature. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the morphology of char and ash. The specific surface area (SSA) analyzer and thermogravimetric analyzer were respectively adopted to obtain the pore structure characteristics of the coal chars and combustion parameters. Besides, an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was applied to investigate the graphitization degree of coal chars prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures. The SEM results indicated that the number density and physical dimension of ash spheres exuded from the char particles both gradually increased with the increasing temperature, thus the coalescence of ash spheres could be observed obviously above 1100°C. Some flocculent materials appeared on the surface of the char particles at 1300°C, and it could be speculated that β-Si₃N₄ was generated in the pyrolysis process under N₂. The SSA of the chars decreased with the increasing pyrolysis temperature. Inside the char particles, the micropore area and its proportion in the SSA also declined as the pyrolysis temperature increased. Furthermore, the constantly increasing pyrolysis temperature also caused the reactivity of char decrease, which is consistent with the results obtained by XRD. The higher combustion temperature resulted in the lower porosity and more fragments of the ash.     

粒度对循环流化床锅炉燃烧影响的试验研究

循环流化床燃烧技术具有高效,低污染,燃料适应性广的优点,燃用福建无烟煤的循环流化床锅炉在福建沿海地区得到了广泛开展,取得了许多的成果,但是普遍存在的问题是飞灰含炭量太高,热效率不高。在一台75 t.h-1的循环流化床锅炉上对三种不同粒度的福建无烟煤进行了燃烧试验,测量了炉膛各段的温度水平,获得了粒度对底渣、飞灰的粒径分布及其含炭量和热效率等的影响特性,并针对燃用福建无烟煤的循环流化床锅炉的优化燃烧提出了一些建议,对锅炉的运行具有一定的指导意义。     

Effects of particle sizes on transport phenomena in single char combustion

A one-dimensional char combustion model including pore structure effects is used to numerically investigate single char particle combustion for several different types of char samples. Previously, it is expected that small char particles have less combustion time. However, the present work shows that this is true only if the combustion time is defined as that needed for a char particle diameter diminished below a certain value. If the combustion time is defined as time needed for the carbon conversion ratio higher than a certain value, there are optimal particle sizes in a limited combustion period. Just reducing the char particle sizes may not get high carbon conversion ratios. It has also been found that, in general, the larger particles have higher temperatures at the exterior surfaces.     

基于灰颗粒的物理特性为分类原则的试验研究

循环流化床(CFB)锅炉炉内的燃烧及传热与炉内床料的状态密切相关,而炉内床料主要是由燃煤含有的矿物组分经过燃烧、爆裂和磨耗过程形成的。文中对6种煤样在固定床燃烧后,使用可视化显微仪,获取了灰颗粒的微观形貌特征,根据灰颗粒的机械强度和耐磨性能的不同,将灰颗粒定义为3类不同性质的灰。以此为基点,采用固定床燃烧后冷态振动筛分和流化床实验台热态流化后筛分的方法,研究了不同燃烧温度下升温速率对灰颗粒粒径变化的影响,以及不同燃烧温度下燃烧时间对灰颗粒粒径变化的影响,推演了不同煤样在燃烧过程中的演化特征。结果表明:3类灰颗粒在不同的燃烧温度和时间的演化过程存在明显的不同,从而为预测循环流化床中的床料粒径分布提供了理论依据。     

CFB锅炉煤成灰特性的6参数模型研究

应用静态燃烧冷态振筛实验方法研究了几种国内煤种的成灰特性并给出了相应煤种的成灰数据库。通过对不同煤种成灰数据库的分析发现,对于任意窄筛分煤,其成灰分布具有双峰分布,即由较细较软的灰成分和较粗较硬的灰成分构成,两种灰成分同时满足Rosin-Rammler分布。提出了6参数模型,该模型可以描述每种灰成分质量份额和相应的粒径分布。通过加权可以得到宽筛分煤的成灰分布。     

不同煤种下循环流化床灰渣特性的试验研究

在一台 0 .5MW的循环流化床燃烧炉上对 4种不同煤种分别进行燃烧试验 ,对燃烧产生的灰渣的分析结果表明了煤种特性如挥发分、灰分和含碳量等对循环流化床燃烧过程的灰渣形成及其排放特性有很大影响 ,并获得了煤中挥发分、灰分及含碳量对底渣粒径及其含碳量、飞灰粒径及其含碳量、飞灰份额及燃烧效率等影响特性 ,对循环流化床锅炉的设计和运行有一定的指导意义。     

Effect of reactivity loss on apparent reaction order of burning char particles

Considerable debate still exists in the char combustion community over the expected and observed reaction orders of carbon reacting with oxygen. In particular, very low values of the reaction order (approaching zero) are commonly observed in char combustion experiments. These observations appear to conflict with porous catalyst theory as first expressed by Thiele, which suggests that the apparent reaction order must be greater than 0.5. In this work, we propose that this conflict may be resolved by considering the decrease in char reactivity with burnout due to ash effects, thermal annealing, or other phenomena. Specifically, the influence of ash dilution of the available surface area on the apparent reaction order is explored. Equations describing the ash dilution effect are combined with a model for particle burnout based on single-film nth-order Arrhenius char combustion and yield an analytical expression for the effective reaction order. When this expression is applied for experimental conditions reflecting combustion of individual pulverized coal particles in an entrained flow reactor, the apparent reaction order is shown to be lower than the inherent char matrix reaction order, even for negligible extents of char conversion. As char conversion proceeds and approaches completion, the apparent reaction order drops precipitously past zero to negative values. Conversely, the inclusion of the ash dilution model has little effect on the char conversion profile or char particle temperature until significant burnout has occurred. Taken together, these results suggest that the common experimental observation of low apparent reaction orders during char combustion is a consequence of the lack of explicit modeling of the decrease in char reactivity with burnout.     

燃烧过程中孔隙变化对煤粒破碎影响的研究

破碎是煤燃烧过程中的一个复杂的物理化学过程。煤颗粒的破碎对燃烧(如煤粉的燃尽时间、飞灰粒径分布等)以及污染物的排放有很大的影响。近年来国内外一些学者通过相关研究,普遍认为破碎的发生主要是由碳的孔隙结构决定^[1],尤其是大孔孔隙率的分布;而不均匀加热引起了孔隙率的不均匀变化,当孔隙率大于临界孔隙率时破碎就有可能发生^[2]。孔隙率变化的影响因素主要有：粒子热传导率、初始孔隙率分布、粒子固有的不均匀性等。     

生物质垃圾与煤混烧飞灰颗粒的微观形态特征及能谱研究

利用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱(EDX)结合联用技术直观地观察了生物质垃圾与煤混合压制燃料的飞灰微观形态特征,分析了其主要组成元素及其质量分数.实验结果表明,飞灰颗粒的形态多样,以不规则形态居多.不同粒径颗粒之间存在逐级吸附的现象.在本实验观察的所有飞灰颗粒的能谱分析中都发现了K元素的存在.实验发现,生物质与煤混烧排放钾的主要存在形式是氯化钾.     

循环流化床锅炉飞灰中碳的形成机理

通过对循环流化床(CFB)锅炉飞灰含碳量分布及飞灰残碳形态的测量、CFB燃烧温度下焦炭失活过程的试验研究以及流化床条件下煤颗粒燃烧过程的分析.探讨了循环流化床锅炉飞灰中碳的形成机理.结果表明:实际运行的CFB锅炉飞灰中含碳量具有明显的不均匀性,残碳集中于25～50 μm的飞灰颗粒内;真实密度和XRD测量均表明,焦炭失活的2个条件是温度和时间,温度高于800℃,焦炭失活开始发生,并且随着时间的增加,失活程度提高;焦炭颗粒长时间停留在主循环回路中,反应活性下降,由于颗粒的碎裂和磨耗,形成了飞灰中粒径较小的残碳;煤中的细小煤粒首次通过炉膛时未燃尽且未被分离器收集,形成了飞友中较大颗粒的残碳.     

Numerical Studies on Combustion Characteristics of Interacting Pulverized Coal Particles at Various Oxygen Concentration

The two-dimensional laminar combustion characteristics of coal particles at various oxygen concentration levels of a surrounding gas have been numerically investigated. The numerical simulations, which use the two-step global reaction model to account for the surrounding gas effect, show the detailed interaction among the inter-spaced particles, undergoing devolatilization and subsequent char burning. Several parametric studies, which include the effects of gas temperature (1700 K), oxygen concentration, and variation in geometrical arrangement of the particles on the volatile release rate and the char burning rate, have been carried out. To address the change in the geometrical arrangement effect, multiple particles are located at various inter-spacings of 4–20 particle radii in both streamwise and spanwise directions. The results for the case of multiple particles are compared with those for the case of a single particle. The comparison indicates that the shift to the multiple particle arrangement resulted in the substantial change of the combustion characteristics and that the volatile release rate of the interacting coal particles exhibits a strong dependency on the particle spacing. The char combustion rate is controlled by the level of oxygen concentration and gas composition near particles during combustion. The char combustion rate is highly dependent on the particle spacing at all oxygen levels. The correlations of the volatile release rate and the change in total mass of particles are also found.     

Distribution of mineral matter in pulverized coal

Mineral transformations, and therefore fly ash evolution, during pulverized coal combustion, depend on the amount, composition and spatial distribution of the inorganic matter within individual pulverized coal particles. Thus, it is necessary to have information on the mineral composition of individual particles, as well as that of the raw pulverized coal. A model is proposed based on the assumption that mineral inclusions of size and composition determined using a CCSEM are distributed randomly in the coal. From this distribution it is possible to generate distributions of mineral content for any particle size and density fraction of coal. The model has been checked by comparing computed results with data on the compositional variations of narrowly and density classified fractions of an Upper Freeport bituminous coal. The results of individual coal particle compositions are used to generate information on the variability of the composition of the fly ash generated during combustion.     

Numerical studies on the combustion properties of char particle clusters

Particle clustering is an important phenomenon in dense particle–gas two-phase flow. One of the key problems worth studying is the reacting properties of particle clusters in coal particle combustion process in the dense particle region. In this paper, a two-dimensional mathematical model for the char cluster combustion in airflow field is established. This char cluster consists of several individual particles. The comprehensive model includes mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations for both gas and particle phases. Detailed results regarding velocity vector, mass component, and temperature distributions inside and around the cluster are obtained. The micro-scale mass and heat transfer occurred inside and around the char cluster are revealed. By contrastively studying the stable combustion of char particle clusters consisting of different particles, the combustion properties of char clusters in various particle concentrations are presented and discussed.     

不同粒径棉花秆粉末压制成型颗粒燃烧动力学特性

为掌握不同粒径棉花秆粉末压制的成型颗粒燃烧的动力学特性,开展不同粒径粉末的热重分析,并将粉末压制为质量相当的成型颗粒,开展成型颗粒燃烧失重实验,并采用等温热分析的双对数方法进行动力学分析。结果表明:棉花秆粉末粒径较大时,灰分也较高,在较低温度下燃烧可形成骨架,有利于挥发分和氧气的扩散,促进燃烧速率。压制成型颗粒时,棉花秆粉末粒径越小,粉末间结合越紧密,压制的成型颗粒密度越大,相同条件下的燃烧失重速率明显降低,表现活化能从77.71 kJ/mol逐渐降至69.44 kJ/mol。成型颗粒的高温燃烧过程可分为2个阶段,首先是水分和挥发分全部析出,而后为焦炭燃烧阶段。燃烧温度可显著加快水分和挥发分的析出速度。     

Formation of the structure of chars during devolatilization of pulverized coal and its thermoproperties: A review

The paper provides an overview of current studies on the behaviour of coal during devolatilization, especially the experimental studies and modelling efforts on the formation of char structure of bituminous coals in the open literature. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in the world. It dominates the energy supply in the future and plays an increasing role particularly in the developing countries. Coal utilization processes such as combustion or gasification generally involve several steps: i.e., the devolatilization of organic materials, homogeneous reactions of volatile matter with the reactant gases and heterogeneous reactions of chars with the reactant gases. The devolatilization process exerts its influence throughout the life of the solid particles from the injection to the burnout, therefore is the most important step which needs to be understood. When volatile matter is generated, the physical structure of a char changes significantly during the devolatilization, some accompanying a particle's swelling. The complexity of a char's structure lies in the facts that the structure of a char itself is highly heterogenous inside an individual particle and between different particles and the chemistry of a char is strongly dependent on the raw coal properties. A char's structure is strongly dependent on the heating conditions such as temperature, heating rate and pressure. Understanding the swelling of coal and the formation of char's pore structure during the devolatilization of pulverized coal is essential to the development of advanced coal utilization technologies. During combustion and gasification of pulverized coal, the behaviour of individual particles differs markedly due to the variation of their maceral composition. Particles with different maceral constituents generate different types of char structure. The structure of a char has a significant impact on its subsequent heterogeneous reactions and ash formation. The review also covers the most recent studies carried out by the authors, including the experimental observations of the thermoplastic behaviour of individual coal particles from the density fractions using a single-particle reactor, the experimental analysis on chars prepared in a drop tube furnace using the density-separated coal samples, the development of a mathematical model for the formation of char's pore structure based on a simplified multi-bubble mechanism and the investigation on the effect of pressure on char formation in a pressurized entrained-flow reactor.     

Ash deposition behavior under coal and wood co-firing conditions in a 300 kW downfired furnace

Growth of ash deposits when wood was co-fired with coal was visually investigated in a 300 kW pilot-scale furnace. For comparison, combustion of pure coal was also conducted. A total of 10% and 20% wood were mixed with coal. The thickness and heat flux were obtained. The collected ash deposits and fly ash were characterized by a series of analysis methods to determine the physical and mineral properties. Their relationships were also revealed. Results showed that co-firing of coal with wood dramatically increased the ash deposition propensity. During the coal combustion, shedding of ash deposit occurred and the maximum deposit thickness was 15.33 mm. A deposit thickness of up to 27.02 mm was achieved for 10% wood, and the thickness increased to 34.20 mm for 20% wood. The variation in heat flux with deposit thickness substantially changed when wood was co-fired. A significant change was also observed in the mineral composition of ash deposit with the increase in wood ratio. The proportion of anorthite increased because that of lime in fly ash increased with wood ratio. In addition, the mean diameter of fly ash particles increased as wood ratio increased.     

Investigation on the effects of fly ash particles on the thermal radiation in biomass fired boilers

Ash is produced in combustion of biomass. Some part of this matter is called fly ash and is carried by the flow and causes not only air pollution and erosion, but also can affect the thermal radiation. The effects of fly ash particles on the thermal radiation are considered in this investigation. By analyzing sampled data in an electrostatic filter, a realistic particle size distribution is found. Although the optical data on biomass fly ash are not available, however, similarity between coal and biomass ash compositions showed that the optical constants of the low Fe coal fly ash can be applied for the biomass fly ash. The Mie theory is used to predict scattering and absorption coefficients and phase function. The mean Planck scattering and absorption coefficients and phase function are predicted by averaging over the particle size distribution and Planck function, respectively. The effects of fly ash particles on thermal radiation are evaluated by a three-dimensional test case. It is assumed that the medium is a mixture of non-grey gases and different level of particle loading. Predicted results from the test case showed that the fly ash can be influential on the thermal radiation. In addition, in selected fly ash volume fractions, the effect of scattering by particles is not so important on the radiative heat source and radiative heat flux to the wall whereas their absorption effect is important and can increase the radiative heat source and wall heat fluxes.