Relationship between landscape visual attributes and spatial pattern indices: A test study in Mediterranean-climate landscapes

The analysis of the relationships between landscape visual quality and landscape structural properties is an active area of environmental perception research. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between landscape spatial pattern and the rating of visual aesthetic quality. Eight landscape photographs were evaluated for 11 visual attributes by 98 respondents. The scores obtained for these 11 attributes were subjected to principal components analysis in order to summarize the qualities used by the respondents and thus determine their visual preferences. For each photograph, three window sizes were defined (with respect to a landcover map) to cover the different areas corresponding to the visual field (foreground, mid-ground and background). The landscape spatial structure for each window was analyzed using spatial metrics. The correlation between each dimension and the spatial pattern indices of the landscape were then calculated. Positive correlations were obtained between visual aesthetic quality and a number of landscape pattern indices. The results suggest that landscape heterogeneity might be an important factor in determining visual aesthetic quality.     

合理提升住宅的功能与质量

针对人们对居住建筑要求越来越高的现状，从起居室、主次卧室、厨房等各个居住空间的面积布置、基本要求、功能实现分析了住宅的设计要求，使其成为具有先进性和科学性的住宅类型。     

Integrated air quality modelling for a designated air quality management area in Glasgow

Currently, most local authorities in the UK use well-established Gaussian-type dispersion models to predict the air quality in urban areas. The use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in integrated urban air quality modelling is still in its infancy, despite having an enormous potential in assessing and improving natural ventilation in built-up areas. This study assesses the suitability of a general CFD code (PHOENICS) for use in integrated urban air quality modelling for regulatory purposes. An urban air quality model of a designated air quality management area in the city centre of Glasgow has been developed by integrating traffic flow data for urban road networks, traffic pollutant emission data and a three-dimensional CFD dispersion model of a complex configuration of street canyons.

The results are in good agreement with field measurements taken during the continuous monitoring campaign, and show that a general CFD code has indeed the potential for regulatory use. Although this numerical tool has demonstrated satisfactory performance, it is observed that small differences in monitoring station positioning may yield significant variations of the measured mean concentration, due to large values of horizontal and vertical local concentration gradients. Although, at this stage, the accuracy of the developed Glasgow urban air quality model is highly dependent on the experience of its users, it is believed that use of a CFD code (such as PHOENICS) could benefit urban planners, architects, HVAC engineers and all other professionals interested in public health.     

柔度渐变 在设计过程与教学中重新引入结构思考

虽然建筑学与结构工程在学术与实践领域已经呈现出日渐分离的趋势,由于共同的工具和基本信息表达方式,数字技术又提供了拉近两个学科的机会。在学术领域,需要重新考虑如何将结构知识传授给建筑学生,帮助他们了解材料科学和结构模拟方面的快速发展现状。因此,需要将结构重新定义为设计问题,同时亦需开发新的数字化工具帮助设计师接触最新的工程方法。这些工具必须足够直观,既能够整合设计思考过程,又能够改善设计师对于结构的理解。在哈佛大学设计研究生院,作者一直在尝试发展此类工具及相关教案,将结构和材料信息整合到数字化工作流程里,促使学生重新思考如何把数字模型所表达的结构思考转译为实体建筑。     

以医养结合为导向的适老照护体系与空间布局研究

面临老龄化进程加快、社会保障和医疗环境尚不完善的双重挑战,“医”“养”分离的传统模式向医养统合下的复合养老体系转型是大势所趋。本文基于国家相关政策和老年人切实需求的机遇与挑战,设定老年人群的研究边界,抽取四个体现“医养结合”模式的、具有医养设施雏形形态特征的典型案例,从运营模式切入,通过分析其空间布局、形态构成等方面要素,对未来“医养设施”发展趋势进行论证和综合评价。     

组团型养老机构起居空间模式的应用研究

本文首先对养老机构起居空间的基本模式做了简要梳理,然后阐述了养老机构组团型起居空间模式的主要优势,并分析介绍了几个运用该模式的典型案例,以期为我国当下的养老机构空间设计提供一些参考和思路。     

A method for estimating changes in the visibility of land cover

An inventory of resources that includes the contribution made by land cover to the visual landscape can be used in monitoring and assessing the impacts of change in land cover on the visual landscape of an area. A method is presented for assessing the visual resources of the landscape as applied to a case study area in the western part of the proposed Cairngorm National Park in Scotland. The method is based upon measuring the extent of the land from which different land cover types may be visible, on a cell-by-cell basis, using high resolution Digital Elevation Models combined with interpreted land cover data as inputs. The results show a reduction in the overall contribution of scattered, natural woodland to the visual landscape, and an increase in the visual contribution of plantation woodland at the expense of heather moorland. The geographical distribution of the changes in visibility of land cover types is shown and the potential of the method for providing a spatial context for expressing the results of landscape preference modelling is discussed.     

世纪广场的文化与生活意义探索

城市广场作为城市公共活动空间的重要组成部分,具备特有的空间环境与场所精神。世纪广场是上海南京东路商业街上的一处“亮点”,广场的生气感、空间的认同感、表意性、围合物及场所精神仍值得商榷。     

建筑材料的计算机模拟及其对当代设计美学的影响

近年来,利用计算机模拟建筑材料性能的方法,已在一些建筑设计过程中得到了初步应用。本文介绍了与建筑材料的视觉、受力、可加工性、经济性、热工和能耗等5种性能有关的计算机模拟程序的基本情况和在建筑设计过程中的应用案例,并探讨了计算机建筑材料性能模拟程序对当代设计美学的影响。     

为老年人创造舒适健康且人性化的家居环境

介绍了老年人安度晚年的心理需求和设计家居环境的指导思想,并对老年人生活的社区外部环境要求、室内家居设计要点、老年人家居的主要功能设计要求、老年人家居设计现状及发展趋势等方面分别进行了论述,从而为老年人创造出舒适健康、人性化的家居环境。     

Geographic and dynamic heterogeneity of home ownership

This paper analyses the determination of the demand for home ownership. The determinants include prices and short- and medium-term price changes, public regulation (regulation of house rent, housing subsidies, taxation), competition from alternative residence forms (measured by supply of subsidised housing), social composition of population (age, social benefit recipients, household composition, civil status, education, nationality), economic ability (income), and congestion (measured by population density and degree of urbanisation). The study applies Danish aggregate data for 270 Danish municipalities, available annually for the period 1999–2004. The effects of determinants on home ownership rates are allowed to be heterogeneous by years and municipalities using temporally and geographically expanded coefficients. Considerable parametric heterogeneity over time as well as across municipalities is found, even when residual dynamic heterogeneity and interdependency as well as residual spatial spillover is controlled for.

Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature

To assess whether school environments can adversely affect academic performance, we review scientific evidence relating indoor pollutants and thermal conditions, in schools or other indoor environments, to human performance or attendance. We critically review evidence for direct associations between these aspects of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and performance or attendance. Secondarily, we summarize, without critique, evidence on indirect connections potentially linking IEQ to performance or attendance. Regarding direct associations, little strongly designed research was available. Persuasive evidence links higher indoor concentrations of NO(2) to reduced school attendance, and suggestive evidence links low ventilation rates to reduced performance. Regarding indirect associations, many studies link indoor dampness and microbiologic pollutants (primarily in homes) to asthma exacerbations and respiratory infections, which in turn have been related to reduced performance and attendance. Also, much evidence links poor IEQ (e.g. low ventilation rate, excess moisture, or formaldehyde) with adverse health effects in children and adults and documents dampness problems and inadequate ventilation as common in schools. Overall, evidence suggests that poor IEQ in schools is common and adversely influences the performance and attendance of students, primarily through health effects from indoor pollutants. Evidence is available to justify (i) immediate actions to assess and improve IEQ in schools and (ii) focused research to guide IEQ improvements in schools. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: There is more justification now for improving IEQ in schools to reduce health risks to students than to reduce performance or attendance risks. However, as IEQ-performance links are likely to operate largely through effects of IEQ on health, IEQ improvements that benefit the health of students are likely to have performance and attendance benefits as well. Immediate actions are warranted in schools to prevent dampness problems, inadequate ventilation, and excess indoor exposures to substances such as NO(2) and formaldehyde. Also, siting of new schools in areas with lower outdoor pollutant levels is preferable.     

中国养老设施的发展现状、问题及对策

文章从表层现象和根源问题两方面,剖析中国养老设施现状和问题,考察中国港台地区及国外养老设施的发展动态：比较中国大陆地区、中国港台地区及国外养老设施的研究动态。论文针对养老设施的现状和问题,从养老设腌的类型体系、养老设施的空间构成、养老设施的照料管理三方面提出了解决策略。     

徽州传统民居室内水体蒸发实测研究

徽州传统民居室内水体蒸发对室内环境的营造起到了积极作用。根据水体蒸发热平衡,建立民居室内水体蒸发模型,用实地连续测试的蒸发数据对该模型进行验证。结果表明,该模型能有效的计算徽州传统民居室内水体蒸发过程,计算和测试的水体蒸发量之间的均方根误差和平均相对误差分别为41.5g/(m2·h)和4.2%。环境参数中地面温度、太阳辐射、风速、相对湿度和气温对水体蒸发的影响程度逐渐降低,蒸发量和环境参数之间的相关系数分别为0.909、0.779、0.736、-0.654和0.622。     

福州市中平社区人口老龄化调查报告

人口老龄化是时代与社会经济发展的产物,作为不可抗拒的世界性潮流,老龄化及其相关问题正在逐步突显出来,从可持续发展的角度妥善处理由此所引发的城市规划及其它相关的城市问题,在当前显得极为必要。     

对郊区型第二住宅空间分布的初步研究——以广东省佛山市为例

近郊化、资源环境、市场指向和"飞地"、行政和经济、交通和用地等因素,分别决定了第二住宅的空间结构、类型特征、社会结构、地域差异、分布特征和规模特征.城市规划在需求动力、用地空间、重点区域、空间聚散方面影响第二住宅的发展,第二住宅在景观、空间和城市化方面对城市规划产生影响.第二住宅的发展,可能引发过度城镇化的后果,并引起地价上涨、居住两极分化、占地较多、环境影响等问题,对城市规划和和谐社会建设构成挑战.