高强度超细晶金属材料塑性行为及增塑研究进展

强度和塑性是金属结构材料最重要的力学性能指标,金属高性能化的关键是在高强度水平下保证良好的塑性,然而两者往往不能兼顾。在众多强化方法中,晶粒细化长期以来被认为是强化金属最理想的手段,在传统晶粒尺寸范围,细化晶粒既可以显著提高材料的强度,又能改善材料的塑韧性。因此,近几十年来超细晶/纳米晶金属得到了广泛研究和发展,出现了以大塑性变形(SPD)、先进形变热处理(ATMP)技术为代表的超细晶制备方法,所得晶粒可以细化到亚微米或纳米尺度,金属性能大大提高。然而,大量研究证实当晶粒细化到亚微米或纳米尺度时金属强度提高但塑性显著下降,与传统的细晶强化规律不符。对此,国内外学者进行了很多研究,试图阐明其机理、揭示晶粒超细化导致塑性降低的物理本质。此外,由于细化晶粒方法受到塑性的限制,新的高强度水平下增强塑性的方法成为钢铁材料高性能化的研究热点。针对塑性下降的事实,为了进一步提高超细晶金属材料性能,研究者开展了许多增强塑性的工作,获得了较好的效果,但仍存在一些不足。关于金属晶粒超细化导致塑性降低的普遍共性现象,目前广泛认可的理论主要有晶界捕获(吸收)位错的动态回复理论、位错运动湮灭理论、高初始位错密度以及位错源缺失机制等。前三者都主要关注超细晶金属材料低(无)加工硬化能力,并将其归结为延伸率降低所致。主要是因为低(无)加工硬化使材料在变形早期发生塑性失稳或局部变形从而表现出低塑性。超细晶金属增塑研究主要体现在增塑方法和机理方面,目前,增塑方法主要有(1)形成纳米孪晶;(2)获得粗晶-细晶双峰组织;(3)利用相变诱发塑性/孪生诱发塑性(TRIP/TWIP)效应;(4)引入铁素体软相;(5)利用纳米第二相粒子等。这些增塑方法的主要机理是利用组织结构的改变提高超细晶金属的加工硬化能力以维持良好的均匀塑性变形以及利用组织相变提高塑性。本文归纳了常用的超细晶金属制备方法,综述了超细晶金属材料塑性降低的研究进展,总结了超细晶金属增塑的研究结果,分析了目前研究中存在的不足,探讨了超细晶金属增强增塑的发展趋势,以期为超细晶金属塑性降低理论及增强增塑研究提供参考。     

贵金属纳米颗粒的表面等离子共振研究

通过修正的Mie理论分别对单金属Ag、单金属Cu和Cu核Ag壳纳米颗粒/玻璃复合材料的吸收光谱进行了理论计算.计算结果表明,对单金属Ag纳米颗粒/玻璃复合材料,Ag的吸收峰位于425nm左右,不随颗粒尺寸变化而发生偏移;对单金属Cu纳米颗粒/玻璃复合材料,Cu的吸收峰也不随尺寸变化发生偏移但强度较弱;对Cu核Ag壳纳米...     

各向异性纳米耦合永磁材料的制备

采用热变形和SPS-热变形两种方法,探讨制备高性能纳米双相耦合材料的可能性,发现(1)、采用热变形的方法,可以实现晶粒组织的纳米尺寸,为实现材料的耦合打下基础.(2)、采用SPS-热变形方法,可以制备出密度更高、各向异性显著的磁体.     

纳米高强钢铁材料增塑研究进展

钢铁是制造业以及结构应用的主要材料,这很大程度上是因为它们拥有良好的强度与塑性,且价格低廉.材料工程界一直在不停研究更优越的强度和塑性相结合的材料.具有纳米晶/超细晶结构的纳米钢铁材料显示出优异的力学性能,例如卓越的硬度和强度,作为高强钢应用非常有吸引力.然而,超强纳米钢铁材料通常在环境温度下具有低塑性,这极大地限制了它们的应用.由于晶粒细化方法提高强度受到塑性的限制,新的高强度水平下增强塑性的方法成为钢铁材料高性能化的研究热点.为了提高超细晶/纳米晶钢铁材料的塑性,考虑通过调整微观组织结构来提高其加工硬化能力.通过对已经报道的同时具有高强度和良好塑性的纳米结构钢铁材料的实验数据、组织结构的归纳,总结了优化纳米高强钢铁材料塑性的三种基本方法:纳米第二相、微纳复合结构和多相不均匀复合结构.这些增塑方法的主要机理是利用组织结构的改变提高超细晶金属的加工硬化能力以维持其良好的均匀塑性变形,以及利用组织相变提高金属的塑性.这些不均匀纳米结构类似于复合物,具有共同的材料设计和力学原理.本文归纳了钢铁材料常用的强化方法,综述了纳米/超细晶高强钢铁材料提高塑性的方法,尤其是通过突出介绍一些新颖的纳米结构设计来实现钢铁材料的高强高塑,总结了高强高塑纳米钢铁材料的变形机制,以期为纳米晶金属增强塑性研究提供参考.     

等径角挤压道次对SiC_p/Al复合材料显微组织的影响

为改善超高强度SiCp/Al复合材料的塑性,以Bc路径对喷射沉积SiCp/7090Al（SiC颗粒体积分数15%,名义尺寸10μm）复合材料进行等径角挤压变形,研究了复合材料显微组织和力学性能的演变规律.结果表明：经过4个道次变形后,获得等轴晶粒,尺寸大约为400 nm;SiC颗粒在剪切应力作用下被破碎,尺寸约2μm;...     

轧制单层晶铜箔滑移启动和应变局部化的晶体塑性模拟

在晶粒尺度采用晶体塑性有限元模拟极薄带材轧制成形过程,对优化和改进材料模型以及探究极薄带材塑性变形机制具有重要作用.箔材轧制成形性能主要依赖材料的微观结构(晶界、滑移系、取向).采用退火态的单层晶铜箔为原料,进行箔轧实验和晶体塑性有限元模拟.建立反映晶粒形貌、晶界和取向各向异性的单层晶铜箔晶体塑性有限元模型,分析极薄带轧制成形中单/多滑移系启动状态和应变局部化现象.为准确构建晶体塑性有限元模拟的初始晶粒结构,消除微观组织亚表面的影响,采用垂直晶界即在厚度方向上建立只有一层晶粒的铜箔晶粒模型.结果表明:晶粒各向异性影响单层晶铜箔的轧制变形机制;晶界处的变形和滑移系运动状态完全不同于晶粒其他位置;单层晶轧制变形的滑移状态表现出明显的各向异性,出现局部滑移带和应变局部化,随轧制变形量的增大,滑移差异显著增大;晶界两侧局部区域存在滑移和变形的显著差异,这为亚晶和微观裂纹源的形核提供了有利的位置.     

纳米金属玻璃

纳米金属玻璃是指"界面"及"晶粒"均处于非晶状态的一类纳米结构金属材料,最早由德国著名材料学家Herbert Gleiter博士提出,目的是在块体金属玻璃中引入纳米结构,得到传统金属玻璃所不具备的理化和机械性能。通过惰性气体冷凝法、磁控溅射沉积法等制备手段,迄今已成功合成了数种纳米金属玻璃。它们被证实具有较高的宏观拉伸塑性、独特的铁磁性、高效的催化性能和优异的生物兼容性。除了对纳米金属玻璃制备及性能做简要介绍外,同时也回顾了纳米金属玻璃在原子尺度计算方面所取得的研究进展。实验和理论研究均表明纳米金属玻璃的确具有超越传统金属玻璃的优势。     

塑性弯曲变形对金属组织性能影响的研究

本文在分析强烈塑性变形(severe plastic deformation)对金属材料组织性能影响的基础上,进一步研究金属材料经过反复塑性弯曲变形后,其内部组织性能的变化规律.以H85黄铜板材为对象,采用MARC有限元等方法计算不同弯曲半径与板厚之比(r/h,简称:径厚比)对金属材料内部累积应变的影响,同时通过金相组织分析和显微硬度测定,进一步确定其内部晶粒尺寸的变化规律.研究表明,金属板材经过反复塑性弯曲变形后,其内部累积应变量大小沿厚度分布随离中性层距离增加而增大、晶粒尺寸则随之变小、金属的显微硬度随之增加.而且随着径厚比(r/h)减小,其累积应变量效应越显著.     

金属玻璃基复合材料的微结构效应

基于自由体积理论和Ramberg-Osgood模型,并利用ABAQUS软件,建立颗粒随机分布代表性体积单元模型,模拟了Ti_(64.5)Zr_(14.5)V_(18.5)Cu_(2.5)颗粒增韧Ti基金属玻璃基复合材料在单轴拉伸状态下的微结构效应,讨论了颗粒的体积分数、团聚数目、长径比、定位取向和界面对金属玻璃韧性的影响。结果表明:提高颗粒体积分数能显著提高复合材料的塑性,但部分牺牲了复合材料的强度;增大颗粒长径比能够增强复合材料的塑性和屈服强度;使颗粒的取向与荷载方向成90°或0°,不仅增强了复合材料的塑性,而且与其他排布相比也增强了复合材料的强度;减少团聚数目至2个以下,能明显减少金属玻璃基复合材料的塑性和强度的损失,使团聚中颗粒与荷载成90°,却能改善复合材料的塑性和强度;在颗粒增韧金属玻璃基复合材料中加入零厚度界面,能观察到在主剪切带上颗粒和基体在界面处脱粘,得到与实验现象更加吻合的结果。通过上述的研究能够很好地理解复合材料的微结构效应,并有利于材料的设计。     

复合成形轧制铜极薄带变形局部化的晶体塑性有限元模拟

随极薄带厚度的进一步减薄，轧制极薄带变形由于轧件厚度/晶粒尺寸比值小的尺寸效应和变形程度导致各向异性与局部化已完全不同于轧制厚件时的变形特性。采用具有拉拔-压缩-剪切复合成形功能的微型异步轧机开展系列厚度铜极薄带的箔轧实验，结果表明复合成形轧制工艺和极薄带尺寸显著影响轧制力能参数与箔材质量。宏观有限元理论已不再适用出现这些新现象的极薄带轧制变形的建模。将嵌入初始晶粒形貌和取向等微观组织结构信息的介观晶体塑性有限元模型(CPFE)用于复合成形条件下铜极薄带轧制变形局部化的模拟与分析，指导箔轧工艺优化和提高箔材质量。晶粒层次的晶体塑性有限元模型，准确预测了单层晶铜极薄带轧制变形局部化的现象和趋势，模拟与实验的轧制力吻合较好，尤其是各向异性。随上下工作辊异速比的增大，箔材厚度方向剪切变形增强，变形带、滑移带形成且局部化趋势显著。晶粒变形局部化的差异，对轧制制备极薄带材的控形控性造成困难。     

塑性钛基非晶复合材料的制备及性能

通过铜模喷铸法成功制备了一系列内生β-Ti(Zr, Nb)枝晶增塑的Ti-Zr-Nb-Cu-Be非晶复合材料, 研究了成分对枝晶体积分数及尺寸的影响及其对复合材料力学性能的调节作用。结果表明, Ti₄₈Zr₂₀Nb₁₂Cu₅Be₁₅合金压缩强度达到2061 MPa, 塑性变形高达22.5%, 表现出优异的综合力学性能。 非晶复合材料的塑性不仅与β-Ti(Zr,Nb)枝晶相的体积分数有关, 而且受到枝晶尺寸的强烈影响, 在一定体积分数条件下, 枝晶相的尺寸越大, 对剪切带的阻碍作用越明显, 合金的塑性越高。     

Formation of nanocrystalline layers by surface severe plastic deformation and pulsed plasma electrolytic carburizing

Surfaces of various kinds of metallic materials spheres were treated by nanocrystalline surface severe plastic deformation and then pulsed nanocrystalline plasma electrolytic carburizing to study nanocrystalline substrate effect on formation and nano-hardness of hard nanocrystalline layer. The surface layers of the metallic materials developed by the nanocrystalline surface severe plastic deformation were characterized by means of high resolution scanning electron microscope. Nearly equiaxed nanocrystals with grain sizes ranging from 15 to 90 nm were observed in the near surface regions of all metallic materials, which are low carbon steel and commercially pure titanium. The effect of substrate nanocrystallization on growth kinetics and hardness of formed nanocrystalline carbide layer was studied with the means of figure analysis and nanohardness tests. Figure analysis show the length to diameter ratio and distribution curve of nanocrystals and it has been found that the achieved properties of hard layer (growth rate, nano-hardness, nanostructure...) are related to these factors. It was also clarified that these techniques and surface nanocrystallization can be easily achieved in most of metallic materials. Results indicate that the resultant hardened carburized layers exhibited excellent hardness profile. Investigation of the layer characteristics showed strong dependence followed from the treatment experimental parameters as well as the shape of nanocrystals.     

Revealing the atomistic deformation mechanisms of face-centered cubic nanocrystalline metals with atomic-scale mechanical microscopy: A review

Nanocrystalline metals have many functional and structural applications due to their excellent mechanical properties compared to their coarse-grained counterparts. The atomic-scale understanding of the deformation mechanisms of nanocrystalline metals is important for designing new materials, novel structures and applications. The review presents recent developments in the methods and techniques for in situ deformation mechanism investigations on face-centered-cubic nanocrystalline metals. In the first part, we will briefly introduce some important techniques that have been used for investigating the deformation behaviors of nanomaterials. Then, the size effects and the plasticity behaviors in nanocrystalline metals are discussed as a basis for comparison with the plasticity in bulk materials. In the last part, we show the atomic-scale and time-resolved dynamic deformation processes of nanocrystalline metals using our in-lab developed deformation device.     

Mechanical,acoustic and electrical properties of porous Ti-based metallic glassy/nanocrystalline composites

The porous Ti-based metallic glassy/nanocrystalline composites were synthesized using powder metallurgy route. The sintered samples with different porosities can be obtained at sintering temperatures below glass transition temperature. The properties of the samples directly depend on the porosities and the sintered porous samples combine mechanical and acoustic properties of the porous crystalline material and the metallic glass, e.g. high strength, strong wave and energy absorption ability. Furthermore, the fundamental electrical behavior for this kind of novel porous material was also studied based on the percolation theory model, which helps to design and fabricate porous composites with unique electrical property. Our results suggest that the sintered porous composites have potentials for structural and functional applications.     

Plasticity improvement for dendrite/metallic glass matrix composites by pre-deformation

The mechanical properties of in-situ metallic glass matrix composites (MGMCs) are investigated by tensile pre-deformation, followed by compression. The pre-deformation is utilized to exploit notable increases in plasticity, accompanied by slight increases in the compressive strength, and the deformation mechanisms are explored. The increased free volumes in the glass matrix after tensile pre-deformation contribute to the decrease of the Young's modulus of the glass matrix and lead to the increase in the stress concentration, promoting multiplication of shear bands. When the Young's modulus of the glass matrix matches that of the dendrites, the plasticity of in-situ dendrite-reinforced MGMCs is the optimized. Matching Young's modulus opens a door to design the MGMCs with excellent plasticity and remarkable work-hardening capability.     

Deforming Nanocrystalline Metals: New Insights,New Puzzles

Recent experiments have brought new insights into the mechanisms which govern the plasticity of nanocrystalline metals. In particular, new opportunities have arisen from the finding that bulk nanocrystalline samples with extremely small grain size, prepared by the inert gas condensation technique, can be deformed to large true strain. The findings elucidate the roles of creep, partial dislocation activity along with its consequences, faulting and twinning, as well as grain boundary sliding and grain rotation. However, they also rise intriguing new questions, specifically with respect to the mechanisms of dislocation nucleation at grain boundaries, and with respect to slip system selection and alignment in twinned grains. An emerging insight is that there is not ‘the’ deformation mechanism at small grain size; instead, deformation mechanism maps in, for instance, the parameter space spanned by the strain rate and the grain size, are more appropriate representations of the various processes that control the materials behavior.     

Phase Stability in Nanostructures

Nanostructured materials provide access to tailor‐made materials properties by microstructural design. Excellent mechanical properties such as high strength or wear resistance are often found in nanocrystalline materials. For magnetic materials, the design of nanostructured composites offers advantages if the structural scales match the intrinsic magnetic length scales. In some cases, as in the new nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloys, the combination of amorphous and nanocrystalline phases is necessary to obtain the desired properties. This rises the question of the limiting size for a stable crystalline structure, especially in contact with an amorphous phase. These considerations, which have been of interest for basic research in the context of the microcrystalline model for amorphous materials, are of technical importance for the optimization of nanostructured composites. Recent model experiments about the stability of thin Fe‐based glass forming alloy films are reviewed. A relationship between phase stability, composition, and interface density has been established. The implications of the results for the design of nanostructured alloy systems are discussed.     

Phase morphology effect on elevated temperature mechanical behavior of nanostructures

A devitrification procedure by annealing was applied to a multicomponent Fe-based metallic glass in order to obtain nanocrystalline materials. Phase composition and phase morphology were strongly dependent on the annealing conditions. An elevated temperature mechanical behavior of nanostructures was evaluated by tensile testing. A strong effect of phase morphology on the mechanical response of the material was revealed. A most attractive combination of strength and plasticity was observed in the nanostructure with approximately equal grain sizes of crystallized phases.