生态系统服务权衡与协同机制及其在景观规划中的应用

景观规划师常会面临在特定区域协调多种生态系统服务(ESs)间权衡与协同关系的现实需求,而当前针对ESs间权衡与协同关系及其机制研究如何应用于景观规划的研究仍不足。首先,回顾国内外关于ESs间权衡与协同关系研究进展,从形成基础和变化动因两方面揭示其机制,并梳理机制研究的方法与进展。其次,以3类景观规划为例,分析ESs间权衡与协同关系及机制研究可在其中发挥的作用,并结合研究案例探索将其应用于景观规划的途径。研究ESs间权衡与协同关系及机制,能够在景观规划中为实现ESs降权衡升协同提供重要信息：1)在生态功能区划中,能指导ESs目标的分区分配;2)在生态基础设施规划中,能指导空间网络优化方案的制定;3)在生态修复规划中,能指导关键修复区域识别及修复策略的提出。最后,提出应以规划实践为导向展开研究,加强学科合作交流,完善研究方法,并探索整合多种研究成果的有效途径,更好地将ESs间权衡与协同关系及机制研究应用于景观规划。     

Research on Evaluation and Optimization Strategies of Cultural Ecosystem Services of Rural Water Spaces in Suzhou

Suzhou City enjoys its regional water networks as a driver to promote the evolution of urban-rural landscapes, where water space is an important part of urban-rural public spaces that defines spatial characteristics, supports public health, and offers recreational opportunities. Cultural ecosystem services (CES) ranging from aesthetics, recreation, education to culture are the core public demands and a key aspect in shaping the identity and vitality of water spaces. However, along with the rapid urbanization, the historical city-water spatial pattern, social connections and relations, and regional cultural spirit have gradually faded away. Such problems can be addressed through inventory renewals and cultural revivals of water spaces based on CES enhancement. This research introduces the Importance–Performance Analysis to study CES of water spaces by examining representative water spaces of Suzhou, in order to examine the correlations between CES types and landscape elements/factors. By collecting the residents’ assessment data on the importance and performance of a series of landscape elements/factors, this research measures and evaluates the demand–supply relations of the studied water spaces, conducts a strategic zoning to identify the landscape elements/factors to maintain, of over-supply, needs no priority or to improve, respectively. Finally, the paper proposes planning strategies and construction guidance for enhancing water space CES in Suzhou in the aspects of ecological management of water network, highlighting of water town image, and planning and scheming of local projects.     

APPLICATION OF RESEARCH ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN LA NDSCAPE PLANNING

Landscape planning adjusts spatial structures and functions by altering the types of land use / land cover and the patterns of landscapes, and thus further impacts ecosystem services. This paper examines the impacts of landscape planning on ecosystem services and draws the conclusion that the control over the types of land use / land cover, the altering of landscape patterns, and the adjustment of landscape functional characteristics could change the type, quality, and performance of ecosystem services, respectively. Through an overall review on the application of ecosystem service evaluation, spatial mapping, and scenario simulation, this paper further concludes their roles in landscape planning: ecosystem service evaluation provides means to ensure scientific landscape planning; spatial mapping serves as a basis to the decision making; and scenario simulation visualizes all kinds of possibilities for an optimal choice. At the same time, such applications in landscape planning practices, ranging from green space planning, ecological conservation redline planning, land use planning to biodiversity protection planning, are exemplified. Finally, this paper summarizes existing research findings and limitations and proposes that future research is expected to study the relationship between landscape planning and ecosystem services, to build a dynamic composite planning framework that can improve ecosystem services, and to propel the research on the tradeoff-and-synergy among ecosystem services in landscape planning.     

城市滨水空间生态系统服务供需匹配的空间智慧

当前生态系统服务空间性研究大多在区域或城市尺度上开展,风景园林生态实践的指导性较为有限,研究聚焦场地尺度,旨在从生态系统服务供需视角看待城市滨水空间的发展与规划设计实践。在已有生态系统服务供需方面文献爬梳的基础上,提出影响需求的三大因素及其需求类型的划分方法,甄别影响城市滨水空间生态系统服务供给能力的核心指标,选取上海苏州河市区段进行实证研究,采取田野调查法、文献研究法,并基于GIS进行需求目标与供给能力的空间制图。通过拟合分析比对创新性地提出指导城市滨水空间生态实践的三大空间智慧:1)基于需求目标研判制定发展策略的空间智慧;2)分段分类型供给满足存量更新需求的空间智慧;3)生态系统服务供需平衡转向匹配的空间智慧,为城市滨水空间的生态实践提出理论依据、评价标准及技术支撑。     

生态系统服务制图单元如何更好地支持风景园林规划设计？

若对生态系统服务（Ecosystem Services,简称ESs）制图单元没有清晰的认识,将有碍于ESs制图结果在风景园林实践中的应用水平。通过系统性评述,综述近11年106篇与ESs制图相关的SCI文章,并将现有ESs制图单元归纳为4种常见类型和3种单元规模。研究发现：在3种风景园林实践的尺度上,ESs制图单元表现出不同的选择优先性,以及对风景园林实践需求回应的不足。对于ESs制图单元的选择,提出3个实践尺度上可能的解决方法以更好地支持风景园林规划设计,包括：引入更多与土地利用单元细节相关的信息参与ESs制图或在明确的地块内进行ESs评估,基于地理/生物物理特征对土地利用单元进行细分以形成具有生态意义的空间单元,以及构建与现实中已有规划管理边界相对应且支持相关生态过程并包含完整生态系统的空间单元。研究结果能够为提升ESs知识在风景园林实践中的应用水平提供新的思路和借鉴。     

生态系统服务治理框架对国土空间生态修复规划的启示

在空间治理现代化改革背景下,国土空间生态修复规划亟待构建对接国土空间系统科学规律与横纵调控机制的综合路径。国际上,生态系统服务治理研究聚焦于生态系统服务理论研究与治理政策的衔接,为生态系统调控领域提供了梳理复杂要素关系和制度优化的方法论框架。通过文献梳理,阐述了其概念内涵及框架内治理横纵路径构设的基础思路;应用法国景观生态网络规划案例补充展示了其具体实践策略;对照中国工作体系,提出统一调控视角、强化适地性人类福祉研究、引入景观管控单元等具体建议。     

作为空间治理主体互动媒介的景观方法

系统探究景观方法对空间治理主体互动过程的支撑作用是新时代提升空间治理能力和挖掘景观研究与实践范式应用价值的途径之一.首先界定景观方法和空间治理主体互动的研究对象,然后在国内外相关文献梳理和典型案例分析的基础上系统展示了这种支撑作用的具体表现形式.一般来看,各类景观研究方法都强调为空间规划各环节的主体互动打开跨边界交互的...     

2000—2020年国内外乡村景观研究热点

乡村是人居环境重要的组成部分,乡村景观是兼具多重价值的复合景观系统。“美丽乡村”与“乡村振兴”政策的推动与实施,对乡村景观的研究与建设提出了更高的要求。以Web of Science(WoS)核心合集数据库和中国知网(CNKI)为数据源,基于CiteSpace文献计量分析软件对2000—2020年国内外乡村景观研究热点进行分析。结果表明,国外乡村景观研究热点主要包括乡村景观生态系统服务、乡村景观评价、乡村景观管理与保护、乡村景观多样性,国内研究热点主要包括乡村景观规划设计、乡村景观政策、乡村旅游景观、乡村景观评价与保护。分析国内外乡村景观的研究背景及驱动因素,对比两者在研究视角、理论与方法3个方面的差异,为探究乡村景观未来可能的研究方向提供了基础,提出国内的乡村景观研究未来应持续关注乡村景观多种功能和价值,健全评价与保护机制,完善理论与方法框架。     

以实践为特色的生态服务功能与评估指标体系的研究——以天津市城乡绿地系统为例

本文是天津市城市规划设计研究院2009年度院级优秀研究课题的部分成果。借鉴国内外城市绿地系统规划实施与评价的理念和成功案例,建立了天津市城市绿地系统实施评价指标体系,量化了天津市主要类型城乡绿地系统生态服务功能;指出了绿地建设存在的明显不足以及现有指标体系对生态城市建设评价不够全面等问题;总结了天津市绿地系统生态补偿、环境经营的新途径,使城市型生态林业走向制度化,辅助规划决策与环境管理,将进一步提升绿地系统规划的引导和控制力。     

The interactive landscape plan: Use and benefits of new technologies in landscape planning and discussion of the interactive landscape plan in Koenigslutter am Elm, Germany

Information technologies (IT) provide new approaches for better access to environmental information and for improving the implementation of environmental goals in landscape planning. Many potentially suitable tools already exist. However, most have been developed in a different planning context, such as town planning or environmental impact assessment, and are only partly suitable for the comprehensive task of landscape planning. A number of important questions concerning the application of these tools in landscape planning remain unanswered: which types of tools are needed to solve the problems in landscape planning?; must these tools be adapted to the special conditions of landscape planning?; how should they be co-ordinated and ultimately integrated into a landscape planning support system? An analysis of the implementation problems in German landscape planning and the potentials of IT suggests new approaches and answers to these questions. This paper explores the effective use of IT in landscape planning and describes a model landscape planning support system that was developed and tested during the research project 'Interactive Landscape Plan' in Koenigslutter am Elm, Germany. The pilot project incorporated important components of an IT-supported landscape planning system: a geographical information system (GIS), tools for the support of communication in public participation, visualization tools and Decision Support Systems (DSSs). The project offers 'open-source' solutions, including a newly developed on-line participation tool, and an evaluation of selected visualization tools.     

QUANTIFYING THE CARBON STORAGE CAPACITY AND ITS SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF GREEN SPACES IN A METROPOLITAN AREA: A CASE STUDY OF SEOUL,SOUTH KOREA

As a significant habitat type in cities, green spaces can provide various ecosystem services. Among them, the carbon storage of green spaces would effectively alleviate greenhouse effect, which is particularly important under the global warming. Due to difficulities in accessing high-resolution spatial data, previous research has summarized green spaces into different land use types to calculate carbon storage. However, since different vegetation communities have different characteristics, carbon storage capacities of green spaces vary. Focusing on the Seoul City, South Korea, this research aims at exploring the carbon storage capacities of varied green spaces and its distribution patterns. Based on the high-resolution habitat data of Seoul City in 2005 and 2015, the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model is used to estimate and visualize the carbon storage capacities of 17 types of green spaces to reveal the distribution patterns of carbon storage of different communities in the city’s green spaces. This study not only provides a scientific basis for ecological protection practices and sustainable land planning and management in Seoul and other similar regions, but also offers a reference for urban ecosystem service assessment and green space renewal strategy development in China.     

城市小尺度绿色空间植被层次制图量化研究——以北京西海和庆丰公园东区为例

尝试对城市小尺度绿色空间中植被垂直层次展开水平制图,分步骤对北京西海岸边和庆丰公园东区的绿色空间进行了场地尺度的植被用地和垂直层次调研、分类、制图和量化分析,共划分出5类用地植被类型和19种植被层次类型。通过地理信息系统软件计算显示,2个样本场地以中等垂直层次丰富度的植被结构类型占优。其中庆丰公园场地的高、中层次丰富度植被综合占比有优势,西海场地高层次丰富度植被比例较高。植被垂直层次制图是一种服务风景园林规划设计实践的兼具科学性、直观性、便捷性的空间量化研究方法,既是城市绿色空间场地尺度可行的前期调研手段,也可以为城市中稀缺的绿色空间的评估、保护、管理提供基础。     

建成环境景观水文研究框架构建——基于 数字景观技术的景观水文分析、评价与优化

景观水文概念的提出为风景园林涉水研究与实践提 供了一个交叉、整合和创新的窗口,旨在协同涉水学科、人居 环境设计学科等交叉领域,形成一套系统性、创新性的研究与 应用路径。基于现阶段景观水文相关研究进展,聚焦多尺度响 应下的建成环境涉水景观要素空间属性及其水文响应,明确了 建成环境景观水文研究范畴,包括概念、研究尺度和研究对 象。基于景观水文相关研究理论、方法与数字景观技术,从景 观水文研究目标体系、设计流程、分析方法、评价体系、优化 方法5个方面,构建了建成环境景观水文研究框架,包括多目 标集成的景观水文研究目标体系、全过程定量的景观水文规划 设计循证流程、多平台耦合的景观水文分析方法、多准则综合 的景观水文效益评价体系,以及多目标决策的景观水文优化设 计方法。景观水文研究领域的拓展需要跨学科领域的理论与技 术支持,也需要融入人居环境学科的设计方法和逻辑思维。基 于以往研究成果初步构建了建成环境景观水文研究框架,旨在 为景观水文相关研究与应用实践提供思路。     

Towards Sustainable Landscape Planning: experiences from the Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty

The role of Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) partnerships in the planning and management of landscapes is assessed. It is particularly explored how the AONB partnerships can provide focus for environmental planning through their strategies and the role they play in building consensus between different actors. The study is contextualized in light of recent findings from the Countryside Agency Review of AONBs, and the general move in environmental planning towards seeking integrated and sustainable solutions. A case study of the Wye Valley AONB is used in order to explore the types of collective ventures for landscape planning under the themes of landscape planning for visual amenity, planning for sustainable tourism and integrated rural land management.     

漓江流域景观格局演变对生态系统服务价值的影响

景观格局演变必然影响生态系统服务供给,探讨二者关系,对于实现区域可持续发展具有重要意义。基于1986、2001、2016年3期Landsat遥感影像,提取景观类型数据,分析漓江流域景观格局演变对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明：30年来林地一直是漓江流域的优势景观,面积增加,农田和水体减少,建设用地和裸地增加,草地先减后增;研究区生态服务价值持续增加,净增7.50亿元,林地对生态服务价值贡献率最大,是生态服务价值增加的主要来源,生态系统的调节、支持等服务性功能远大于生产和文化性功能;生态系统服务价值存在明显的空间分异,中间河谷地带低、四周山林地区高;优势斑块面积扩大、斑块间保持良好自然连通性,景观类型的均匀性、异质性降低有利于生态系统服务价值的增加。研究揭示了景观格局与生态服务变化的关系,可为漓江流域景观可持续管理提供科学参考。     

试论节约型园林规划设计策略

文章以节约型园林建设为背景,从节约型园林的本质入手,以节约型园林规划设计为出发点,从多个层面探讨设计要点,集中总结了节约型园林规划设计原则及规划设计策略,这些对促进节约型园林、节约型社会的可持续发展具有一定的理论意义。     

国土空间规划背景下机载雷达航测技术辅助水利景观规划研究

通过分析水位变化情况复杂区地形结构测绘的难度,以及梯级水利景观规划的较高要求,研究了无人机航测技术在水位变化情况复杂区地形测绘及实景三维建模方面的应用优势,并以广州市番禺区RT湿地公园梯级水利景观规划项目为例进行了实例应用研究,论证了无人机航测技术在滨水区地形测绘、梯级测绘成果辅助分析等方面具有很好的应用效果与研究价值...     

Eight Reflections on Quantitative Studies of Urban Green Space: A Mapping-Monitoring-Modeling-Management (4M) Perspective

Green space is an important component in urban environment, providing considerable ecosystem services to our socio-economic-cultural activities. Metrics designed to capture green space provision, supply and demand, measuring availability, accessibility, and visibility have been widely adopted to gauge progress toward achieving sustainable development goals from local to regional scales. In this article, we offer eight reflections on quantitative studies of urban green space for mapping, monitoring, modeling, and management (4M) practices in landscape design and planning. The article’s objective is to stimulate fresh and innovative thinking in the conversion of data to interventions. Eight points are made: 1) Green space mapping should be characterized in a multi-attribute conceptual model, including quantity, quality, type, and structure; 2) green space mapping sources, methods, and uses vary by definitions, approaches, and scales; 3) phenology modifies seasonal quality and quantity of urban green space; 4) spatial and temporal green space data cubes will help realize the goal of near real-time monitoring of urban green space change; 5) green space coverage reveals green space supply, but green space exposure can capture effective demand via modeling the supply–demand relationships of human–green space; 6) green space exposure measures should account for spatial, temporal, and social differences; 7) greening optimization by landscape architects and planners should consider both biophysical, biodiversity, and health benefits; and 8) urban green space management should be strategized with a long-term view. Finally, we advocate data–science–decision support systems that can help guide and promote 4M practices of urban green space. These points of reflection have broad implications for research, practice, and theory of urban green landscape design, planning, and management, and altogether constitute a set of principles that can guide scientists, policy makers, and practitioners toward strategizing optimal 4M of urban green space.     

景观生态网络规划：由空间结构优先转向生态系统服务提升的生态空间体系构建

城市扩张带来的生境破坏及生态系统服务水平下降导致城市生态风险加剧。景观生态网络规划成为解决这一矛盾并响应国家生态文明政策的主要途径。基于对现有景观生态网络规划方法及其不足的梳理,提出构建以生态系统服务绩效提升为目标,基于融合功能与结构空间优先级的景观生态网络整体优化的概念与方法框架。该框架回应了国土空间规划体系下对生态空间体系规划的新需求,并强调了4个核心策略：基于城市生态问题的关键生态系统服务诊断、整合生态资源供给与人类社会需求的生态源识别、遵循生态系统服务交付过程并结合城市发展规划的廊道提取与网络结构修正、兼顾网络功能与结构价值最大化的生态用地多情景开发,以探索适应城市扩张、提高生态系统服务绩效的生态网络规划路径。     

REFLECTIONS ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICE RESEARCH

Through literature review, this article introduces milestones, current situation and focuses, and trends of the ecosystem service research, which concentrates recently on classification, value evaluation, identification of bundles, balance, synergy, and flow simulation of ecosystem services, and their role in decisionmaking optimization. The research involves several disciplines related to social-ecological interactions, for which the collaboration between different disciplines may facilitate the research by comprehensive considerations on more natural and social factors. In addition, ecosystem service value evaluation provides not only basic information and data for preliminary planning and design, but also a direct evidence for decision-making in social, economic, and management affairs. As a result, more diverse estimation methods should be explored for converting physical amounts into value amounts in ecosystem service value evaluation. Finally, this article proposes that by strengthening research and application of the cascade framework of ecosystem services, landscape architects may play a more important role in ecological construction.