Query optimization in multidatabase systems considering schemaconflicts

In a multidatabase system, the participating databases are autonomous. The schemas of these databases may be different in various ways, while the same information is represented. A global query issued against the global database needs to be translated to a proper form before it can be executed in a local database. Since data requested by a query (or a part of a query) is sometimes available in multiple sites, the site (database) that processes the query with the least cost is the desired query processing site. The authors study the effect of differences in schemas on the cost of query processing in a multidatabase environment. They first classify schema conflicts to different types. For each type of conflict, they show how much more or less complex a translated query can become in comparison with the originally user-issued global query. Based on this observation, they propose an analytical method that considers the conflicts between local databases and finds the database(s) that renders the least execution cost in processing a global query. This research introduces a new level of query optimization (termed the schema-level optimization) in multidatabase environments. The results provide a new dimension of enhancement for the capability of a query optimizer in multidatabase systems     

Object-oriented query language access to relational databases: A semantic framework for query translation

This research investigates and approach to query processing in a multidatabase system that uses an objectoriented model to capture the semantics of other data models. The object-oriented model is used to construct a global schema, defining an integrated view of the different schemas in the environment. The model is also used as a self-describing model to build a meta-database for storing information about the global schema. A unique aspect of this work is that the object-oriented model is used to describe the different data models of the multidatabase environment, thereby extending the meta database with semantic information about the local schemas. With the global and local schemas all represented in an object-oriented form, structural mappings between the global schema and each local schema are then easily supported. An object algebra then provides a query language for expressing global queries, using the structural mappings to translate object algebra queries into SQL queries over local relational schema. The advantage of using an object algebra is that the object-oriented database can be viewed as a blackboard for temporary storage of local data and for establishing relationships between different databases. The object algebra can be used to directly retrieve temporarily-stored data from the object-oriented database or to transparently retrieve data from local sources using the translation process described in this paper.     

An Object Algebra Approach to Multidatabase Query Decomposition in Donají

This paper presents an approach to query decomposition in a multidatabase environment. The unique aspect of this approach is that it is based on performing transformations over an object algebra that can be used as the basis for a global query language. In the paper, we first present our multidatabase environment and semantic framework, where a global conceptual schema based on the Object Data Management Group standard encompasses the information from heterogeneous data sources that include relational databases as well as object-oriented databases and flat file sources. The meta-data about the global schema is enhanced with information about virtual classes as well as virtual relationships and inheritance hierarchies that exist between multiple sources. The AQUA object algebra is used as the formal foundation for manipulation of the query expression over the multidatabase. AQUA is enhanced with distribution operators for dealing with data distribution issues. During query decomposition we perform an extensive analysis of traversals for path expressions that involve virtual relationships and hierarchies for access to several heterogeneous sources. The distribution operators defined in algebraic terms enhance the global algebra expression with semantic information about the structure, distribution, and localization of the data sources relevant to the solution of the query. By using an object algebra as the basis for query processing, we are able to define algebraic transformations and exploit rewriting techniques during the decomposition phase. Our use of an object algebra also provides a formal and uniform representation for dealing with an object-oriented approach to multidatabase query processing. As part of our query processing discussion, we include an overview of a global object identification approach for relating semantically equivalent objects from diverse data sources, illustrating how knowledge about global object identity is used in the decomposition and assembly processes.     

基于分布对象Web的主流数据库集成系统

面向新一代的分布式对象Web体系结构，将全局数据库技术，全局数据库事务管理技术，主流数据库对象化组件技术和先进的CORBA对象技术综合成一体，在支持异构分布式系统的CORBA机制，全局数据库模式，全局查询语言的定义，语法和语义分析，查询优化，主流数据库的对象化表示，事务的管理，并发控制，安全管理，全局事务的完整性处理，主流数据库的集成工具，多数据库系统的管理和维护策略等方面，针对实用化的目标开展研究并加以实现。     

多数据库系统中查询分解算法的研究

多数据库系统允许用户使用一个集成模式和简单的全局查询语言同时访问多个异构的、自治的数据库系统。全局查询分解处理是多数据库系统中的一个很重要的问题。本文给出了一种多数据库环境中的模式信息管理方法,基于这些模式信息,我们提出一种易于实现的查询分解算法。由于多数据库查询分解处理与模式集成的实现紧密相关,所以本文对多数据库系统的模式集成作了一些描述。     

Providing views and closure for the object data management group object model

The object data management group (ODMG) object model offers a standard for object-oriented database designers, while attempting to address some issues of interoperability. This research is focused on the viability of using the ODMG data model as a canonical data model in a multidatabase environment, and where weaknesses are identified we have proposed amendments to enable the model to suit the specific needs of this type of distributed database system. This paper describes our efforts to extend its relational style algebra, and to provide query closure and a viewing mechanism for object query language to construct multidatabase schemas.     

Translating relational schema into XML schema definition with data semantic preservation and XSD graph

Many legacy systems have been created by using relational database operating not for the Internet expression. Since the relational database is not an efficient way for data explosion, electronic transfer of data, and electronic business on the Web, we introduce a methodology in which a relational schema will be translated to an Extensible Markup Language (XML) schema definition for creating an XML database that is a simple and efficient format on the Web. We apply the Indirect Schema Translation Method that is a semantic-based methodology in this project. The mechanism is that the Relational Schema will be translated into the conceptual model, an Extended Entity Relationship (EER) Model using Reverse Engineering. Afterward, the EER model will be mapped to an XML Schema Definition Language (XSD) Graph as an XML conceptual schema using Semantic Transformation. Finally, the XSD Graph will be mapped into the XSD as an XML logical schema in the process of Forward Engineering, and the data semantics of participation, cardinality, generalization, aggregation, categorization, N-ary and U-ary relationship are preserved in the translated XML schema definition.     

Object Organization on a Single Broadcast Channel in the Mobile Computing Environment

Advances in computation and communication technologies allow users to access computer networks, using portable computing devices via a wireless connection, while mobile. Furthermore, multidatabases offer practical means of managing information sharing from multiple preexisting heterogeneous databases. By superimposing the mobile computing environment onto the multidatabase system, a new computing environment is attained.In this work, we concentrate on the effects of the mobile-computing environment on query processing in multidatabases. We show how broadcasting, as a possible solution, would respond to current challenges such as bandwidth and storage limitations. Organizing data objects along a single-dimension broadcast channel should follow the semantic links assumed within the multiple-dimension objects' structure. Learning from our past experiences in objects organization on conventional storage mediums (disks), we propose schemes for organizing objects along a single broadcast air channel. The proposed schemes are simulated and analyzed.     

Multidatabase Query Optimization

A multidatabase system (MDBS) allows the users to simultaneously access heterogeneous,and autonomous databases using an integrated schema and a single global query language. The query optimization problem in MDBSs is quite different from the query optimization problem in distributed homogeneous databases due to schema heterogeneity and autonomy of local database systems. In this work, we consider the optimization of query distribution in case of data replication and the optimization of intersite joins, that is, the join of the results returned by the local sitesin response to the global subqueries. The algorithms presented for the optimization of intersite joins try to maximize the parallelism in execution and take the federated nature of the problem into account. It has also been shown through a comparativeperformance study that the proposed intersite join optimization algorithms are efficient.The approach presented can easily be generalized to any operation required for intersite query processing. The query optimization scheme presentedin this paper is being implemented within the scopeof a multidatabase system which is based on OMG‘sobject management architecture.     

Intelligent fuzzy queries for multimedia databases

Multimedia databases have emerged to cope up with the huge amount of multimedia data, which comes up as a result of technological advancement. However, more intelligent techniques are required to satisfy different query requirements of multimedia users. This study extends the query capability of a multimedia database through the integration of a fuzzy rule‐based system. In addition to fuzzy semantic rules, which deduce new information from the data stored in the database, fuzzy spatial and temporal relations, which are inherent to multimedia applications, are defined in the rule‐based system. Users can formulate fuzzy semantic, spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal queries, resulting in the deduction of new information using the rules defined in the rule‐based system. With some practical examples, the paper presents how a fuzzy rule‐based system integrated to a fuzzy multimedia database improves the query capabilities of the database system intelligently. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

基于模式集成语义的查询处理

在采用面向对象模型作为公共数据模型的多数据库系统中，基于模式集成语义的查询处理不仅要实现针对集成模式查询到针对输出模式查询的转换，而且要从语义上尽可能减少回答用户查询所需数据，保证对象引用的正确性.为了达到这个目标,提出了一些新的概念及基于模式集成语义的查询处理规则和路径表达式的查询处理方法.     

基于语义视图的SPARQL-SQL查询转换方法

针对油气井工程领域关系数据库,提出一种基于语义视图的SPARQL-SQL查询转换方法.该方法采用特定本体描述数据源关系模式,通过RDF三元组形式,将关系表定义为领域本体之上的语义查询视图,从而建立数据源与本体之间的映射关系,并根据语义映射信息,将提交的SPARQL语句进行解析与查询重写,转换为面向关系数据源的SQL语句.通过实现油气井虚拟数据中心,验证了该方法的可行性与有效性,并获得了良好的应用效果.     

MEER—An EER model enhanced with structure methods

Entity relationship (ER) schemas include cardinality constraints, that restrict the dependencies among entities within a relationship type. The cardinality constraints have direct impact on the application maintenance, since insertions or deletions of entities or relationships might affect related entities. Indeed, maintenance of a system or of a database can be strengthened to enforce consistency with respect to the cardinality constraints in a schema. Yet, once an ER schema is translated into a logical database schema, or translated within a system, the direct correlation between the cardinality constraints and maintenance transactions is lost, since the components of the ER schema might be decomposed among those of the logical database schema or the target system.In this paper, a full solution to the enforcement of cardinality constraints in EER schemas is given. We extend the enhanced ER (EER) data model with structure-based update methods that are fully defined by the cardinality constraints. The structure methods are provably terminating and cardinality faithful, i.e., they do not insert new inconsistencies and can only decrease existing ones. A refined approach towards measuring the cardinality consistency of a database is introduced. The contribution of this paper is in the automatic creation of update methods, and in building the formal basis for proving their correctness.     

智能化图象数据库系统的GBASE的模式设计

知识化图象数据库系统近年来引起了人们的研究兴趣,表现出了广泛的应用前景.本文 介绍一种知识化图象数据库管理系统GBASE的模式设计,它将传统的关系模式加以扩充,使 之能容许框架知识表达的抽象数据类型(ADTs),增强了关系数据库系统的语义描述能力,有 助于表达有关图象实体以及它们之间的空间关系等有关知识.利用ADT我们可以进行知识 引导下的数据库查询、图象实体空间关系的推理以及基于应用模型的辅助设计和规划.GBASE 系统是在VAX11/750机上在VMS操作系统下,以C语言完成的.它统一管理着多种类型 的信息,即关系数据、图形、图象数据、知识以及过程等,是一个综合的图象数据库管理系统. 目前正应用于林业资源的管理和规划.     

基于本体的半结构化数据的柔性查询

半结构化数据库没有固定的库模式，用户对其结构难以产生清晰的认识，从而无法有效地查询所需的内容．提出了一种基于本体的柔性查询，用户通过了解数据库本体语义信息而发出的查询不必遵循严格的数据库模式也能得出结果．由于在半结构化数据库上直接查找效率很低，故在其上生成描述结构模式的概念本体库．查询模块先在本体库上评估能否得出查询结果，再在数据库上执行查询．然而由于本体库可能是图的形式，其查询代价仍然很高，本质上是NP问题，进一步研究了将图转化为树的方法，并给出了相应的算法．     

InterBase-KB: integrating a knowledge base system with a multidatabase system for data warehousing

This paper describes the integration of a multidatabase system and a knowledge-base system to support the data-integration component of a data warehouse. The multidatabase system integrates various component databases with a common query language; however, it does not provide capability for schema integration and other utilities necessary for data warehousing. In addition, the knowledge base system offers a declarative logic language with second-order syntax but first-order semantics for integrating the schemes of the data sources into the warehouse and for defining complex, recursively defined materialized views. Furthermore, deductive rules are also used for cleaning, checking the integrity and summarizing the data imported into the data warehouse. The knowledge base system features an efficient incremental view maintenance mechanism that is used for refreshing the data warehouse, without querying the data sources.     

基于DTD的XML文档到关系模式的映射规则研究

近年来,XML已逐渐成为Internet上不同平台间数据表示及数据交换的标准。将XML数据存储到技术成熟的关系数据库中已是一种比较主流的选择。在XML文档到关系模式的映射规则这个领域已做的研究中,一些已经提出的映射规则虽然考虑到了映射过程中产生的数据冗余、数据语义以及约束保留等问题,但是解决上述问题有时会导致XML数据的查询效率的降低。文章针对上述问题,在基于结构、约束保持及语义保持等方面对映射规则进行了更深入的研究,提出相应一系列基于DTD的映射规则,并根据XML文档蕴涵的语义信息提出了建立对应的关系模式中的索引,以使其在XML数据的查询效率及数据冗余消除方面有所提高。该文还通过使用一些公用数据集,进行了实验与分析,验证了以上提出规则的有效性。     

基于OWL本体论映射的数据库网格语义模式集成研究

本文提出了一种在数据库网格中OWL本体论映射机制如何用于基于语义的数据库模式集成。方法是首先把关系模式转化为RDF/OWL语义描述以完成局部映射,再通过把局部数据语义与全局共享本体建立联系来完成全局映射。本质是把异构数据库模式的语义通过本体显性地表达出来,并在语义Web层完成模式的集成。特点是实现了在统一的语义层次上进行共享与查询,同时采用了局部映射与全局映射松耦合的构架,其特有的分层结构使得在跨库/单库环境中进行语义查询变得更加灵活。