Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer in a Three-Dimensional Enclosure with Three Chips in Various Position Arrangements

The three-dimensional laminar natural convection flow with three chips at various positions was analyzed by employing the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code PHOENICS. The SIMPLEST algorithm with the Hybrid Scheme was used to simulate these flows. Three chips, arranged in five different positions with isothermal and insulated walls, were solved. The temperature distribution of our computational results was similar to the experimental data trend and very close to the numerical results achieved by Beak et al. The calculating results show that different chip position arrangements strongly influence the chip average temperature. The highest temperature occurred with the vertical chip arrangements. The findings herein establish a fundamental numerical study of three-dimensional heat transfer using three chips and a basis for further analysis of the associated heat transfer for more complicated chip position arrangements.     

Numerical Simulation of Natural Convection and Radiation Heat Transfer in Two-Dimensional Enclosure on Hybrid Grids

Natural convection and radiation heat transfer interaction commonly exists in engineering problems, and a numerical method for combined natural convection and radiation heat transfer is very important in practical engineering applications. In this article, the finite-volume method (FVM) for radiation is formulated and implemented in the fluid flow solver GTEA on hybrid grids. For comparison and validation, three test cases, an equilateral triangular enclosure and a square enclosure with/without baffles, are chosen. Then, natural convections in a cavity with/without baffles are simulated with the present FVM to take into account the radiation heat transfer effects. All the results obtained by the presented FVM agree very well with the exact solutions as well as results obtained by the zone method. Natural convection under low gravity is researched with Gr = 0.7 and 700, and the radiation effects on the temperature distribution are also studied with variation conduction-radiation numbers, Nr = 0.06, 0.1, and 0.15. It is found that the solutions are sensitive to the conduction-radiation number but do not change very much with the Grashof number.     

Numerical Simulation of Unsteady Heat Transfer in a Half-Moon Shape Enclosure with Variable Thermal Boundary Condition for Different Nanofluids

A half-moon shape enclosure which has a very wide range of practical applications in heat transfer is introduced for the first time in this article. The heat transfer is analyzed introducing different commercially available nanofluids such as water–Al₂O₃, water–Cu, water–TiO₂ in this half-moon enclosure. A variable thermal boundary condition is assigned to the model, and the finite-element method is used for the numerical solution of the problem. The effect of solid volume fraction φ, along with a wide range of Rayleigh numbers (Ra = 10⁵–10⁷), are evaluated in various dimensionless times τ. The performance of the shape is described by using streamfunctions, isotherms, charts, and related graphs. It is found that heat transfer in the cavity can be enhanced up to 30% by to the presence of nanoparticles.     

Natural Convection Heat Transfer in an Inclined Enclosure Filled with a Water-Cuo Nanofluid

This article presents the results of a numerical study on natural convection heat transfer in an inclined enclosure filled with a water-CuO nanofluid. Two opposite walls of the enclosure are insulated and the other two walls are kept at different temperatures. The transport equations for a Newtonian fluid are solved numerically with a finite volume approach using the SIMPLE algorithm. The influence of pertinent parameters such as Rayleigh number, inclination angle, and solid volume fraction on the heat transfer characteristics of natural convection is studied. The results indicate that adding nanoparticles into pure water improves its heat transfer performance; however, there is an optimum solid volume fraction which maximises the heat transfer rate. The results also show that the inclination angle has a significant impact on the flow and temperature fields and the heat transfer performance at high Rayleigh numbers. In fact, the heat transfer rate is maximised at a specific inclination angle depending on Rayleigh number and solid volume fraction.     

板壳式换热器流固耦合换热的数值模拟

以型号为IPS24的波纹板壳式换热器为研究对象,应用CFD软件ANSYS FLUENT16.0进行流体流动及耦合换热的数值模拟。结果表明:人字形波纹板结构对板壳式换热器传热性能有显著的增强,且能够有效地防止结垢;随着入口流速的增加,总对流传热系数增加,但也会导致压力损失增加,在流速为1.0 m/s时总传热系数达到1 519 W/(m~2·K),冷、热流体进出口压降也分别高达81.2和83.1 kPa。     

套管换热器对流换热的数值模拟研究

本文建立了一种复杂的数学模型用于预测套管式换热器内流体的流动及传热特性。数学模型包括计算流体力学模型和计算传热学模型。其中,计算传热学模型中的湍流扩散系数是利用温度方差t2和温度方差耗散率εt来求解,而不是利用通常采用的Pr数假设值或实验测定值来求解。为验证新建立模型预测结果的准确性,本文将数值模拟结果与文献中的实验结果进行了比较,结果吻合较好。     

Three-Dimensional Numerical Study of Natural Convective Heat Transfer of Liquid in a Cubic Enclosure

ABSTRACT

Steady-state laminar natural convection in a cubic enclosure with a cold vertical wall and two hot square heaters with constant temperature on the opposite wall is studied numerically. The enclosure is filled with various liquids. Three-dimensional Navier–Stokes Equations are solved by employing the SIMPLE algorithm. Computations are performed for a range of Rayleigh number from 10³ to 10⁷ while enclosure aspect ratio varies from 0.05 to 1.6. The effects of Rayleigh number, enclosure aspect ratio, and Prandtl number on heat transfer characteristics are studied in detail. The results show that the flow field is very complex and heat transfer from the two heaters is not the same. The effects of Prandtl number are negligible in the range from 5 to 140 with other parameters kept constant. This allows the use of liquids such as water for studying other dielectric liquids, provided the flow geometry and other nondimensional parameters are similar. The overall Nusselt number increases markedly with Rayleigh number. It is also affected by enclosure aspect ratio. It attains the maximum value when aspect ratio is in the range of 0.1–0.2 and decreases as enclosure aspect ratio varies from 0.2 to 1.6. Also, various settings of cooling face and arrangement of heaters are investigated, and the results show that they have considerable effects on heat transfer of both heaters.     

板翅式换热器表面传热与流阻特性数值模拟

本文将计算流体力学应用到换热器领域,对具有相变换热混合工质低温板翅式换热器表面传热与流阻特性进行数值模拟,得到沿长度方向一定温度下传热系数、压力梯度的变化曲线,并将数值模拟结果与目前国际上通用的换热器设计仿真软件MUSE计算结果相比对,证明了本文所用数值模拟方法的正确性,为具有相变换热混合工质的换热器设计和优化提供一定参考。     

Numerical Study of Heat Transfer and Separated Flow over Rectangular Obstacle in Jet

This paper is about a separated reattaching flow over a hot rectangular obstacle. Two types of incoming flow are examined in order to show the influence of the external zone of the flow on the reattachment process. It comes about due to a wall jet and a boundary layer. The inner region of these two flows is similar, but their external regions are extremely different. The separating and reattaching flow phenomena are of particular interest in engineering fields such as for an aeronautical application. Wall jet flow over an obstacle occurs in many engineering applications such as environmental discharges, heat exchangers, fluid injection systems, cooling of combustion chamber wall in a gas turbine, automobile design, and others. In electronics cooling, the prediction of the Nusselt number distribution along the obstacles is necessary before the design of the apparatus. For a heated obstacle at a constant temperature, T = 350 K and an aspect ratio of 10 (L = 10 H), the problem parameters are: (a) jet exit Reynolds number (Re) ranged from 1000 to 50000, (b) incoming flow configuration (boundary layer and wall jet). The ratio between the thickness of the nozzle (b) to the obstacle height (H) are examined simultaneously. The formulation is based on the SST k–ω turbulence model. The results show that the increasing of nozzle thickness; enhances the heat transfer and considerably modifies the stagnation point location. The highest incoming flow momentum provides the greatest values of average Nusselt number. Such as the boundary layer case in comparison with the wall jet cases. The average Nusselt number is correlated according to problem parameters .     

Buoyancy-Induced Heat Transfer in a Trapezoidal Enclosure with Offset Baffles

A numerical study has been conducted to examine the effects on heat transfer of mounting two offset baffles onto the upper inclined and lower horizontal surfaces of trapezoidal cavities. Two thermal boundary conditions are considered. In the first, the short left vertical wall is heated while the long right vertical wall is cooled (buoyancy-assisting mode along the upper inclined surface of the cavity). In the second, the long right vertical wall is heated while the short left vertical wall is cooled (buoyancy-opposing mode along the upper inclined surface of the cavity). For both boundary conditions, computations are performed for several offset baffle heights, four Rayleigh number (Ra) values, three Prandtl number (Pr) values, and two baffle positions (Position I and Position II). In Position I, the lower baffle is offset toward the short vertical wall and the upper baffle is offset toward the long vertical wall of the enclosure, whereas in Position II, the lower and upper baffles are offset toward the long and short vertical walls, respectively. Results reveal a decrease in heat transfer in the presence of baffles, with the rate generally increasing with increased baffle height and Pr. At a given baffle height and Ra, Nussett number (Nu) values are lower in the buoyancy-opposing mode. For both boundary conditions, the highest decrease is achieved in fully partitioned enclosures.     

铜管乐器散热改善音调的数值模拟

铜管乐器吹奏过程中演奏者吹出的湿热气流会使管内空气和铜管本身的温度升高,导致乐器音准偏离。本文提出了对铜管乐器发声前段采用增加散热翅片的方法,增加有效换热面积,即时散发出热量,可改善铜管乐器音准的偏离。根据散热目标要求,设计出了合理的翅片结构参数,并借助FLUENT软件进行了散热效果的数值模拟。结果表明,当环境温度为12℃时,相同条件下加装散热翅片的铜管乐器外表面与环境的温差缩小为原温差的34.2%,散热效果明显,乐器音准得到保证。     

Numerical Simulation of Enclosure Fires with Horizontal Vents

The buoyancy-induced flow generated by a heat source, such as fire in a long square enclosure with single or multiple horizontal vents, has been of interest in the modeling of enclosure fires and heat removal systems for electronic equipment. This flow is studied using numerical methods. A two-dimensional laminar natural convection flow is investigated with the buoyancy term represented by the Boussinesq approximation. The governing equations are solved in the stream function and vorticity formulation using high accuracy finite difference schemes. The effect of single or multiple horizontal vents of different sizes on the induced flow is studied in detail for different Grashof numbers. The results show a significant change in flow behavior for varying vent width at a fixed Grashof number. A bidirectional flow across the vent occurs due to buoyancy, as previously reported in the literature. The results show that the flow becomes more stable with a decrease in the vent width. The critical Grashof number is identified as beyond which the flow becomes unstable, leading to chaotic flow in the partial enclosure. The main focus is on the time-dependent flow, though steady state flow is also obtained at a longer duration of time in most cases. The implications of these results in the modeling of a fire in an enclosed space with horizontal vents are also discussed.     

基于SolidWorks Flow Simulation的管壳式换热器换热性能数值仿真

为了分析结构形式和流动状态等因素对换热器换热效果的影响,首先,以单根圆管换热器为研究对象验证了SolidWorks Flow Simulation软件进行仿真分析的可行性。然后,基于该软件分析了流动形式和扁管厚度对扁管换热器换热性能的影响,并拟合了扁管沿程摩擦阻力系数计算公式。研究结果表明,本文所提数值模拟方法是有效地,所得扁管沿程摩擦阻力系数计算公式具有一定的参考价值。     

内螺纹管中超临界水的传热数值模拟

通过数值模拟研究了超临界水在半周加热内螺纹管中的流动传热过程。采用SST k-ω湍流模型求解流固耦合换热,在压力25 MPa、质量流速600 kg/(m2•s)、热流密度分别为280 kW/m2和470 kW/m2条件下研究了螺纹高度、螺距和螺纹形状等结构参数对超临界水传热的影响,比较了全周加热和半周加热条件下螺纹结构参数对传热的影响差异,揭示了螺纹结构参数变化引起的传热强化机理。结果表明：与全周加热相比,半周加热条件下螺纹结构参数增强了对加热侧换热性能的影响,削弱了对整体平均换热性能的影响,冷侧壁面温度主要受周向导热的影响,仅与热流密度有关,不同螺纹结构参数下冷侧温度分布几乎没有变化;当浮升力准则数Bo>10-5时,优化螺纹结构对改善超临界水换热性能的效果更突出,增大螺纹高度、减小螺距能够强化换热,矩形内螺纹管的换热性能优于梯形内螺纹管;旋流是内螺纹管中超临界水传热强化的主要因素,结构参数主要通过强化边界层30相似文献   

Numerical Study of Natural Convection in an Enclosure with an Internal Heat Source at Higher Rayleigh Numbers

Natural convection is extensively used in cooling of large scale electrical and electronic equipments. This work involves study of flow and heat transfer characteristics in enclosures with partial openings having an internal heat source at higher Rayleigh number (Ra_h > 10⁶). It involves the numerical simulation of 2D steady state natural convection in enclosures of different aspect ratios (H/W = 2 and 3) for five Rayleigh numbers (Ra_h = 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, 10¹⁰, and 10¹¹). Two different configurations have been considered based on the number and position of vents—diagonal side (DS) and two inlets one outlet (2I1O). The time dependent nature of the flow is characterized by performing a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis of temperature and velocity at a characteristic location in the enclosure. The global parameters considered are the mass flow rate driven through the cavity by the heater and the average Nu defined over the heater surface. It is seen that with increase in Ra_h, flow becomes more fluctuating and moves towards chaotic regime and this transition is quicker at lower H/W. For the given configuration both the global parameters increases with increase in Ra_h and decrease in H/W.     

Heat Transfer in a Lid-Driven Enclosure Filled with Water-Saturated Aluminum Foams

Mixed convection in a lid-driven square enclosure filled with water-saturated aluminum foams is investigated numerically. The driving forces of fluid flow in such a system include the buoyancy force due to temperature gradient and the shear force due to lid movement, while the interaction of these forces results in various heat transfer modes. This work uses the Brinkman-Forchheimer model for fluid flow and the two-equation model for heat transfer. The top moving wall and the bottom heated wall are maintained at different constant temperatures, while the other walls are thermally insulated. The relevant parameters are the porosity of aluminum foams (ε = 0.91, 0.97), the Grashof number (Gr = 10⁴–3 × 10⁶) and the Reynolds number (Re = 10^?2–10⁴). The fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of the present porous system are identified. Parametric study indicates that the average Nusselt number (Nu) generally increases with Gr and Re. The higher porosity promotes much more enhancement of convective heat transfer, but the lower porosity is desired for higher total heat transfer due to the higher value of effective thermal conductivity. Finally, the Nu correlation is established based on the numerical results.     

环境风影响下空冷系统换热特性数值模拟

环境风是影响直接空冷系统运行特性的主要因素之一。以某2×300 MW直接空冷机组空冷系统为研究对象,通过数值模拟,获得了不同炉后风速下空冷岛的空气流量和热风回流率,分析了空冷岛冷却空气流动换热特性。计算结果表明:不同炉后风速对空冷岛换热特性影响差别较大;随着炉后风速的增加,直接空冷岛空气流量不断降低;热风回流率先随炉后风速增大而增加,而后随炉后风速增大而降低;空冷岛各单元热风回流现象表现出明显的区域特性,处于风场上游的空冷单元具有较大的热风回流率。     

基于Fluent螺旋槽管的传热特性数值模拟

根据螺旋槽管的结构特点及传热特性,建立了三种不同槽口形状的螺旋槽管与光滑管换热器的三维模型。以水为工质,运用 Fluent流体分析软件,采用k-ε湍流模型,研究了三种不同槽口形状的螺旋槽管与光滑管换热器在换热过程中的速度场和温度场,得到了不同槽口形状和光滑管的壁面Nusselt数。结果表明。在相同壳程和雷诺数的情况下,螺旋槽管比光滑管的换热能力提高了6．7％-37．6%,其中三角彤槽和矩形槽螺旋槽管的换热能力提高最大,从而强化了传热。为谊产品的理论进一步研究和实验研究奠定了基础,为谊产品的设计和推广应用提供了依据。     

流固耦合仿真技术在发动机稳态传热计算中的应用

为解决发动机传热研究中冷却水与缸套、机体之间的流动与传热问题,将有限元软件中提供的流固耦合仿真技术应用到发动机稳态传热计算中。建立了发动机活塞组-缸套-冷却水-机体流固耦合传热模型,该模型既包括了固体与固体之间的接触传热,也包括了流体与固体之间的耦合传热。同时,零件之间的传热边界条件也变得既简单又合理。以某型号柴油机为例进行了有限元仿真计算,并与活塞和缸套的温度场测量数据进行了对比分析。结果表明：仿真结果与试验测量数据误差较小,应用流固耦合仿真方法可以较好的模拟发动机稳态传热状态。     

板式石蜡储热器传热的数值模拟

在相变储热器中采用强化传热技术，克服相变材料的低导热性能，是目前国内外研究的热点。应用FLUENT软件数值模拟了翅片强化板式石蜡储热器的凝固传热过程，得到随时间变化的相界面位置、总凝固时间、壁面热流、翅片温度分布等，并进一步分析了翅片对不同长宽比叫的储热器的强化传热效果。模拟结果表明，只有当ω≥1时，翅片才能对储热器起到明显的强化传热作用，研究结果可为相变储热器的优化设计提供可靠的依据。