Heat Transfer in Coiled Square Tubes for Laminar Flow of Slurry of Microencapsulated Phase Change Material

Passive heat transfer enhancement using a slurry of microencapsulated phase-change material (MEPCM) flowing in a laminar regime through a coiled duct of square cross section was evaluated. The phase-change material is n-octadecane. The flow behavior and heat transfer performance of water and MEPCM suspensions in various configurations (conical spiral, in-plane spiral, and helical spiral) of coiled tubes of square cross section was investigated. The results are compared with those for water as the base fluid flowing through a straight tube. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach is used to simulate the laminar flow of water with MEPCM suspension in these geometries. The liquid suspension properties are expressed as functions of the volumetric concentration of MEPCM particles and the temperature. Improved heat transfer performance was obtained as the concentration of MEPCM suspension increased from 1 to 10%. However, the overall performance in terms of the pumping power consumed for unit heat transferred worsened.     

ZnO对不同流态下相变微胶囊悬浮液对流换热特性影响研究*

相变微胶囊悬浮液（MPCS）可作为热交换介质和储热流体,但其导热率较低导致其应用受到一定的限制。以水为基液使用相变微胶囊（MPCM）制备MPCS,加入氧化锌（ZnO）颗粒以提高MPCS导热率。使用旋转流变仪、差式热量扫描仪、导热仪分别测定了MPCS的黏度、相变潜热和导热系数等物理性质。设计并搭建了试验台,在内径6 mm的圆管中,使用水、MPCS以及ZnO@MPCS在层流和湍流下进行强制对流换热实验,通过对比其换热情况分析ZnO对MPCS换热特性的影响。结果表明：加入ZnO的MPCS具有良好的储热性和导热性,1%ZnO@5%MPCS导热系数较5%MPCS提高了17.9%。层流条件下MPCS的平均局部换热系数低于水,1%ZnO@5%MPCS平均局部换热系数比水高6.5%;湍流时,1%ZnO@5%MPCS在相同质量流量和功率下的平均局部换热系数相较于水提高了15.7%。     

微胶囊相变悬浮液在空调系统中的应用前景

介绍了一种功能性热流体—微胶囊相变悬浮液,它的浓度为15%时,载冷能力是水的两倍多;处于湍流时,表现出非牛顿流体的特性,流动阻力小于水;浓度为20%时,层流对流换热的修正努塞尔数Nuc是单相流体的2~3倍,传热性能远优于单相流体。因此,微胶囊相变悬浮液应用于空调系统可大幅度提高换热器的传热性能和空调系统的运行效率,达到节能的效果。     

An Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement Mechanisms in Microencapsulated Phase-Change Material Slurry Flows

This article investigates laminar heat transfer characteristic of two-phase microencapsulated phase-change material (MPCM) suspension flows within minichannels under a constant wall heat flux boundary. Capsules containing paraffin wax with phase-change temperature between 36.1°C and 38.1°C are examined and found to be well suited for electronics cooling applications using liquid cold plate technologies. In particular, it is shown that the large thermal capacity of MPCM slurries around the phase-change temperature can lead toward greater isothermality of isoflux systems, a characteristic of significant interest to telecommunication, laser and biomedical applications. The principal focus of the study is to examine heat transfer characteristics within standard tube flow geometries, quantify the heat transfer augmentation/degradation observed, and finally, elucidate the mechanisms from which these result. Through the study volume concentrations of the MPCM slurry were varied between 0% and 30.2%. High-resolution local heat transfer measurements were obtained using infrared thermography and results presented in terms of local Nusselt number versus inverse Graetz parameter. These spanned both the thermal entrance and the fully developed flow regions with inverse Graetz number ranging from 10^?3 to 10⁰. Results show that significant heat transfer enhancements are attainable via the use of MPCM slurries over conventional single-phase coolants. Overall, the study highlights mechanisms that lead to significant heat transfer enhancements in heat exchange devices employing microencapsulated phase-change material slurries.     

方腔内合金相变材料的熔化过程

本文利用CFD软件对方腔内合金相变材料在温差作用下的熔化过程进行了数值模拟研究。通过与试验结果的比较,验证了本文采用的模型和算法的正确性。同时,详细研究了熔化过程中合金相变材料的固−液界面、温度及环流速度的变化规律。结果表明,为了减小传热热阻,加快合金的熔化速度,从方腔的侧面和底面加热相变材料时熔化效果最好。     

Laminar Flow Forced Convection Heat Transfer Behavior of a Phase Change Material Fluid in Finned Tubes

The heat transfer behavior of phase change material fluid (PCM) under laminar flow conditions in circular tubes and internally longitudinal finned tubes was studied. An effective specific heat technique was used to model the phase change process. Heat transfer results for a smooth circular tube with PCM fluid were obtained under hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed conditions. Results for the finned tube were obtained using the H2 and T boundary conditions. It was determined that the Nusselt number was strongly dependent on the Stefan number, fin thermal conductivity value, and height of the fins.     

Parametric Analysis of Enhanced Heat Transfer for Laminar Flow of Microencapsulated Phase Change Suspension in a Circular Tube with Constant Wall Temperature

A novel phase change microcapsule with compound crust is briefly introduced in this paper, and the heat transfer enhancement due to a microencapsulated phase change material is investigated parametrically for laminar convective heat transfer in a circular tube with constant wall temperature. The size of the phase change mushy region and the phase change interface locations are given for the various governing parameters. Two enhancement ratios, the traditional enhancement ratio and a modified enhancement ratio, were used to quantify the enhanced heat transfer characteristics of the microencapsulated phase change suspension for six major parameters. The six parameters are the bulk Stephan number, the volumetric concentration of the solid-phase, the particle-to-tube radius ratio, the dimensionless initial subcooling, the dimensionless phase change temperature range, and the bulk Reynolds number. The simulations show that the bulk Stephan number and the volumetric concentration are the most important parameters influencing the heat transfer enhancement of the microencapsulated suspension. The influence of the microcapsule diameters on the heat transfer enhancement comes from the microconvection, instead of the latent heat release due to the phase change. In addition, the combined effect of changes in all of these parameters on the heat transfer enhancement was examined.     

螺旋管圈水冷壁的制造工艺

对螺旋管圈水冷壁的制造作了详细的工艺分析,着重探讨螺旋管圈水冷壁的划线、成排弯、过渡段管排的制造、灰斗制造、水冷套的加工、合金钢的焊接工艺,介绍保证螺旋角、过渡段管排的宽度、燃烧器与水冷套的顺利定位穿孔,解决焊接变形和焊接裂缝的方法。     

Thermal Insulation for a Pipe Using Phase Change Material

This research studies the effectiveness of phase change material (PCM) as a thermal insulation for a pipe. The proposed PCM insulation can be used for a pipe when the operating time is limited. The objective of using PCM is to utilize its latent heat from fusion to minimize heat loss from the pipe by absorbing and storing it to be discharged later to the pipe. The finite element method is employed to solve the problem, and both conduction and natural convection of liquid PCM are considered modes of heat transfer. The effectiveness of the PCM insulation is evaluated by comparing its thermal performance with insulation without phase change. Both time-dependent and time-independent boundary conditions are examined. For the time-independent case, the PCM insulation reduces the heat loss from the pipe for a significant amount of time if the Rayleigh number is low. For the time-dependent case, heat loss is effectively reduced with the PCM insulation for a significant amount of time. The high resolution capturing of the solid/liquid moving boundary and the details of flow structure are also presented.     

石蜡类相变蓄热材料研究进展

石蜡类有机相变材料具有较高的相变潜热，无过冷及析出现象，性能稳定、无毒，价格便宜等优点，但也存在导热系数小、密度小的缺点。介绍了国内外对石蜡所做的大量研究，针对石蜡导热系数小的缺点，解决方法是在石蜡中加入添加剂强化石蜡的导热性能和改善蓄热设备增加换热能力，以提高蓄热器的蓄热和放热能力。     

Impact of Phase Change Material's Thermal Properties on the Thermal Performance of Phase Change Material Hollow Block Wall

ABSTRACT

Composite phase change material (PCM) hollow block wall (CPCMHBW) can be established by introducing PCM into the holes of generally used hollow block wall, and good thermal insulation performance will probably produce together with the energy storage function from PCM simultaneously. In this article, the impact of PCM's thermal properties on the thermal performance of CPCMHBW has been analyzed, using two-dimensional enthalpy model. The conclusions include: complete melting and freezing processes and a bit amount of remaining PCM which has not melted or solidified, are fundamental and necessary for high performance; furthermore, that the average surrounding temperature equals to PCM's central phase change temperature determines whether the PCM's function can be used; besides, the PCM's total latent heat controls wall's thermal storage level; in addition, relatively low block material's thermal conductivity and Fourier number (better smaller than 1.0 W·m^?1·K^?1 and 59.83) and medium PCM's corresponding values (lies in the ranges 0.2–0.7 W·m^?1·K^?1 and 0.80–2.80) generate optimum thermal performance. Finally, the thermal factors are ranked with the functions in descending order.     

Numerical Modeling for Multiphase Incompressible Flow with Phase Change

ABSTRACT

A general formula for the second-order projection method combined with the level set method is developed to simulate unsteady, incompressible multifluid flow with phase change. A subcell conception is introduced in a modified mass transfer model to accurately calculate the mass transfer across the interface. The third-order essentially nonoscillatory (ENO) scheme and second-order semi-implicit Crank-Nicholson scheme is employed to update the convective and diffusion terms, respectively. The projection method has second-order temporal accuracy for variable-density unsteady incompressible flows as well. The level set approach is employed to implicitly capture the interface for multiphase flows. A continuum surface force (CSF) tension model is used in the present cases. Phase change and dynamics associated with single bubble and multibubbles in two and three dimensions during nucleate boiling are studied numerically via the present modeling. The numerical results show that this method can handle complex deformation of the interface and account for the effect of liquid–vapor phase change.     

Investigation on Phase Change Behavior of Paraffin Phase Change Material in a Spherical Capsule for Solar Thermal Storage Units

In this work, the melting and solidification behaviour of paraffin phase change material encapsulated in a stainless steel spherical container has been studied experimentally. A computational fluid dynamics analysis has also been performed for the encapsulated phase change material (PCM) during phase change process. In the melting process, the hot air, used as the heat transfer fluid enters the test section and flows over the spherical capsule resulting in the melting of phase change material. In the solidification process, the ambient air flows over the capsule and received heat from phase change material resulting in the solidification of phase change material. In the computational fluid dynamics, the constant wall boundary condition is employed for both melting (75°C) and solidification (36°C) processes since the internal conductive resistance offered by the PCM is much higher compared to the outer surface convective resistance. The time required for complete solidification and melting of the phase change material obtained from the computational fluid dynamics analysis are validated with the experimental results and a reasonable agreement is achieved. The reason for the deviation between the results are analyzed and reported.     

基于石墨泡沫强化的相变储能材料研究进展

大多数相变储能材料导热性能差是导致其不能推广应用的一个重要因素,因此,目前相变材料研究的重点是提高相变材料的等效导热系数。石墨泡沫由于其特殊的微蜂窝三维结构,使其具有良好的传热性能,在储能领域有很好的应用前景。国内外学者对利用石墨泡沫的强化相变传热进行了一些研究,本文主要介绍了近几年石墨泡沫/相变材料的国内外实验研究和数值模拟研究进展和存在的问题。     

管状阵列相变复合材料的传热特性

相变储热技术是合理有效利用现有能源、优化使用可再生能源和提高能源利用效率的重要技术.阵列形式管状结构内填充相变材料构成的复合相变材料具有结构简单、加工制作成本低的优点,具有很好的工程应用价值.本文对填充石蜡的圆形和方形的两不同管形的金属铜管状阵列所构成的相变复合材料内的非稳态相变传热过程进行了数值模拟,分析了管状阵列构成的相变复合材料的传热特性.结果表明,对于该管状阵列结构,金属铜内的温度场扩散速度优于石蜡,且铜和石蜡内部温度分布具有明显的不均匀性.相同孔隙率条件下,方形管状结构中的瞬态温度场分布的均匀性优于圆孔型结构中的轴向瞬态温度场分布.     

Development and Testing of an Energy Storage Material/Phase Change Material Enhanced Heat Sink

A concept of using energy storage material (ESM) or phase change material (PCM) to enhance the heat transfer dissipation by a conventional compact fin-based heat sink is demonstrated. An actual design is developed, fabricated, and tested to demonstrate the heat transfer enhancement. The heat sink is light weight (made with Aluminum) and miniature in size with a total fin length of 26 mm. Test results demonstrated that under a high peak load (4.4 W/cm²) and low duty power cycle (30/55 on/off ratio with a period of 85 sec), the peak temperature at the heating surface with the ESM/PCM heat sink is 5°C lower than that of a conventional heat sink. At the tip of the fin, the peak temperature with the ESM/PCM heat sink is 3°C lower than that of a conventional heat sink. When the external heat transfer coefficient increases (with increase air velocity), the impact of the PCM/ESM on the heat transfer performance is less. A numerical model, based on COMSOL, is developed to provide a theoretical understanding of the experimental observation.     

Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Volumetric Absorption Solar Collector using Nano-Encapsulated Phase Change Slurry

ABSTRACT

The conventional solar collectors which absorb solar energy through surface of the receiver have much energy waste during energy conversion process due to heat loss from the pipe surface. Volumetric absorption solar collectors (VASC) can overcome this problem through directly absorbing solar energy by nanofliud with excellent optical absorption property. Nano-encapsulated phase change material (NPCM) is a kind of novel composite PCMs widely adopted in thermal energy storage system. The NPCM slurry (NPCS) has great potential to be used in VASC since it can be used as both the heat transfer fluid and energy storage medium. In the present study, a numerical model based on the Eulerian-Eulerian approach is built to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of NPCS in a parallel plate channel for volumetric absorption of solar energy. Influences of different parameters such as the extinction coefficient, flow velocity, radiative intensity on the performance of collector are studied through the numerical simulation. The results indicate that the NPCS shows better performance in the VASC compared with the conventional nanofluids without phase change. The information provided is helpful in the further study of solar energy volumetric absorption.     

Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Nanofluids Having Nanoencapsulated Phase Change Material

In this study, the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids, composed of a base fluid and nanoencapsulated phase change material (NEPCM), were investigated experimentally. The NEPCM was prepared by the encapsulation of n-nonadecane as phase change material with diethylenetriamine and toluene-2,4-diisocyanate using interfacial polymerization method. The NEPCM was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. In the preparation of the nanofluids containing NEPCM, two different base fluids, water and ethylene glycol (EG), were used. The concentration of NEPCM and the working temperature were selected as the main parameters. It was found that the viscosity of the nanofluids decreases with increasing temperature and increases with increasing solid concentration. The viscosity was also expressed as a function of the solid concentration and temperature. The thermal conductivity of the nanofluids was found to increase with increasing temperature. Thermal conductivity exhibited an increasing tendency with increasing solid concentration, but the changes in thermal conductivity according to base fluid are in the range of uncertainty of the measurement for both nanofluids with a solid volumetric fraction lower than 1.68%.     

建筑围护结构中相变材料的功效分析

对相变材料在建筑围护结构中稳定热源和非稳定热源(正弦波形热源)条件下的热效进行了理论推导,并对武汉地区实际应用的功效进行分析.根据热平衡条件"稳定传热过程通过各层的热流为定值(即q=qr)",对相变材料的相变温度Tc选择进行指导;当相变材料存在时,推导了两种热源条件下的室内温度降低值△T、保温材料节约量△δ以及相变材料对室内温度的滞后时间△t;用正二十二碳石蜡作为相变材料的算例结果表明:在相同条件下与不加相变材料相比,室外温度升高10℃时,加入相变材料可削减室内峰值温度约4℃;当室外温度按正弦波形式变化时,可使室内峰值温度滞后2.65 h.     

Thermal Analysis of a Pipe Insulation with a Phase Change Material: Material Selection and Sizing

This research investigates the thermal characteristics of a thermal insulation for a pipe with a phase change material (PCM) for an unsteady operating condition. A layer of the PCM located at the inner surface of the insulation is aimed to minimize the heat loss from the pipe by absorbing and storing the heat loss in the form of latent and sensible heats. A convection boundary condition is applied at the inner and outer surfaces of the insulation, and one-dimensional finite element method is utilized to solve the problem. The effectiveness of the insulation with the PCM is evaluated by comparing the heat loss to insulation without a PCM. The effect of the PCM type, the PCM layer thickness, and temperature cycle of the inner surface is studied. The results indicate that heat loss is reduced significantly when the PCM layer is used for a significant amount of time, and the heat loss is reduced more when the quantity of the PCM is increased. The temperature cycle has an insignificant influence on the thermal performance of the insulation with the PCM.