Carbonation of sulphoaluminate cement with layered double hydroxides

The increasing importance of the ecologically minded production of building materials makes it necessary to develop reasonable alternatives to the CO2-intense production of ordinary Portland cement （OPC）. The development of new or modified concrete is an important part of existing strategies to improve performance and minimize life-cycle costs. Therefore, we investigated carbonation resistance properties of sulphoaluminate cement （SAC） concrete incorporating layered double hydroxides （LDHs）. X-ray diffraction （XRD） and IR-spectroscopy were employed to characterize the component and structural changes of LDHs and cement paste before and after carbonation test. Carbonation resistance of concrete was experimentally evaluated. Finally, carbonation of Portland cement and SAC concrete was compared. The experimental results show that carbonation depth decreases remarkably with the addition of LDHs, especially the calcinated LDHs. Carbonation depth of SAC concrete is smaller than that of PC concrete regardless of curing time.     

新型CSA膨胀剂的水泥基材料性能

针对水泥工业排放出的CO₂过量问题,研究了一种采用工业副产品(流化床锅炉灰)为原料的绿色CSA膨胀剂,并对新型CSA膨胀剂的基本性能和力学性能进行了研究.根据XRD衍射图谱进行分析,探讨了新型膨胀剂的作用机理.结果表明:随着流化床锅炉灰煅烧温度的升高,CSA膨胀剂转换率也升高;水化温度与CSA膨胀剂的掺入量成正比;在干燥收缩试验中,CSA膨胀剂砂浆试件在标准养护35 d后,长度的膨胀效果可达到700×10^-6 m;CSA膨胀剂的掺入量越高,砂浆试件的抗压强度越大.     

Mechanical properties and microstructure of sulfur aluminate cement composites reinforced by multi-walled carbon nanotubes

The effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the mechanical properties and microstructure of sulfur aluminate cement (SAC) composites was investigated. The dispersed MWCNTs were added into SAC in various weight contents.The results of mechanical properties of the MWCNTs/SAC composites indicated that the addition of 0.08 wt% MWCNTs can improve the SAC compressive strength, flexural strength, and bend-press ratio by 15.54%, 52.38%, and 31.30% at maximum, respectively. The degree of SAC hydration and porosity and pore size distribution of the matrix were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TG/DTG), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). Results show that the addition of MWCNTs in SAC composites can promote the hydration of SAC and the formation of C-S-H gel, reduce the porosity and refine the pore size distribution of the matrix. The microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). It is found that the MWCNTs have been dispersed homogeneously between the hydration products of SAC paste and act as bridges and networks between cracks and voids, which prevents the development of the cracks and transfers the load.     

水泥基土石坝防渗注浆材料试验

为解决水利工程中普遍使用的注浆材料流动性差、结石率低等问题,以水泥为基本材料,掺加粉煤灰及膨润土,将减水剂、膨胀剂作为外加剂,对不同配比的材料进行浆液流动性及结石体物理性能等试验分析,综合各试验结果得出适用的材料配比。试验结果表明:掺加膨润土可以增加浆液稳定性,提高结石率,但同时会降低浆液流动性;掺加适量粉煤灰可以增加浆液流动性,提高浆液可注性;随着膨润土和粉煤灰掺量增加,浆液结石体的强度会有明显下降;膨润土和粉煤灰的掺量应适宜。研究成果对水利工程注浆材料研发具有较大的指导意义。     

低碱低掺混凝土膨胀剂的试验研究

利用不同的原料配制了多组低碱低掺型混凝土膨胀剂．测定了各膨胀剂的膨胀性能及其对水泥物理力学性能的影响．利用SEM分析了掺膨胀剂水泥的水化产物、结构和形貌．研究结果表明,利用SA熟料、无水石膏、煤矸石和硅铝质矿物原料配制的膨胀剂具有良好的膨胀性能,并对水泥的物理力学性能无不良影响;掺膨胀剂水泥在一定时期内会持续形成大量的呈交又生长的针状钙矾石,它们填充在孔隙内,使水泥石结构致密．     

Influence of Nano-SiO_2 Addition on Properties of Sulphoaluminate Cement Based Material

The influences of different nano-SiO_2(NS) contents on the mechanical properties and rheological behavior of sulfoaluminate cement(SAC) based composite materials were studied.Results show that with increasing content of NS,the apparent viscosity,and shearing strength of fresh paste gradually increase but the fluidity decreases.With a dosage of 3.0%NS,the tensile and flexural strengths of mortars at 56 days were increased by 87.0%and 84.6%,respectively,compared with that in the absence of NS,indicating that the toughness of hardened mortars is significantly improved.Besides,the exothermic peaks of hydration are obviously increased and will earlier occur,and the second and the third peaks appear 2.61 hours and 2.56 hours earlier,respectively than that in the absence of NS,and the hydration of SAC before 8 hours is accelerated.The forming mechanism of strengths was revealed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),hydration heat,X-ray diffraction(XRD) and derivative thermogravimetry(DTG).The micro-aggregate filling effect and nucleation effect at early age and weak pozzolanic effect at late age of NS make the microstructure more compact,which obviously enhances the strength of SAC mortars.     

硅酸盐-硫铝酸盐水泥混合体系的试验研究

研究了不同比例的硅酸盐、硫铝酸盐水泥混合体系的凝结时间、水泥砂浆的强度性能,并对一定混合比例的OPC-SAC水泥进行了XRD、SEM和水化量热测试。结果表明,硅酸盐水泥与硫铝酸盐水泥混合,SAC中的C4A3-S矿物与OPC中的C3S矿物在共同水化过程中有相互促进的作用,会使混合水泥水化和凝结加速;混合水泥的强度性能与两种水泥的混合比例有关。本研究可对硅酸盐-硫铝酸盐水泥混合体系的应用提供借鉴。     

钢渣-杂填土基层材料配合比优化试验研究

以杂填土、钢渣、矿渣微粉为原料,采用土体固化技术混拌制备钢渣-杂填土基层材料。开展钢渣、混凝土破碎料、素土等主料对基层材料强度的耦合影响试验,构建回归模型,得到主料最优掺入比例,试验验证表明,回归模型预测值误差小于2%;以钢渣、混凝土破碎料、水泥、固化剂为因素开展正交试验,得到的最优结果与强度耦合影响试验基本一致,从而确定钢渣-杂填土最优配合比。最优配合比试件试验结果表明：钢渣-杂填土强度随龄期增长显著提升,30 d高温水浴膨胀率仅为1.03%。X射线衍射分析（XRD）及扫描电子显微镜（SEM）测试表明：矿渣微粉中SiO₂与钢渣中f-CaO反应生成水化硅酸钙（C-S-H）凝胶,同时发现土壤固化剂对土体的改性可有效抑制钢渣膨胀;C-S-H凝胶填充于混凝土破碎料、钢渣、土颗粒间,增加了钢渣-杂填土基层材料密实度,使其强度得以提高。     

复配型环氧树脂地层灌浆材料的研制

针对内蒙古某煤矿巷道岩石遇水粉化的实际问题，研制了一种新型的复配型环氧树脂作为地层灌浆材料，考察了固化剂、稀释剂、填料等对抗压强度的影响且进行了优化配比。结果表明，研制的灌浆材料抗压强度大于2MPa，固化时间在2h以内，固化后遇水强度有所增加，能较好地解决该矿岩石遇水粉化的突出问题。当酚醛胺与低分子聚酰胺比例为2：1时，固化效果较好；选用糠醛丙酮作稀释剂，当其用量大约为环氧树脂的l0％时，对凝固时间影响不大且可降低浆液的粘度，提高浆液的可灌性；当细砂、水泥、乳化环氧树脂的比例为1．5：1：1时抗压强度最大。     

Hydration mechanism of sulphoaluminate cement

The feasibility of sulphoaluminate cement (SAC) utilization in support mortar was studied. Setting time and strength of as-received sulphoaluminate cement (SAC) paste were examined, hydration kinetics behavior was determined through Isothermal Calorimeter, and hydration mechanism was investigated by X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis(FSEM). Results showed that as-received SAC contained 61% of anhydrous calcium sulfate (3CA·CaSO4) and dicalcium silicate (C2S). The strength after 1 day or 3 days grew to 68.6% or 85.7% of that after 28 days respectively, while most of hydration heat was released within 1 day. The emergency of three exothermic peaks at acceleration stage was found and hydration kinetics model was established choosing the terminal time of the first exothermic peak at accelerating stage as the beginning of accelerating stage. XRD analysis suggested that large amount of ettringite (AFt) was produced at early age and FSEM observation revealed that ettringite (AFt) formed in sulphoaluminate cement (SAC) paste was characterized of different morphology which was proved to be caused by different ion concentrations.     

玄武岩纤维-木纤维复合碱式硫酸镁水泥性能的改性机理

以碱式硫酸镁水泥（BMSC）为基质,以生物基循环木纤维（RWF）为轻质填料,并掺入玄武岩纤维（BF）为增强改性材料,开发出一种轻质高强、高韧性的碱式硫酸镁复合材料。从RWF填料和不同体积占比、不同长度的BF纤维出发,讨论其对改性后BMSC复合材料的流动性、分散系数（纤维）、密度、抗压强度和抗折强度的影响;通过SEM、EDS、XRD微观表征分析对复合材料微观结构的形成进行研究。结果表明：RWF的加入虽然显著降低了BMSC的材料密度,但RWF与BF结合形成复合纤维体系能明显提升BMSC复合材料的力学性能,尤其是抗折强度,较未添加RWF和BF的原生BMSC材料提升比例最高达80%以上;通过微观表征分析发现,RWF在BMSC中拥有良好的界面黏结性能,RWF与BF的共同存在使BMSC材料形成镁水泥基质-循环木纤维-玄武岩纤维体系,提升了复合材料的强度;采用基于图像识别技术的半定量化方法对碱式硫酸镁水泥5·1·7相晶体的发展程度进行辅助量化分析,为材料制备过程中BMSC产品性能的控制提供可能。     

Research of Neural Network Based on Improved PSO Algorithm for Carbonation Depth Prediction of Concrete

Firstly,neural network based on improved particle swarm optimization (PSO)algorithm is introduced in this paper. Based on the data collected from projects in typical areas,the concrete carbonation depth is assessed with consideration of various factors such as unit cement consumption (C),unit water consumption (W),binder material content (B),water binder ratio (W/B ),concrete strength (MPa),rapid carbonization days (D),fly ash consumption of unit volume concrete(FA),fly ash percentage of total cementitious materials (FA%),expansion agent consumption of unit volume concrete(EA),expansion agent percentage of total cementitious materials (FA%).Gaining the data from project-experiment,a model is presented to calculate and forecast carbonation depth using neural network based on improved PSO algorithm. The calculation results indicate that this algorithm accord with the prediction carbonation depth of concrete accuracy requirements and has a better convergence and generalization,worth being popularized.     

超缓凝剂对硅酸盐水泥砂浆性能的影响

目的为配制一种新型有机复合超缓凝剂，研究不同掺量及养护条件下其缓凝效果和硬化机理．使之可有效地应用于大体积混凝土及缓黏接预应力混凝土工程中．方法利用XRD和SEM等微观手段，对掺入超缓凝剂水泥砂浆的缓凝性能进行了测试和表征．结果超缓凝剂在不同养护条件下，可使水泥水化“休眠”20～40d，“休眠”结束后能迅速水化而结构不发生变化．XRD图谱表明并未发现异常水化物产生；SEM图像表明，掺超缓凝剂的水泥硬化结构更加致密．结论在标准养护条件下，掺量0．035％的超缓凝剂可使水泥水化“休眠”34d，“休眠”结束后59d可达空白试件28d强度．随养护温度增加和超缓凝剂掺量的降低，水化“休眠”期降低．超缓凝剂并未使水化产物发生本质变化，其耐久性应是可靠的．     

Effects of LiAl-layered double hydroxides on early hydration of calcium sulphoaluminate cement paste

As a 3D micro-nano material, layered double hydroxides have been widely used in many fields, especially for reinforced composite materials. In this paper, LiAl-LDHs was obtained by a hydrothermal method. In order to investigate the effects of LiAl-LDHs on the early hydration of calcium sulphoaluminate (CSA) cement paste, compressive strength, setting time and hydration heat were tested while X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scaning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis were employed. The results indicated that LiAl-LDHs could significantly improve the early compressive strength and shorten the setting time of calcium sulphoaluminate cement paste with 3wt% concentration. Besides, the hydration exothermic rate within 5 h was accelerated with increasing LiAl-LDHs content. Moreover, the addition of LiAl-LDHs did not result in the formation of a new phase, but increased the quantity of hydration products providing higher compressive strength, shorter setting time and denser microstructure.     

纤维水镁石对水泥硬化浆体力学性能的影响

采用SEM,XRD和电阻率测定仪研究了纤维水镁石对硅酸盐水泥硬化浆体的力学增强机理。结果表明,由于添加具有高拉伸强度和高杨氏模量的纤维水镁石,在水泥硬化浆体原有网络结构的基础上又建立了一个新的网络结构,改进了基体材料的界面结构,同时,纤维水镁石和水泥基体材料同属极性物质,在水化开始后水镁石纤维表面被水化产物C-S-H凝胶所覆盖,表明其具有良好的物理相溶性,这种双重作用提高了水泥硬化浆体的物理力学性能。     

减缩剂对水泥基材料减缩效果的研究

综述水泥基材料各类常见收缩的特点、机理及对水泥基开裂的影响.通过自由收缩、质量损失、强度、平板抗裂性等试验研究减缩剂(SRA)的减缩抗裂效果.加入SRA,砂浆早期收缩明显减小,且减缩率前7d最大.而质量损失早期高于未加SRA的,后期则趋于平缓;SRA降低砂浆抗压、抗折强度.这与SRA降低砂浆孔隙水表面张力、延缓水泥水化、改变孔结构有关.平板抗裂对比试验表明:抗裂效果聚丙烯纤维最好,减缩剂次之,膨胀剂最差.     

Hydration mechanism of silica fume-sulphoaluminate cement

Setting time and strength of sulphoaluminate rapid hardening cement （SAC） incorporated in the presence and absence of silica fume （SF） were determined. Combined with the techniques of＂ isothermal calorimeter, XRD and FSEM, the hydration kinetics of the two systems and the effect mechanism of SF on SAC were investigated. The experimental results showed that SF was proved to be beneficial for SAC system, in terms of setting time and late strength gain. Evidence of accelerator effect of silica fume was found during the first 8 hours of hydration. The formation of AFt was accelerated and the microstructure of the hydration products grew denser with incorporation of SF. SF was proved to play the role of dispersion and setting control at early age and had a greater contribution to later strength due to the increment of crystal nucleation point and the pozzolanic activity. Therefore, SF can be used to not only control the hydration kinetics of SAC, but also develop the late strength and improve the microstructure.     

Strength of copolymer grouting material based on orthogonal experiment

Using the orthogonal experimental design method involving three factors and three levels, the flexural strength and the compressive strength of copolymer grouting material were studied with different compositions of water-cement ratio (mass fraction of water to cement), epoxy resin content, and waterborne epoxy curing agent content. By orthogonal range and variance analysis, the orders of three factors to influence the strength, the significance levels of different factors, and the optimized compound ratio scheme of copolymer grouting material mixture at different curing ages were determined. An empirical relationship among the strength of copolymer grouting material, the water-cement ratio, the epoxy resin content, and the waterborne epoxy curing agent content was established by multivariate regression analysis. The results indicate that water-cement ratio is the most principal and significant influencing factor on the strength. Epoxy resin content and waterborne epoxy curing agent content also have a significant influence on the strength. But epoxy resin content has a greater influence on the 7-day and 28-day flexural strength, and waterborne epoxy curing agent content has a greater influence on the 3-day flexural strength and the compressive strength. The copolymer grouting material with water-cement ratio of 0.4, epoxy resin content of 8% (mass fraction) and waterborne epoxy curing agent content of 2% (mass fraction) is the best one for repairing of cement concrete pavement. The flexural strength and the compressive strength have good correlation, and the ratio of compressive strength to flexural strength is between 1.0 and 3.3. Foundation item: Projects(40728003, 40772180, 40802064) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project (07JJ4012) supported by the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(20080430680) supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation; Project(B308) supported by Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project     

磷酸盐水泥对137Cs的固化性能

以含95％MgO的重烧镁砂、磷酸盐和硼砂为原料,制备了磷酸盐水泥,研究其对137Cs的固化性能。通过XRD衍射分析、SEM电镜扫描等手段对固化体物相组成及显微结构进行分析,参照国家标准“放射性废物固化体长期浸出试验”（GB7023—86）对固化体进行抗浸出性能试验。结果表明,当以磷酸氢二铵为原料时,137Cs的加入会降低磷酸盐水泥固化体的抗压强度,137Cs的含量越多,强度损失越小;当以磷酸二氢铵为原料时,随着137Cs的加入,强度先减小后增大,掺量为1．6％时强度甚至超过了空白体系;以磷酸二氢钾为原料时,137Cs的加入会使强度减小,减小程度和掺量关系的规律性不明显。以磷酸二氢铵、磷酸二氢钾为原料的固化体抗压强度明显优于以磷酸氢二铵为原料的固化体。以磷酸二氢铵为原料的固化体,137Cs的42d浸出率和累计浸出分数低至2．1×10-4（em·d11）和7．74×10^-3cm,强度值和浸出率均优于国家标准相关要求,表明了磷酸盐水泥对137Cs有良好的固化效果。     

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of CaSO_4 Whisker Reinforced Cement Mortar

Calcium sulfate whisker(CaSO_4 whiskers), a new type of microfiber material, was used in cement matrix to increase the strength of the cement based composites. Effect of CaSO_4 whiskers on the mechanical properties of the resulting cement mortar was also studied. The results showed that the flexural strength and compressive strength of the mortar specimen was improved as high as 28.3% and 8.5% by incorporating 5 wt% CaSO_4 whiskers. Also, the chemical composition and structural transformation of the hardened cement matrix with CaSO_4 whiskers were identified by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscope(SEM). Conclusion can be drawn that CaSO_4 whiskers can effectively retard the formation and restrict the coalescence of micro-crack expansion. The interaction mechanism of CaSO_4 whisker on the reinforcement is mainly on three aspects: whisker pullout, crack deflection, and crack bridging. Mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP) tests have confirmed that for 28 d cement mortar, the harmless pores increased from 9.33% to 10.62%, and the harmful pores decreased from 2.08% to 1.90%. Therefore, the whisker can optimize the pore size distribution of the resulting cement mortar.