Hydration mechanism of sulphoaluminate cement

The feasibility of sulphoaluminate cement (SAC) utilization in support mortar was studied. Setting time and strength of as-received sulphoaluminate cement (SAC) paste were examined, hydration kinetics behavior was determined through Isothermal Calorimeter, and hydration mechanism was investigated by X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis(FSEM). Results showed that as-received SAC contained 61% of anhydrous calcium sulfate (3CA·CaSO4) and dicalcium silicate (C2S). The strength after 1 day or 3 days grew to 68.6% or 85.7% of that after 28 days respectively, while most of hydration heat was released within 1 day. The emergency of three exothermic peaks at acceleration stage was found and hydration kinetics model was established choosing the terminal time of the first exothermic peak at accelerating stage as the beginning of accelerating stage. XRD analysis suggested that large amount of ettringite (AFt) was produced at early age and FSEM observation revealed that ettringite (AFt) formed in sulphoaluminate cement (SAC) paste was characterized of different morphology which was proved to be caused by different ion concentrations.     

硼掺合料对水泥浆体性能的影响

研究了不同含硼添加剂对水泥浆体凝结时间、抗压强度、抗折强度、结合水含量及碱度的影响,并采用XRD和SEM测试手段分析了硬化浆体微观结构,着重考察了硼元素的引入方式对水泥水化性能的影响。研究表明:硼砂、硼酐及硼玻璃粉对水泥浆体性能的影响存在很大差异。硼砂具有明显的缓凝作用;硼酐稍延缓了水泥的凝结时间,但严重影响了水泥石的力学性能,主要可能是硼酐中可溶性硼与水泥水化后的钙离子形成致密的水化硼酸钙膜,覆盖在水泥颗粒表面,阻止了水泥颗粒与外部溶液的接触,使水泥水化反应无法正常进行;而硼玻璃粉对水泥的凝结时间和力学性能均不存在不良影响。     

超细CaCO3增强硫铝酸盐水泥强度的研究

在硫铝酸盐水泥硬化体中,钙矾石主要以柱状、棒状而存在,这对水泥的性能产生了不利影响。探讨了超细CaCO3对硫铝酸盐水泥进行改性的研究。试验结果表明,超细CaCO3掺量为3%时,明显改善了硫铝酸盐水泥的强度,其28 d净浆与砂浆抗压强度分别达到100.6 MPa和94.1 MPa,且水泥的28 d砂浆抗折强度高达12.5 MPa。SEM显示掺超细CaCO3硫铝酸盐水泥硬化体中难以发现大颗粒状的水化硫铝酸钙晶体,结构较致密、均匀。     

不同CO2养护压力下硫铝酸盐和硅酸盐水泥浆体早期微观结构

研究硫铝酸盐和硅酸盐水泥（CSA-OPC）浆体在不同碳养护压力下的早期碳化过程,通过X射线衍射、红外光谱、热重、压汞和扫描电镜等测试方法,表征碳化前后水泥浆体的物相组成和微观结构.实验结果表明,CSA-OPC浆体的水化产物主要为钙矾石,碳化作用使钙矾石转变为碳酸钙和硫酸钙晶体;水泥中碳酸钙以3种晶型存在,其中方解石为主要存在形式.碳化使半碳型的水化硫铝酸钙（Hc-AFm相）逐渐转化为单碳型的水化硫铝酸钙（Mc-AFm相）,碳化程度和碳化深度随着碳化压力的增加而递增.碳化后CSA-OPC水化产物体积减小,样品总孔隙率增大、孔隙结构变疏松.研究结果阐明了CSA-OPC浆体在早期碳化养护条件下的微结构变化过程,为制备基于硫铝酸盐水泥的高效碳汇材料提供了技术支撑.     

Ultra high early strength self-compacting mortar based on sulfoaluminate cement and silica fume

The influences of silica fume and aluminum sulfate on hydration process of sulfoaluminate cement were carried out by ring flow, setting time, hydration heat, XRD and DTG analyses. In addition, mortar mixtures with different functional additives have been studied through compressive strength, flexural strength, volume stability at early age and porosity characterization tests. The results show that the addition of silica fume and aluminum sulfate reduces the fluidity and shortens the setting time of sulfoaluminate cement paste, promoting hydration process and increasing hydration products at early age. In the case of appropriate proportion of mortar, the inclusion of hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, dispersible polypropylene fiber and organic silicon kind of defoamer can control segregation and bleeding, improve mechanical strength and volume stability at early age, and modify the pore distribution of sulfoaluminate cement mortar, respectively. The sulfoaluminate cement mortar can carry out gravitational grouting in the absence of outside force, the compressive strength of 2 hours and 24 hours have reached 26 and 58 MPa respectively, and have good microexpansion and tiny pore distribution characterization.     

Influence of Calcium Sulfate State and Fineness of Cement on Hydration of Portland Cements Using Electrical Measurement

1 IntroductionThe calcium sulfate state includes gypsum, hemi-hydrate and anhydrite .Inthe modern Portland cement in-dustry,the gypsumis used as a setting retarder for reac-tion with C3A[1]. With the presence of gypsumin theformof CaSO4·2H2O,the gypsum dissolves and reactsprimarily with C3A and C4AF to form ettringite . Thisettringite isinitiallyformed with a veryfine-needle crystalstructure ,whichforms a diffusion barrier onthe surface ofthe cement . This coating avoids the unwanted fl…     

Properties and Acceleration Mechanism of Cement Mortar Added with Low Alkaline Liquid State Setting Accelerator

Low alkaline liquid state setting accelerator(LSA) for Portland cement was prepared in laboratory from aqueous solution of several inorganic sulfate salts and some organic chemical substances. Properties of cement with addition of LSA relating to its setting time and strength development as well as its resistance to sulfate attack for short and long term exposure were experimentally examined. The experimental results showed that 5%-7% addition of LSA significantly accelerated the initial and final setting of Portland cement in the presence or absence of the blending of mineral admixtures, the initial and final setting time being less than 3 min and 6 min respectively. Meanwhile, the early 1 day curing age compressive strength increased remarkably by 20%, while the late 28 th day curing age compressive strength remained almost unchanged as compared with that of the reference accelerator free cement mortar specimen. Furthermore, mortar specimens of cement added with LSA and exposed to 5% Na2SO4 solution showed their excellent resistance to sulfate attack, with their short and long term curing age resistance coefficient to sulfate attack being around 1.04 to 1.17, all larger than 1.0. XRD analysis on hardened cement paste specimens at very early curing ages of several minutes disclosed the existence of more ettringite in specimens added with LSA than that of the reference specimens, meanwhile SEM observation also revealed the existence of well crystallized ettringite at very early hydration stage, suggesting that the accelerated setting of Portland cement can be attributed to the early and rapid formation of ettringite over the whole cement paste matrix due to the introduction of LSA. MIP measurement revealed that hardened cement paste specimens with the addition of LSA presented less medium diameter pores, more proportion of small pores and less proportion of large capillary pores, which is in a very good coincidence with the improvement of strength development of cement mortars added with LSA.     

混合材对MSWI制CSA水泥性能的影响

以城市垃圾焚烧飞灰（MSWI）为主要原料,在实验室成功烧制了硫铝酸钙（CSA）水泥熟料.研究了单掺或复掺不同种类、不同掺量的混合材后,CSA水泥的力学性能和水化性能.结果表明：石灰石粉（LI）/矿渣粉（SL）在CSA水泥中较为适用,而粉煤灰（FA）/MSWI的活性较差;单掺4种混合材均对CSA水泥早期强度产生不利影响;单掺LI/SL对后期强度发展有益;复掺混合材较单掺效果好,尤其是试样10％LI＋10％SL、10％LI＋10％MSWI和5％LI＋15 ％SL.     

Influence of New Compound Admixture on Shotcrete Performance

To analyze the influence of new compound admixture on shotcrete performance, the ordinary Portland cement pr425 was used as matrix components. The optimum proportion of admixture was obtained by analyzing the influence of content on cement setting time and compressive strength. The microstructure of cement test block and the mechanism of reducing dust of composite macromolecule admixture were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. It was shown that the ratio of polyacrylic acid was 0.02%. The ratio of J85 accelerator was 5%. The ratio of bentonite was 4.5% in composite admixture. The most optimal content of admixture in the slurry was 7%. The compound coagulant formed by additive together with C_3 A, C_4 AF which provided nucleation for hydration and crystallization of C_3S and C_3S, and played an active role to promote the activity of the mineral admixture in cement, and increased the elastic modulus of C-S-H gel and accelerated the hydration process of portland cement. Bentonite and polyacrylic acid promote the wettability, cohesiveness and workability of cement paste in the process of hydration. The formation of cement test block gel was even. The interface between the matrix phase and the aggregate phase was not obvious which ensured the matching between the matrix and the aggregate phase. The addition of bentonite formed hydrogen bonds in cement paste and improved the cohesiveness of the system. The J-85 accelerator promoted the combination of aluminate and gypsum which hindered the formation of calcium carbide around the cement particles which made cement rapid condensation. Polyacrylic acid mainly changed the strength of hydroxyl absorption peak in cement paste to improve the initial strength of cement test block. The addition of new admixtures promoted the process of cement hydration to be more thorough and affected the later strength development of concrete by affecting the formation of calcium carbonate stone.     

Effect of sodium hydroxide on the properties of phosphogypsum based cement

The effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) amount on phosphogypsum based cement was investigated. The mechanical performances and hydration mechanism of the phosphogypsum-based cement with different proportions of NaOH and steel slag were analyzed based on setting time, volume stability, strength test, XRD and SEM analyses. The experimental results show that, NaOH as an alkali activator significantly reduces the cement setting time and improves the cement early strength. But the acceleration of hydration proces produces coarse crystalline hydration products and the osteoporosis structure of hardened paste, which has a negative effect on later age strength. The combination of 1% NaOH and 5% steel slag as alkali activating agents is optimal with respect to early and later age strengths. Overdose of NaOH not only decreases the cement strength at later age, but also may cause problem of volume stability.     

水玻璃激发碱-矿渣水泥的水化放热和凝结性能

水玻璃模数和碱当量对碱-矿渣水泥的水化放热和凝结性能有重要影响。该文系统地探讨了水玻璃模数和碱当量对碱-矿渣水泥水化放热和浆体凝结时间及抗压强度的影响规律。结果表明：随模数的增加,水化热降低,凝结时间延长,抗压强度先增加,随后降低;随碱当量的增加,水化热增加,凝结时间稍有延长,强度增加。比较合理的水玻璃模数Ms在1.0~2.0,碱当量为矿渣质量的3%~6%。     

Hydration mechanism of silica fume-sulphoaluminate cement

Setting time and strength of sulphoaluminate rapid hardening cement （SAC） incorporated in the presence and absence of silica fume （SF） were determined. Combined with the techniques of＂ isothermal calorimeter, XRD and FSEM, the hydration kinetics of the two systems and the effect mechanism of SF on SAC were investigated. The experimental results showed that SF was proved to be beneficial for SAC system, in terms of setting time and late strength gain. Evidence of accelerator effect of silica fume was found during the first 8 hours of hydration. The formation of AFt was accelerated and the microstructure of the hydration products grew denser with incorporation of SF. SF was proved to play the role of dispersion and setting control at early age and had a greater contribution to later strength due to the increment of crystal nucleation point and the pozzolanic activity. Therefore, SF can be used to not only control the hydration kinetics of SAC, but also develop the late strength and improve the microstructure.     

矿粉对水泥和混凝土性能的影响

为了探寻矿粉细度及掺入量对水泥和混凝土性能的影响,通过试验测试方法,分析了矿粉和水泥的基本性质,研究了超细矿粉和普通矿粉的掺量对水泥基材料标准稠度、凝结时间、流动度和力学性能的影响.结果表明：普通矿粉使水泥净浆标准稠度需水量下降,而超细矿粉则增加标准稠度需水量,两种矿粉都使水泥净浆凝结时间略微延长.普通矿粉可以改善水泥净浆的流动度,超细矿粉的加入则降低了水泥净浆的流动度.普通矿粉和超细矿粉降低水泥净浆早期（7 d）抗压强度,提高后期（28 d）抗压强度,掺10％～50％的普通矿粉的水泥净浆28 d抗压强度提高2.9％～9.7％,掺入超细矿粉28 d抗压强度提高3.9％～20.1％,普通矿粉和超细矿粉的最佳掺量为10％～30％;两种矿粉替代10％～50％水泥所配制的混凝土的强度得到了明显的提高.     

Influence of elevated curing temperature on the properties of cement paste and concrete at the same hydration degree

Three different curing temperatures(20 ℃, 40 ℃, and 60 ℃) were set, so that the nonevaporable water(w_n) contents of plain cement pastes cured at these three temperatures were measured to determine the hydration degree of cement. Tests were carried out to compare the pore structure and strength of cement paste, as well as the strength and permeability of concrete under different temperature curing conditions when their cements were cured to the same hydration degree. The experimental results show that either at a relatively low hydration degree(w_n=15%) or high hydration degree(w_n=16.5%), elevated curing temperature has little influence on the hydration products of cement paste, while it has a negative influence on the pore structure and compressive strength of cement paste. However, this negative effect is weaker at high hydration degree. The large capillary pore(100 nm) volumes of cement pastes remain almost the same at high hydration degree, regardless of curing temperatures. As for the concrete, elevated curing temperature also has negative influence on its compressive strength development, at both low hydration degree and high hydration degree. And this negative effect is stronger than that on cement paste's compressive strength at the same hydration degree. On the whole, elevated curing temperature has little influence on the resistance of concrete to chloride ion penetration.     

Magnetic susceptibility measurements on metakaolin admixtured cement hydrated with ground water and sea water

The role of metakaolin in the properties of Portland cement hydrated with ground water and sea water was described by magnetic susceptibility study. Cement pastes containing 0wt%, 10wt%, 20wt% and 30wt% replacement of metakaolin and in a wa-ter/cement (W/C) ratio of 0.4 were prepared. The susceptibility at different hydration periods was determined by Faraday Curie bal-ance and it was related to the changes in setting time and compressive strength of admixtured cement. Compared with sea wa-ter-treated cement paste, the magnetic susceptibility of ground water-treated cement paste is higher in value. The observed result shows that, irrespective of water, the magnetic susceptibility increases with increasing metakaolin percentage replacement level in cement.     

The influence of steel slag with high Al2O3 content on the initial hydration of cement

The initial hydration of steel slag with high Al₂O₃ content and its influence on the initial hydration of cement were investigated in this study. Steel slag with high Al₂O₃ content may contain much calcium aluminate mineral but very little gypsum. The steel slag hydrates much more quickly than cement in the initial hydration period, producing many flake products which have a great influence on the fluidity, initial setting time, and adsorption level of superplasticizer of paste. Replacing part of cement by steel slag with high Al₂O₃ content can change the hydration condition of calcium aluminate mineral of the cement by decreasing the gypsum to calcium aluminate mineral ratio, resulting in accelerating the hydration rate of calcium aluminate mineral in the initial hydration period. Paste containing steel slag with high Al₂O₃ content has a shorter initial setting time, higher adsorption level of superplasticizer, and greater loss in fluidity than the pure cement paste.     

水泥-粉煤灰复合胶凝体系的早期水化性能

为了研究粉煤灰掺量和温度对水泥水化的影响,测试了粉煤灰掺量0～60%的水泥-粉煤灰水化体系,在温度20、24和28 ℃下的凝结时间及2d内的电阻率发展及抗压强度,发现凝结时间与电阻率发展速率曲线的第一峰值点对应时间遵循线性关系. 在同一温度下,2d的抗压强度和电阻率值显示出良好的正相关线性关系——温度越高,斜率越小,表明电阻率比强度对温度变化更加敏感. 扫描电镜结果论证了粉煤灰在2d内尚未参与水化反应,主要起填充和稀释作用. 因此,可借助电测法估算和预测变温条件下水泥-粉煤灰水化体系的抗压强度及凝结时间.     

针状硅灰石对磷酸盐骨水泥性能的影响

以磷酸氢二钾和磷酸二氢钾为固化液,以磷酸四钙、α-磷酸三钙、磷酸氢钙、焦磷酸钙、羟基磷灰石和碳酸钙为原料合成骨水泥,向其添加针状硅灰石,研究了针状硅灰石对其性能的影响。结果表明,在磷酸钙骨水泥中添加针状硅灰石可以缩短凝结时间,提高抗压强度。当针状硅灰石的添加量为3%,骨水泥性能达到最佳;其初凝时间、终凝时间分别为14和28 min,样品在Ringer’s模拟液溶液中浸泡2周后抗压强度达49.23 MPa,浸泡液的pH值变化幅度小(7.1~7.8),在安全范围之内。     

Durability of alite-calcium barium sulphoaluminate cement

The durability of the cement was mainly studied. Under 1.0 MPa of hydraulic pressure for 8 hours, water could penetrate completely through the sample made by portland cement, but could not penetrate through that by alite-barium sulphoaluminate cement. Under the condition of freezing and thawing cycle, the loss ratio of compressive strength of the cement was only about 17.3% at curing 28 d ages, but the loss of portland cement was as high as 29.5%. Alite-calcium barium sulphoaluminate cement also has an excellent resistance to sulfate attack. The coefficients of resistance to sulfate attack of the cement exceeded 1.0. Meanwhile, the composition and microstructure of the hardened paste of alite-calcium barium sulphoaluminate cement were analyzed by XRD and SEM.     

Analysis of Hydration Mechanism and Microstructure of Composite Cementitious Materials for Filling Mining

To obtain the compositions and microstructure of hydration products of cementitious material in different hydration ages and its growth law of filling strength, the optimal proportion of composite cementitious material was determined according to the chemical composition of cement clinker which was composed of the Portland cement 32.5R, CSA 42.5 sulphoaluminate cement and two gypsum(CS). The characterization of composite cementitious materials in different hydration ages was conducted by NMR, XRD and SEM techniques. The mechanism of hydration was explored. It is shown that the compressive strength of the test block increases gradually with the increase of hydration age. The microstructure of composite cementitious material can be changed from Al-O octahedron into Al-O tetrahedron in the hydration process. The hydrated alkali alumi niumsilicate formed with Si-O tetrahedron and Al-O tetrahedron. The degree of polymerization of Si-O tetrahedron gradually increased, and the structural strength of cementitious materials continued to increase. The diffraction peak of clinker minerals gradually decreased with the extension of hydration age. The CaSO_4 completely hydrated to produce Aft during hydration which resulted in high early strength of cementitious material. The early hydration product of composite cementitious materials was Aft with a needle bar structure. The main middle and last hydration products were CSH gel and CH gel with dense prismatic shape. The microscopic pore of composite cementitious material gradually decreased and improved the later strength of filling block. The strong support was provided for mined-out area.