猴子岩水电站多级洞塞泄洪洞水力特性试验研究

通过物理模型试验和数值模拟计算,对比研究了不同有压出口高度时多级洞塞泄洪洞各项水力特性参数,分析了出口高度对泄洪洞泄流能力、洞身压强及消能率的影响。结果表明,随着出口高度的降低,泄洪洞泄流量减小,流量系数增大;洞身压强整体呈增大趋势,出口压坡高度的变化主要对洞塞及其以后洞段的壁面压强影响较大,而对上平段影响相对较弱;泄洪洞整体消能率逐渐减小,出口高度对竖井洞塞和压坡洞塞消能率影响较大,而对水平洞塞组的消能率影响甚微。     

二级齿墩旋转内消能工的试验研究

为了满足过流能力的同时进一步提高消能效果,在一级齿墩式内消能工研究的基础上,采用理论分析和物理模型试验方法,对断面收缩比为0.5、齿墩数目为4、齿墩长度为13.5cm的二级齿墩进行物理试验,分析了二级齿墩式内消能工相对旋转后的水力特性。结果表明,脉动压强系数沿程分布规律基本一致,从一级齿墩开始到二级齿墩结束,受齿墩突缩突扩影响,脉动压强系数变化最明显,在4.2倍的管径附近脉动压强系数达到最大,在6.5倍的管径附近,脉动压强系数逐渐恢复平稳;当两个齿墩相对旋转角越小时,过流能力越好,消能率越小;当两个齿墩相对旋转角越大时,过流能力变弱,消能率变大。     

断面收缩比对齿墩式内消能工消能效率的影响

为了尽可能减小洞塞消能工对过流能力的影响,提出了一种齿墩式内消能工法,通过物理模型试验对不同收缩比的齿墩式内消能工进行了研究,分析了它们的过流能力、消能率及局部水头损失系数。结果表明,齿墩尺寸和形状是影响齿墩式消能工的关键因素,其面积收缩比越小,消能率越高,过流能力就越低;各方案的时均压强在进口处迅速递减,在距齿墩段进口1.15 D左右达到最小值,而后逐渐恢复,在距进口4.00 D处趋于平稳;当收缩比逐渐增大,局部阻力损失系数逐渐减小。     

齿墩式内消能工的水力特性数值模拟研究

为了进一步研究齿墩式内消能工的水力特性,采用数值模拟方法,利用Gambit软件建立齿墩式内消能工的计算网格,借助Fluent软件中RNGκ-ε双方程紊流模型对水流流动进行数值模拟,物理模型试验结果与数值模拟结果吻合较好,并在此基础上利用数值模拟方法分析了齿墩式内消能工的压强、流速、消能率及过流能力等水力特性。结果表明,在齿墩入口处管道中心附近的压强明显小于管壁的压强,进入齿墩段,压强骤降形成低压区;在齿墩下游0.1 D(D为管道直径)处压强降到最低,之后开始恢复,并逐渐趋于平稳,压强恢复区长度约为3 D;在齿墩末端正后方形成漩涡回流区,漩涡长度约为1.2 D,之后流速分布趋于均匀;与相同面积收缩比的洞塞式内消能工相比,虽然消能率相应降低,但其流量系数的增幅大于消能率的减幅,有利于缓解过流能力与消能效果的矛盾。     

面积收缩比相同条件下不同体型齿墩式内消能工对管道内部水力特性的影响

为研究同一面积收缩比情况下不同体型齿墩式消能工对管道内部水力特性的影响,采用物理模型试验与理论分析相结合的方法,分析了5种方案消能工的消能率、过流能力、时均压强和脉动压强的变化特征。结果表明,面积收缩比相同时,方案3消能率最小,齿墩高度比不等于0.5时消能率随齿墩高度增加而增大,流量系数的变化规律则相反;时均压强系数在消能工进口处骤降,并在距离消能工进口4 D处逐渐恢复至稳定,但比消能工进口处低2.5～2.8,表明齿墩高度比对时均压强系数影响较小;脉动压强系数沿程基本呈双峰分布,双峰分别位于消能工进口和出口附近,第二个峰值最大值及最小值分别是方案2、3。综合分析后知方案2最佳,为推荐方案。     

带连接管的阻抗调压室流量系数及水力损失特性研究

受调压室与底部主管道衔接方式的影响,水流进出带连接管的阻抗调压室时的流量系数与常规阻抗调压室差别明显。通过对比分析水流进出两种调压室时的局部水头损失系数,确定了带连接管的阻抗调压室的流量系数计算公式,并对水流进出调压室的流态进行了三维数值模拟,对比分析了数值模拟结果和公式计算结果。结果表明,水流进出带连接管的阻抗调压室时水力损失分别由断面突扩、突缩、局部侧收缩和扩大四种类型组成,且连接管内水流无侧向收缩,这使得水流进出此类调压室时流量系数较常规阻抗调压室更大,采用合理的三维流场模拟技术可以有效地确定带连接管的阻抗调压室的水力损失特性。     

带长连接管的调压室水力特性研究

某抽水蓄能电站下游调压室采用阻抗+上室式布置,尾水洞与连接管通过直角岔管和弯道连接,布置型式特殊,水流条件复杂。为研究其水力特性,建立了调压室底部连接管三维流场数学模型,研究了不同分流比、汇流比条件下水力特性的变化规律。结果表明,对于底部流动复杂的调压室阻力损失而言,三维数值模拟能取得较好的仿真效果,计算结果与理论分析结果吻合良好。由于调压室底部弯管、连接管与大井之间的突扩、突缩等均会引起额外的水力损失,其水头损失系数大于常规阻抗调压室,流量系数较单独的阻抗孔更小。     

水煤浆流经局部管件的阻力损失和均配规律

在中试试验台上研究了水煤浆流经直管、渐缩管、突缩管以及90°水平弯管的阻力特性,分析了渐缩角、管径比以及弯径比对上述局部管件阻力损失和均配的影响.结果表明,渐缩角的增加使得渐缩管的局部阻力损失减少;水煤浆流经突缩管的局部阻力损失先下降然后迅速地增加,同时存在一个最佳弯径比,使得水平弯管的局部阻力损失最小.随着雷诺数的增加,渐缩管当量长度与管径比值(Le/D)逐渐下降然后趋于稳定;突缩管则先下降再增加,而对于弯管成线性增加.弯管的摩擦阻力损失之比随着De的增加而迅速增加.     

S型水跃局部水头损失系数与跃后水深计算方法

鉴于水跃跃后水深作为消力池体形设计的重要参数,通过建立水跃区跃前和跃后断面的能量方程,分析了突扩式消力池S型水跃局部水头损失系数和共轭水深比的变化规律。研究发现,S型水跃相对局部水头损失系数是跃前断面弗劳德数函数,并随着弗劳德数的增大而增大;相对局部水头损失系数随跃前断面弗劳德数的变化规律既可用线性公式表示又可用乘幂公式表示;水跃共轭水深比是跃前断面弗劳德数和消力池突扩比的函数。通过能量方程求解的S型水跃跃后水深公式具有较高的计算精度和较好的通用性,且能作为矩形明渠水跃共轭水深的求解公式。     

二级齿墩式内消能工的数值模拟

为了进一步研究齿墩式内消能工的水力特性,提出了一种新型的消能方式,即二级齿墩式内消能工。通过建立标准κ-ε数值模型对单级齿墩式内消能工进行数值模拟,并与物理模型试验的结果进行对比,验证了模型的准确性,进而对二级齿墩式内消能工的部分水力特性进行数值模拟。结果表明,在齿墩段间距不变的条件下,随着面积收缩比减小,管道的过流能力变弱,消能率增大,压强降幅明显;在面积收缩比不变的条件下,齿墩段间距在一定范围内的增长会使管道消能率变大,过流能力减弱,最小空化数减小,产生负压和空化现象的可能性增加;当齿墩段间距大于80 cm时,管道的过流能力及消能率基本保持稳定。     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996