城镇化背景下太湖流域极端降雨时空演变特征

研究城镇化发展程度对极端降雨的影响对于指导高度城镇化地区防洪排涝工作意义重大。在太湖流域城镇化区域划分基础上,基于1965～2014年70个雨量站的日降雨数据,采用空间分析法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、线性回归法、滑动平均法等提取各站极端降雨特征,分析城镇化背景下太湖流域极端降雨时空演变规律。结果表明,太湖流域城镇化发展较快的区域主要集中在武澄锡虞区、阳澄淀泖区、浦东浦西区;浙西区年极端降雨量较大,武澄锡虞区、阳澄淀泖区、浦东浦西区极端降雨量则较其他地区呈显著增加趋势,分别上升34.5、38.2、31.7 mm/10a;全流域极端降雨事件增多、强度增大,其中城镇化发展高速地区由流域极端降雨频次低值区逐渐演变为高值区之一,极端降雨强度亦显著增加,表明其遭受洪涝灾害的风险增大。     

海南岛极端暴雨事件时空演变规律分析

为分析海南岛极端暴雨事件长期时空演变趋势,基于海南岛7个观测站近53年逐日降雨资料,采用线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall方法和稳定性分析探讨了海南岛极端暴雨事件时空演变规律。结果表明,近53年来海南岛极端降雨指标均显示出上升趋势,但极端降雨日数增加趋势较弱,短历时暴雨强度增加;海南岛极端降雨指标变化趋势整体上不是很显著,且大部分地区各指标的变化趋势均较不稳定,但三亚市大部分指标均呈稳定增加趋势,应更加注重该地区的防洪排涝建设。     

岔巴沟流域暴雨山洪水沙特征

受极端降雨事件影响,黄土丘陵沟壑区易发生暴雨山洪,造成重大灾害损失。为进一步了解工程与非工程措施导致的下垫面变化下的产流产沙特征,探究暴雨山洪的形成及致灾机理,基于"7·26"暴雨事件,以岔巴沟流域为研究区域,采用现场调查结合实测资料分析的研究手段,分析岔巴沟流域暴雨山洪特征。分析表明,在历时短、强度大、雨量多的极端暴雨事件条件下,岔巴沟流域形成流量较大、输沙量较低的陡涨陡落型山洪。径流量大的原因在于降雨量高、降雨强度大;输沙量较低的原因在于多年的退耕还林、封山禁牧等政策措施及水土保持工程措施。虽然岔巴沟的植被覆盖度较高,下垫面显著改善,但自然恢复的植被相对较少,坡面上仍存在大量坡耕地,在极端降雨事件下,仍会产生携带一定泥沙的山洪。     

岩溶区德保县极端降雨事件时空演变趋势分析

岩溶地区暴雨内涝成因复杂,其中直接外因是连续高强度降雨,内涝受灾损失严重,因此迫切需要系统地分析岩溶地区的极端暴雨演变规律。广西区德保县是一个典型的岩溶地区,遭受过几次重大内涝灾害,利用该县7个雨量站1983~2013年逐时及逐日降雨资料,采用线性倾向估计法、累积距平曲线法、MannKendall法和ArcGIS技术,研究了德保县极端暴雨事件的时空演变规律。结果表明,近30年来德保县集中度高的短历时暴雨强度增加,该县西北部的短历时暴雨较强,极端降雨事件的突变年份在1998、2011年附近,应加强该地区的防洪排涝设施建设。     

鄱阳湖流域降水时空变化特征

基于鄱阳湖流域81个气象站逐日降水数据,采用强度-面积-持续时间(IAD)方法研究了气候变化背景下鄱阳湖流域降水时空变化特征.结果 显示:鄱阳湖流域总降水量呈略增加的趋势,但是由于雨日数的明显减少,导致降水强度的增加,降水概率分布曲线右移,强降水事件发生概率增大;从降水事件看,鄱阳湖流域极端强降水事件平均强度为60.9 mm/d,增加趋势不显著,但强降水频率却在以1.5次/10a的增幅显著增加,同时强降水的影响面积也在以400 km2/a持续增加.鄱阳湖流域整体面临的洪涝风险持续增大,必须采取更加有效的防灾减灾措施.     

广州市城区短历时暴雨特征分析

气候变暖导致极端降雨频发,研究短历时暴雨的变化规律可为广州市内涝防治提供科学依据。选取中大站1984~2010年最大1 h降雨量资料,通过趋势线、滑动平均法、累积距平曲线、Mann Kendall趋势检验法、小波分析等方法对广州市年最大1 h降雨序列和暴雨次数进行统计分析。结果表明,广州市年最大1 h降雨量呈现周期性变化,进入21世纪后波动减弱,且稳定在较大的范围内;大于20、30、40 mm的1 h暴雨次数均呈现出不同程度的增大趋势,其中大于30 mm的次数增加显著。     

海河流域极端降水事件时空变化特征分析

为研究气候变化背景下海河流域的极端降水事件变化规律,基于流域内30个气象台站1960~2008年的逐日降水资料,选取不同的降水指标,应用M-K趋势检验和滑动t检验方法分析了海河流域极端降水的时空变化特征。结果表明,海河流域的极端降水事件的发生频率和强度在年际变化中均呈减小趋势;在空间大部分范围内,降水频率和强度指标也均呈负趋势,仅滦河上游山区、子牙河山区和胶东沿海部分地区呈微弱上升趋势,但趋势并不显著。总体而言,海河流域趋向于干旱化,流域内洪涝灾害发生的概率有所减小。     

淮河流域近58年降水特征分析

为了更明确、具体地了解淮河流域降水的时空分布特征,基于1959～2016年淮河流域170个高密度站点逐日降水资料,采用Spearman秩次相关和对趋势分析较准确的成对斜率回归中值等统计方法,分析了流域不同级别降水的降水量、降水日数和降水强度等指标的时空分布特征。结果表明,淮河流域年降水南北差异较显著,由西北向东南递增,年降水量和降水日数最大的地区均位于流域最南部大别山地区,其值为最小值的2倍左右;平均日降水强度及年暴雨量和暴雨日数的分布相似,东部沿海地区和西南部山区为大值区,西北部海拔流域最高的地区为最小值分布区,在流域中部由西北向东南方向逐渐增多;平均暴雨强度的一个大值区位于流域中部偏西的河南驻马店地区,淮河流域极端强降水的发生地也集中在此地周围;流域整体年降水量有轻微下降趋势,降水日数明显减少(东北部地区尤其显著,干旱风险增加),导致平均日降水强度显著增加。这主要是由10mm以下的小雨尤其是0.1～1mm的微量降水的频数显著减少导致的,而50mm以上的暴雨各指标在流域整体上均无显著的变化趋势;流域春秋两季降水量呈减少趋势,夏冬两季降水量呈增加趋势,属于春秋变干、冬夏变湿的地区。     

梅溪流域“莫兰蒂”台风暴雨洪水分析

2016年9月,受台风"莫兰蒂"影响,福建省泉州市梅溪流域发生强降雨过程,产生的洪涝灾害造成严重的人员伤亡及财产损失。对此,以此次梅溪流域洪涝灾害为例,结合降雨数据、径流数据及上游山美水库调蓄数据,采用数据分析、还原计算、实地勘察等分析和计算方法详细分析了台风暴雨洪水过程,并提出具体措施。研究结果表明,此次台风暴雨具有降雨强度大、降雨雨量集中、降雨径流响应时间迅速的特点;洪水快涨慢落,历时长;上游山美水库在洪水过程中发挥了重要的调蓄作用;洪水诱因主要包括气象、外江顶托、自然地理和人为因素等。     

基于GsMAP的尼洋河流域降水时空分布特征研究

鉴于尼洋河地区实测降雨资料缺乏,卫星降雨产品具有显著优势,基于GsMAP降雨产品数据和地面观测站点数据,利用降雨量年内分配特征的δ方法建立卫星降雨校正公式,分析流域降雨量的时空分布特征。结果表明,实测站点月降雨量校正结果较好,相关系数达0.954,年尺度的站点降雨相关系数为0.54,降雨量空间分布呈现出自西向东递增的特点。卫星降雨观测在西部地区存在低估,东部地区有一定程度的高估,在降雨梯度分布上,流域在3500~4000m高程段降雨量呈上升趋势,其他高程段均为显著下降,整体变化率为-104mm/km。流域的年均面平均降雨量为699mm,降雨多集中于夏季,且有逐年增加趋势。     

火电厂节能工作浅析

本文探讨了火电厂节能基本程序和工作方法,分析节能工作要从基础工作、技术创新、设备整治、燃烧管理等方面入手的论述.     

浅析磨合期汽车的使用

如何合理使用磨合期的汽车，使其摩擦机件的磨损量能够平稳、均匀地磨合而不至于过度磨损，对汽车实际使用寿命有着重要的意义。从机器磨合期的特点和磨损机理出发，对汽车磨合期如何正确使用进行了有实际意义的探讨。     

Geothermal energy in agriculture in Yugoslavia

SFR Yugoslavia has natural hot water springs practically all over its territory, indicating the presence of geothermal reservoirs underground. There is no final estimate of how much energy can be expected from this new resource, except for figures based on the results of studies and investigations.The first use of geothermal energy in Yugoslavia in numerous spas dates back to the 19th century. Some remarkable examples of central heating are known, but the most widespread use is in agriculture (in greenhouse heating, farm heating and drying of agricultural products).     

Energy conservation measures in an institutional building in sub-tropical climate in Australia

In this study, various energy conservation measures (ECMs) on heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) and lighting systems for a four-storied institutional building in sub-tropical (hot and humid climate) Queensland, Australia are evaluated using the simulation software called DesignBuilder (DB). Base case scenario of energy consumption profiles of existing systems are analysed and simulated first then, the simulated results are verified by on-site measured data. Three categories of ECMs, namely major investment ECMs (variable air volume (VAV) systems against constant air volume (CAV); and low coefficient of performance (COP) chillers against high COP chillers); minor investment ECMs (photo electric dimming control system against general lighting, and double glazed low emittance windows against single-glazed windows) and zero investment ECMs (reset heating and cooling set point temperatures) are evaluated. It is found that the building considered in this study can save up to 41.87% energy without compromising occupancies thermal comfort by implementing the above mentioned ECMs into the existing system.     

Uncertainties in decarbonising heat in the UK

Heating is arguably one of the most difficult sectors to decarbonise in the UK's energy system. Meeting the 80% greenhouse gas emission reduction target by 2050 is likely to require that heat related emissions of CO₂ from buildings are near zero by 2050, and there is a 70% reduction in emissions from industry (from 1990 levels). Though it is clear that the use of the natural gas network will reduce over time, recent modelling suggests a limited residual role for gas by 2050 to help meet peaks in heat demand. High levels of uncertainty about the way in which heat will be decarbonised present a number of challenges to policy makers. This paper will explore the risks and uncertainties associated with the transition to a low carbon heat system in the UK as outlined by the 4th carbon budget review. The potential impact of key uncertainties on the levelised costs of heat technologies and the development of energy networks are explored using a sensitivity analysis approach. Policy changes required to decarbonise the heat sector are also examined.     

Solar drying in sludge management in Turkey

Two main wastewater treatment plants in Bursa city in Turkey will start to operate and produce at least 27,000 tons of dry solids per year by the end of 2006. The purpose of this study was to investigate an economical solution to the sludge management problem that Bursa city would encounter. The general trend in Turkey is mechanical dewatering to obtain a dry solid (DS) content of 20%, and liming the mechanically dewatered sludge to reach the legal landfilling requirement, 35% DS content. This study recommends limited liming & solar drying as an alternative to only-liming the mechanically dewatered sludge. Open and covered solar sludge drying plants were constructed in pilot scale for experimental purposes. Dry solids and climatic conditions were constantly measured. Faecal coliform reduction was also monitored. The specially designed covered solar drying plant proved to be more efficient than the open plant in terms of drying and faecal coliform reduction. It was found that, if the limited liming & solar drying method was applied after mechanical dewatering instead of only-liming method, the total amount of the sludge to be disposed would be reduced by approximately 40%. This would lead to a reduction in the transportation, handling, and landfilling costs. The covered drying system would amortize itself in 4 years.     

Viscous heating in liquid flows in micro-channels

Many experimental works on forced convection through micro-channels evidenced that when the hydraulic diameter is less than 1 mm, conventional theory can no longer be considered as suitable to predict the pressure drop and convective heat transfer coefficients. This conclusion seemed valid for both gas and liquid flows. Sometimes the authors justified this claim by invoking “new” micro-effects. On the contrary, in this paper the explanation of the experimental results obtained for micro-channels in terms of friction factors will be researched inside the conventional theory (Navier-Stokes equations). In particular, this paper will focus on the role of viscous heating in fluids flowing through micro-channels. A criterion will be presented to draw the limit of significance for viscous dissipation effects in micro-channel flows. The role of the cross-sectional geometry on viscous dissipation will be highlighted and the minimum Reynolds number for which viscous dissipation effects can no longer be neglected will be calculated as a function of the hydraulic diameter and of the micro-channel geometry for different fluids. It will be demonstrated how viscous effects can explain some experimental results on the Poiseuille numbers in micro-channels, which recently appeared in the open literature.     

Electoral cycles in electricity losses in India

A third of electricity in India is lost each year, where losses refer to power that is supplied but not billed. Utilizing data from the power corporation of Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state, we study the politics of electricity losses. Examining annual data over four decades, we document that UP's electricity losses tend to increase in periods immediately prior to state assembly elections. Drawing upon geographically disaggregated data for the period 2000–09, we observe higher line losses just prior to the 2002 and 2007 state elections. Our analysis shows that the incumbent party was more likely to retain the assembly seat as line losses in the locality increased. We interpret these results as corroboration that political parties deliberately redirect electricity to flat rate and unbilled users in a context of chronically inadequate supply. Political factors appear to affect line losses in ways that technical and economic factors alone cannot explain.     

Energy consumption in rural transportation in India

Energy consumption in rural transportation has been computed, taking into account the energy embodied in vehicles or bullocks, as well as the fuels or feeds and food (of operators). Bullock cart transport consumes over four times more energy than vehicles. However, animal transport will continue to be preferred because of its availability.